Tumor has become a major disease that seriously threatens human health and life. The incidence rate is increasing year by year， yet the underlying mechanisms remain incompletely understood. Traditional Chinese medicine （TCM）， a treasure of the Chinese nation and a wealth for people worldwide， plays an important role in the treatment of tumors and has been receiving increasing attention both in China and abroad. In earlier work， based on the symptoms and metastatic characteristics of tumors， and drawing on the TCM theory of Yin and Yang in combination with modern medical research on tumors， the ''Yin deficiency-cancer correlation'' hypothesis was proposed. This hypothesis holds that ''Yin deficiency'' of the body is a major cause of malignant tumors， and that nourishing Yin to eliminate the pathogenic factor of Yin deficiency can treat cancer. By using Yin-nourishing drugs to tonify Yin deficiency， the occurrence and development of malignant tumors can be effectively prevented. Common anti-tumor Yin-nourishing drugs include Glehniae Radix， Lilii Bulbus， Ophiopogonis Radix， Liriopes Radix， Asparagi Radix， Dendrobii Caulis， Dendrobii Officinalis Caulis， Polygonati Odorati Rhizoma， Polygonati Rhizoma， Lycii Fructus， Mori Fructus， Ligustri Lucidi Fructus， Ecliptae Herba， Rehmanniae Radix， and Anemarrhenae Rhizoma. These drugs are generally sweet in flavor， cold and cool in nature， and moist in texture. They have the functions of nourishing Yin fluids， generating body fluids， and moistening dryness， and can also clear heat， being primarily indicated for Yin deficiency with depletion of body fluids. In view of the potential advantages and value of treating malignant tumors by tonifying Yin deficiency with Chinese medicine， this paper reviews recent studies on the anti-tumor effects of active components of Yin-nourishing drugs. It further summarizes their mechanisms of action in inducing apoptosis of tumor cells， arresting tumor cell proliferation， inhibiting tumor invasion， metastasis， and angiogenesis， enhancing and regulating immune function， augmenting the efficacy of chemotherapeutic drugs， and reversing tumor drug resistance. This study provides an objective overview of research progress on Yin-nourishing drugs in tumor treatment and offers new ideas for cancer therapy.

Objective:To establish an automatic classification approach for bone marrow cells based on microscopic hyperspectral imaging and three-dimensional spectral convolutional neural network (Spec-CNN).Methods:The research type is establishment of methodology. The study included 306 newly diagnosed patients' bone marrow smears under Wright's staining from the Department of Hematology of the First Medical Center of the PLA General Hospital from November 1st, 2013 to April 30th, 2024. The high-spectrum data and 4k image data of bone marrow cells were simultaneously collected using a microscopic hyperspectral-4k optical path integrated imaging system (with a spectral resolution of 400—1 000 nm). The high-spectrum data was used for model training, while the 4k image data recognized by morphologists was only used as a reference for labeling the high-spectrum data. The high-spectrum data set was divided into training set, validation set and test set in a ratio of 14∶6∶5. The training set and validation set were used to train and fine-tune the Spec-CNN model, and the test set was used to evaluate the model performance. The sensitivity, specificity ,accuracy ,and Kappa coefficient were calculated for comparing the manual annotation results as gold standard with the intelligent identification results of the Spec-CNN model. Five non-data set samples were used for external validation.Results:The acquired hyperspectral data and 4k imaging dataset comprised of 32 categories and 64 800 bone marrow cells. In the test set, the Spec-CNN model demonstrated weighted-average indicators on classification metrics across 32 cell types: sensitivity 87.79%, specificity 99.31%, and accuracy 98.78%, and Kappa coefficient 0.869. For external validation, the mean correct identification rate of bone marrow cells reached 83.28%.Conclusion:We successfully established an automatic classification method of bone marrow cells based on microscopic hyperspectral imaging and three-dimensional Spec-CNN. This method has a good automatic classification ability for 32 types of bone marrow nucleated cells, which has a certain auxiliary effect on improving the diagnosis efficiency of blood diseases for bone marrow morphologists.

