Objective:This study analyzed the clinical characteristics and early mortality risk factors in patients with hyperleukocytic acute leukemia (HAL) to provide a basis for predicting early prognosis.Methods:Data were retrospectively collected from 211 patients with primary HAL who visited the Emergency Center of the Hematology Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, between July 1, 2019 and November 30, 2021. The value of each indicator in early risk stratification and prognosis was analyzed.Results:The early-death group exhibited higher WBC, peripheral blood immature cell proportions, prothrombin times (PT), fibrinogen degradation products (FDP), and D-dimer levels than the non-early death group ( P<0.05). Mortality in hyperleukocytic AML (20.5% ) was significantly higher than that in hyperleukocytic ALL (9.3% ) ( P<0.05). There were significant differences in age, creatinine, PT, fibrinogen (FIB) levels, WBC, lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), uric acid, blood potassium, blood calcium, and blood phosphorus levels between the two groups of patients ( P<0.05). A WBC threshold of 255.96×10?/L predicted early mortality with 65.6% sensitivity and 69.0% specificity, with higher WBC levels associated with a 5.164-fold increased mortality risk ( P<0.05). The age, WBC, LDH, urea, PT, FDP and D-dimer of patients at the time of consultation are risk factors affecting the survival of HAL ( P<0.05) . Conclusion:HAL is a life-threatening condition with a high early mortality. Age, WBC, LDH, urea, PT, FDP and D-dimer are risk factors for early death in HAL.

Objective:This study analyzed the clinical characteristics and early mortality risk factors in patients with hyperleukocytic acute leukemia (HAL) to provide a basis for predicting early prognosis.Methods:Data were retrospectively collected from 211 patients with primary HAL who visited the Emergency Center of the Hematology Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, between July 1, 2019 and November 30, 2021. The value of each indicator in early risk stratification and prognosis was analyzed.Results:The early-death group exhibited higher WBC, peripheral blood immature cell proportions, prothrombin times (PT), fibrinogen degradation products (FDP), and D-dimer levels than the non-early death group ( P<0.05). Mortality in hyperleukocytic AML (20.5% ) was significantly higher than that in hyperleukocytic ALL (9.3% ) ( P<0.05). There were significant differences in age, creatinine, PT, fibrinogen (FIB) levels, WBC, lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), uric acid, blood potassium, blood calcium, and blood phosphorus levels between the two groups of patients ( P<0.05). A WBC threshold of 255.96×10?/L predicted early mortality with 65.6% sensitivity and 69.0% specificity, with higher WBC levels associated with a 5.164-fold increased mortality risk ( P<0.05). The age, WBC, LDH, urea, PT, FDP and D-dimer of patients at the time of consultation are risk factors affecting the survival of HAL ( P<0.05) . Conclusion:HAL is a life-threatening condition with a high early mortality. Age, WBC, LDH, urea, PT, FDP and D-dimer are risk factors for early death in HAL.

The efficacy and safety of venetoclax combined with reduced dose HAD regimen in the treatment of newly diagnosed acute myeloid leukemia (AML) was investigated. From May 2022 to January 2023, a total of 25 patients with newly diagnosed AML were treated with venetoclax combined with reduced-dose HAD regimen as induction therapy. Accoding to the 2017 ELN recommendations, 13 (52.0%) in favoable, 3 (12.0%) in intemediate, and 9 (36.0%) in adverse. The ORR (CR rate+PR rate) was 88.0%, and the CR rate was 84.0%. By May 30, 2023, with a median follow-up of 9 months, 1 year overall survival, event-free survival, and relapse-free survival were 100%, 94.7%, and 94.7%, respectively. All patients received 1-5 cycles of consolidation therapy and two median cycles. Treatment with venetoclax and reduced dose of HAD regimen in the treatment of patients with newly diagnosed AML was high effective and safe.

Objective:To investigate the clinical characteristics, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of acute leukemia (AL) with NUP98-DDX10 fusion gene-positive.Methods:The clinical data of 2 AL patients with NUP98-DDX10 fusion gene-positive who admitted to Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences in April 2020 and February 2021, respectively were retrospectively analyzed. Transcriptome gene sequencing was used to detect fusion gene, and the fusion gene fragment was amplified by using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and Sanger sequencing was used to clarify sequences. The clinical and experimental indicators characteristics were analyzed and the relevant literatures were reviewed.Results:According to the clinical diagnosis, 1 patient was diagnosed as acute myeloid leukemia M 5 (AML-M 5) and 1 patient was diagnosed as acute leukemia of ambiguous lineage, not otherwise specified (ALAL-NOS). The AML-M 5 patient presented with severe coagulation abnormalities, and fulfilled the diagnostic criteria for diffuse intravascular coagulation (DIC) at the initial visit. Transcriptome sequencing of 2 patients showed NUP98-DDX10 fusion gene- positive. RT-PCR confirmed that sequencing results identified 2 different splice fusion modes: one was NUP98 exon 14 fused with DDX10 exon 7(usually called "type Ⅱ"), the other was NUP98 exon 14 fused with DDX10 exon 13, which was never reported and named as "type Ⅳ". From 1997 to 2018, a total of 16 cases with NUP98-DDX10 related hematologic neoplasms were reported in the literature. A summary analysis of 16 cases added with 2 patients in our center included 13 males and 5 females with median age 31.5 years (0.08-61 years). The median overall survival was 12 months (1-46 months). Conclusions:A novel fusion gene NUP98-DDX10 transcriptome is identified in ALAL-NOS patient. Hematological malignancies with NUP98-DDX10 are very rare. They respond poorly to conventional treatment and require allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) to improve the prognosis.

Objective:This study evaluates the efficacy and safety of dasatinib combined with a multi-agent chemotherapy regimen of Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia (Ph + ALL) patients. Methods:This prospective, single-arm, and open clinical study enrolled 30 adult Ph + ALL patients who were newly diagnosed and treated from January 2016 to April 2018 in the center of this study. Standard induction chemotherapy was given for 4 weeks. However, dasatinib (100 mg/d) was continuously administered from day 8 until the end of the whole therapy in the induction therapy. Patients who are available for allogeneic or autologous stem cell transplantation (SCT) received transplantation when the disease was evaluated as complete remission. Results:All 30 patients achieved hematological complete remission (HCR) after the induction chemotherapy, and 70.0% (21/30) of them achieved the accumulated molecular complete remission (MCR) . The patients were followed up with a median follow-up time of 37.8 months (32.0-46.6) . The 3 year overall survival (OS) and 3 year hematological relapse-free survival (HRFS) were 68.1% and 61.6%, respectively. Moreover, 63.3% and 43.3% of the patients achieved molecular major remission and MCR, respectively. Consequently, 60.0% of the patients achieved MCR until 6 months. The patients who achieved MCR within 6 months had superior OS ( P=0.004) , HRFS ( P=0.049) , and event-free survival (EFS; P=0.001) . Fifteen patients (50.0%) received SCT at the first HCR. However, HRFS ( P=0.030) and EFS ( P=0.010) in the SCT group were better than those in the chemotherapy group. Conclusions:The regimen of dasatinib combined with a multi-agent chemotherapy was proven safe and effective in the treatment of newly diagnosed adult Ph + ALL patients. Clinical trial registration:ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02523976.

Objective:To analyze the genetic landscape of multiple fusion genes in patients with de novo acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and investigate the characteristics of immunophenotypes and mutations.Methods:The results of multiple fusion genes from 4192 patients with de novo AML were retrospectively analyzed from 2016 to 2020. In addition, the immunophenotypical data and the mutational results from high-through put method were statistically investigated and correlated as well.Results:①Among the 52 targets, 29 different types of fusion genes were detected in 1948 patients (46.47%) with AML, which demonstrated an "exponential distribution" . ② As the age increased, the number of patients with fusion gene increased first and then decreased gradually. The total incidence rate of fusion genes and MLL rearrangment in children were significantly higher than those in adults (69.18% vs 44.76%, 15.35% vs 8.36%) . ③The mutations involving FLT3 and RAS signaling pathway contributed most in patients with MLL rearrangment. ④No specific immunophenotypic characteristics were found in AML patients with MLL or NUP98 rearrangements. Conclusion:Nearly half of AML patients were accompanied by specific fusion gene expression, the proportions of different fusion genes in pediatric and adults patients were different by multiple PCR. The gene mutations and immunophenotype of these AML patients have certain rules.

Objective:To investigate the effect of genetic polymorphisms of TPMT*2 rs1800462, TPMT*3B rs1800460, TPMT*3C rs1142345, and NUDT15 rs116855232 on the tolerance of 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) therapy in adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) .Methods:A total of 216 adult patients who were diagnosed with ALL and treated with cyclophosphamide, cytarabine, and 6-MP [complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) regimen] from September 2015 to December 2019 were included. Polymorphisms were detected by TaqMan SNP Genotyping Assay. Combined with clinical data, the influence of genetic polymorphism on the tolerance of 6-MP in the treatment of ALL was analyzed.Results:Among the 216 patients, 185 (85.65%) patients had B-ALL and 31 (14.35%) patients had T-ALL. 216 (100%) patients had CC genotype for both TPMT*2 rs1800462 and TPMT*3B rs1800460. The number of TT and TC genotypes for TPMT*3C rs1142345 was 209 (96.76%) and 7 (3.24%) , respectively. The allele frequency was 1.62% for TPMT*3C rs1142345. The number of CC, CT, and TT genotypes for NUDT15 rs116855232 was 166 (76.85%) , 48 (22.22%) , and 2 (0.93%) , respectively. The allele frequency was 12.04% for NUDT15 rs116855232. The TPMT*3C rs1142345 mutant group (TC+CC genotype) had less transfusion volume of packed red blood cell than the wild group (CC genotype) ( P=0.036) , and the mutant group (TC+CC genotype) had a higher risk to develop hepatotoxicity (increased aspartate aminotransferase) than the wild group (CC genotype) ( OR=9.559, 95% CI 1.135-80.475, P=0.038) . The durations of white blood cells (WBC) <1×10 9/L and absolute neutrophil count (ANC) <0.5×10 9/L in the NUDT15 rs116855232 mutation group (CT+TT genotype) were longer than that in the wild group (CC genotype) ( P=0.005, P=0.007) , and the transfusion volume of apheresis-derived platelets in the mutant group (CT+TT type) was greater than that in the wild group (CC genotype) ( P=0.014) . Conclusion:Genetic polymorphism of TMPT and NUDT15 has an effect on the tolerance of 6-MP in the treatment of adult ALL. Detecting genotypes of patients with ALL before treatment helps to optimize the dosage of 6-MP, which may help shorten the bone marrow suppression duration and reduce blood transfusion volume.