Adenosine,as a purine nucleoside widely present in living organisms,plays an impor-tant role in such physiological and pathological processes as vasodilation,inflammation regulation,fibrosis,and viral infection.Research has found that in pulmonary hypertension,adenosine acts as a vasodilator through multiple targets.In diseases such as mycoplasma pneumonia,asthma,chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis,adenosine primarily mediates the progression of inflammation through interactions with adenosine A2A and A2B receptors,thus delivering a dual regulatory effect.This suggests that modulating adenosine receptors is a potential key target for the treatment of pulmonary diseases.Adenosine derivatives-such as acyclovir monophosphate,which has antiviral effects,cyclic adenosine monophosphate,which can alleviate airway narrowing,and N-6-methyladenosine,which is involved in regulating cilia homeostasis and anti-pulmonary fibrosis-are closely related to the occurrence and development of pulmonary diseases.Targeting the adenosine A2A receptor or antagonizing the adenosine A2B receptor can precisely intervene in specific pulmo-nary diseases.Combination medications,regulation of adenosine metabolic pathways,and gene editing technologies promise new treatments.This article reviews the role of adenosine,its receptors,and derivatives in the development of pulmonary diseases in the hopes of providing evidence for related treatment.

Extensive epigenetic reprogramming involves in memory CD8+ T-cell differentiation. The elaborate epigenetic rewiring underlying the heterogeneous functional states of CD8+ T cells remains hidden. Here, we profile single-cell chromatin accessibility and map enhancer-promoter interactomes to characterize the differentiation trajectory of memory CD8+ T cells. We reveal that under distinct epigenetic regulations, the early activated CD8+ T cells divergently originated for short-lived effector and memory precursor effector cells. We also uncover a defined epigenetic rewiring leading to the conversion from effector memory to central memory cells during memory formation. Additionally, we illustrate chromatin regulatory mechanisms underlying long-lasting versus transient transcription regulation during memory differentiation. Finally, we confirm the essential roles of Sox4 and Nrf2 in developing memory precursor effector and effector memory cells, respectively, and validate cell state-specific enhancers in regulating Il7r using CRISPR-Cas9. Our data pave the way for understanding the mechanism underlying epigenetic memory formation in CD8+ T-cell differentiation.
CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism* ; Cell Differentiation ; Chromatin/immunology* ; Animals ; Mice ; Immunologic Memory ; Epigenesis, Genetic ; SOXC Transcription Factors/immunology* ; NF-E2-Related Factor 2/immunology* ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Gene Regulatory Networks ; Enhancer Elements, Genetic

Objective To explore the expression of macrophage colony-stimulating factor(MCSF)in oral squamous cell carcinoma(OSCC)and its effects on the proliferation,apoptosis,and migration of OSCC cells.Methods Normal gingival and OSCC tissues were collected,and MCSF protein expression was detected using immunohistochemistry and Western blotting.HSC-4 cells were divided into control(no transfection),shNC(transfection with sequence-free plasmid vector lentivirus),and shMCSF(transfection with silent MCSF plasmid vector lentivirus)groups.The expression of MCSF mRNA and protein in HSC-4 cells was detected using quantitative real-time PCR and Western blotting,respectively.Scratch and Transwell assays were used to detect the migration ability of HSC-4 cells.The TUNEL assay determined the apoptosis ability of HSC-4 cells,while a colony formation assay detected the proliferation ability of HSC-4 cells.Results MCSF was highly expressed in OSCC tissues and HSC-4 cells but weakly expressed in normal gingival tissues and Hacat cells.The migration and proliferation ability of HSC-4 cells in the shMCSF group was lower than that in the shNC group(P＜0.05).The apoptosis ability of HSC-4 cells in the shMCSF group was higher than that in the shNC group(P＜0.05).Conclusion MCSF is upregu-lated in OSCC tissues,promoting cell migration and proliferation,while also reducing the apoptosis of OSCC cells.