Objective:This study aimed to explore the efficacy and safety of rituximab combined with short-course and intensive regimens in the treatment of adult patients with Burkitt leukemia.Methods:The clinical data of 11 Burkitt leukemia patients in our hospital from January 30, 2006, to September 12, 2018, were collected. The clinical details, complete remission (CR) rate, overall survival (OS) , relapse-free survival (RFS) , and adverse events were evaluated.Results:The median age of 11 patients was 34 (15-54) years, of which six were males and five were females (M∶F, 1.2∶1) . The median white blood cell (WBC) count was 12.28 (2.21-48.46) ×10 9/L, and the median blast percent of peripheral blood and bone marrow were 40% (3%-76%) and 84.0% (29.5%-94.5%) , respectively. Ten patients were administered with rituximab combined with a short-course and intensive regimens, and two patients underwent autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation following consolidation chemotherapy. The CR rate after one cycle of induction therapy was 100%, the four-year OS was 90%, and RFS was 90%. Out of the ten treated patients, only one patient suffered from tumor lysis syndrome during the induction chemotherapy. Consequently, renal function recovered after hemodialysis and other treatments. The regimen is safe with no treatment-related deaths. Conclusions:Rituximab combined with short-course and intensive chemotherapy regimens is effective and well-tolerated in adult Burkitt leukemia.

Objective:To investigate the clinical characteristics, etiology, and prognosis of familial acute myeloid leukemia (AML) with germline CEBPA mutation and improve the understanding of familial leukemia.Methods:The age of onset, clinical characteristics, outcome, and prognosis of a family of patients with AML were investigated, and the family tree of the cases was displayed. Bone marrow and oral mucosal cells were collected from the proband, and peripheral blood was collected from the relatives of the proband. Gene mutation was detected by gene sequencing technology.Results:A total of 10 patients in this family were diagnosed with acute leukemia, including 4 males and 6 females, with a median age of 9 (3-48) years. Of the 10 patients, six died. Among them, 4 patients did not receive treatment, 1 patient survived 3 years after chemotherapy and died of relapse, and one patient died 2 years after receiving traditional Chinese medicine and supportive treatment. Four patients are alive. One patient has survived 15 years through chemotherapy, and three patients have survived with chemotherapy combined with hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, and the survival time was 6, 9, and 28 months at the end of follow-up. Gene sequencing was performed on proband and 8 relatives of the proband, and 5 were found to have the germline CEBPA TAD p.G36Afs*124 mutation. Among the 5 individuals with confirmed CEBPA mutation, 4 were diagnosed with AML, and 1 had not developed disease during follow-up.Conclusion:AML with germline CEBPA gene mutation mostly occurs in children and young adults, with complete or nearly complete penetrance. With active treatment, most of the patients have a favorable prognosis.

Objective: To investigate the application values of immunophenotypic analysis and molecular genetics in the diagnosis of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) . Methods: The retrospective analyses of flow cytometric (FCM) immunophenotypic anyalysis, chromosome karyotype and chromosome fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) of 798 outpatient or hospitalization APL patients referred to our hospital between May 2012 and December 2017 were performed to further study the application values of FCM and molecular genetics in the diagnosis of APL. Results: The sensitivity and specificity of FCM were 91.9% and 98.7% respectively. The typical characteristic immunophenotype for APL was as of follows: a high SSC, absence of expression of cluster differntiation (CD) CD34 and HLA-DR, and expression or stronger expression of CD33, consistent expression of CD13, CD9, CD123, expression of CD56, CD7, CD2 (sometimes) . The rest 10% of the cases harbored atypical APL phenotypes, generally accompanied by CD34 and/or HLA-DR expression, decreased SSC and often accompanied by CD2 expression, it was difficult to definitively diagnose APL by this FCM phenotype, and their diagnoses depended on the results of genetics or molecular biology tests. Compared with normal individuals, complex karyotypes APL with t (15;17) translocation, other variant translocations and variant t (11;17) , t (5;17) had no significant differences in terms of their FCM phenotypes. Conclusions FCM could rapidly and effectively diagnose APL. Despite the fact that complex karyotypes with various additional chromosomal abnormalities were detected in approximately one third of APL cases in addition to the pathognomonic t (15;17) (q22;q21) , they had no observable impact on the overall immunophenotype. Molecular and genetic criteria were the golden criteria for the diagnosis of APL. About 10% of immunophenotyping cases relied on molecular genetics for diagnosis.