Objective:To explore the effects of adenosine on learning and memory in rats thromboembolic stroke(TS)and its mechanism based on PI3K/Akt/CREB signaling pathway.Methods:36 male SD rats were randomly di-vided into sham group(Sham),TS group,TS+adenosine(TS+Ade)group and TS+adenosine+Akt inhibitor(TS+Ade+MK-2206)group.Preparation of rat TS model used autologous thrombus intravascular formation method.Mor-ris water maze(MWM)test was used to observe the learning and memory ability of rats.The morphological changes of hippocampal neurons were observed by Nissl staining.The expression of glutamate transporter 1(GLT-1)and glial fi-brillary acidic protein(GFAP)in CA1 region was determined by immunofluorescence.The protein expressions of PI3K,p-PI3K,Akt,p-Akt,CREB and p-CREB were determined by Western blot.Results:Through the rat TS mod-el,adenosine was able to improve the learning and memory ability,improve the hippocampal neuron cell morphological abpormality and vacuolation,nucleolar condensation and other phenomena in rats.Immunofluorescence results showed that GLT-1 and GFAP were co-localized,and adenosine could significantly enhance the fluorescence intensity of GFAP and GLT-1.Western blot results showed that adenosine can enhance the expression of p-PI3K,p-Akt,and p-CREB proteins,but the use of Akt inhibitors can to some extent inhibit the phosphorylation of PI3K,Akt,and CREB.Conclusion:Adenosine may enhance the expression of GLT-1 in astrocytes and increase the clearance of glutamate through activation of PI3K/Akt/CREB signaling pathway,thereby reducing the excitotoxicity and improving recognition and memory function.However,this effect is partially blocked by Akt inhibitors.

Adenosine,as a purine nucleoside widely present in living organisms,plays an impor-tant role in such physiological and pathological processes as vasodilation,inflammation regulation,fibrosis,and viral infection.Research has found that in pulmonary hypertension,adenosine acts as a vasodilator through multiple targets.In diseases such as mycoplasma pneumonia,asthma,chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis,adenosine primarily mediates the progression of inflammation through interactions with adenosine A2A and A2B receptors,thus delivering a dual regulatory effect.This suggests that modulating adenosine receptors is a potential key target for the treatment of pulmonary diseases.Adenosine derivatives-such as acyclovir monophosphate,which has antiviral effects,cyclic adenosine monophosphate,which can alleviate airway narrowing,and N-6-methyladenosine,which is involved in regulating cilia homeostasis and anti-pulmonary fibrosis-are closely related to the occurrence and development of pulmonary diseases.Targeting the adenosine A2A receptor or antagonizing the adenosine A2B receptor can precisely intervene in specific pulmo-nary diseases.Combination medications,regulation of adenosine metabolic pathways,and gene editing technologies promise new treatments.This article reviews the role of adenosine,its receptors,and derivatives in the development of pulmonary diseases in the hopes of providing evidence for related treatment.

Objective:To explore the effects of adenosine on learning and memory in rats thromboembolic stroke(TS)and its mechanism based on PI3K/Akt/CREB signaling pathway.Methods:36 male SD rats were randomly di-vided into sham group(Sham),TS group,TS+adenosine(TS+Ade)group and TS+adenosine+Akt inhibitor(TS+Ade+MK-2206)group.Preparation of rat TS model used autologous thrombus intravascular formation method.Mor-ris water maze(MWM)test was used to observe the learning and memory ability of rats.The morphological changes of hippocampal neurons were observed by Nissl staining.The expression of glutamate transporter 1(GLT-1)and glial fi-brillary acidic protein(GFAP)in CA1 region was determined by immunofluorescence.The protein expressions of PI3K,p-PI3K,Akt,p-Akt,CREB and p-CREB were determined by Western blot.Results:Through the rat TS mod-el,adenosine was able to improve the learning and memory ability,improve the hippocampal neuron cell morphological abpormality and vacuolation,nucleolar condensation and other phenomena in rats.Immunofluorescence results showed that GLT-1 and GFAP were co-localized,and adenosine could significantly enhance the fluorescence intensity of GFAP and GLT-1.Western blot results showed that adenosine can enhance the expression of p-PI3K,p-Akt,and p-CREB proteins,but the use of Akt inhibitors can to some extent inhibit the phosphorylation of PI3K,Akt,and CREB.Conclusion:Adenosine may enhance the expression of GLT-1 in astrocytes and increase the clearance of glutamate through activation of PI3K/Akt/CREB signaling pathway,thereby reducing the excitotoxicity and improving recognition and memory function.However,this effect is partially blocked by Akt inhibitors.

Objective To explore the expression of macrophage colony-stimulating factor(MCSF)in oral squamous cell carcinoma(OSCC)and its effects on the proliferation,apoptosis,and migration of OSCC cells.Methods Normal gingival and OSCC tissues were collected,and MCSF protein expression was detected using immunohistochemistry and Western blotting.HSC-4 cells were divided into control(no transfection),shNC(transfection with sequence-free plasmid vector lentivirus),and shMCSF(transfection with silent MCSF plasmid vector lentivirus)groups.The expression of MCSF mRNA and protein in HSC-4 cells was detected using quantitative real-time PCR and Western blotting,respectively.Scratch and Transwell assays were used to detect the migration ability of HSC-4 cells.The TUNEL assay determined the apoptosis ability of HSC-4 cells,while a colony formation assay detected the proliferation ability of HSC-4 cells.Results MCSF was highly expressed in OSCC tissues and HSC-4 cells but weakly expressed in normal gingival tissues and Hacat cells.The migration and proliferation ability of HSC-4 cells in the shMCSF group was lower than that in the shNC group(P＜0.05).The apoptosis ability of HSC-4 cells in the shMCSF group was higher than that in the shNC group(P＜0.05).Conclusion MCSF is upregu-lated in OSCC tissues,promoting cell migration and proliferation,while also reducing the apoptosis of OSCC cells.

Objective:To establish an automatic classification approach for bone marrow cells based on microscopic hyperspectral imaging and three-dimensional spectral convolutional neural network (Spec-CNN).Methods:The research type is establishment of methodology. The study included 306 newly diagnosed patients' bone marrow smears under Wright's staining from the Department of Hematology of the First Medical Center of the PLA General Hospital from November 1st, 2013 to April 30th, 2024. The high-spectrum data and 4k image data of bone marrow cells were simultaneously collected using a microscopic hyperspectral-4k optical path integrated imaging system (with a spectral resolution of 400—1 000 nm). The high-spectrum data was used for model training, while the 4k image data recognized by morphologists was only used as a reference for labeling the high-spectrum data. The high-spectrum data set was divided into training set, validation set and test set in a ratio of 14∶6∶5. The training set and validation set were used to train and fine-tune the Spec-CNN model, and the test set was used to evaluate the model performance. The sensitivity, specificity ,accuracy ,and Kappa coefficient were calculated for comparing the manual annotation results as gold standard with the intelligent identification results of the Spec-CNN model. Five non-data set samples were used for external validation.Results:The acquired hyperspectral data and 4k imaging dataset comprised of 32 categories and 64 800 bone marrow cells. In the test set, the Spec-CNN model demonstrated weighted-average indicators on classification metrics across 32 cell types: sensitivity 87.79%, specificity 99.31%, and accuracy 98.78%, and Kappa coefficient 0.869. For external validation, the mean correct identification rate of bone marrow cells reached 83.28%.Conclusion:We successfully established an automatic classification method of bone marrow cells based on microscopic hyperspectral imaging and three-dimensional Spec-CNN. This method has a good automatic classification ability for 32 types of bone marrow nucleated cells, which has a certain auxiliary effect on improving the diagnosis efficiency of blood diseases for bone marrow morphologists.