The innate immune system detects cellular stressors and microbial infections, activating programmed cell death (PCD) pathways to eliminate intracellular pathogens and maintain homeostasis. Among these pathways, pyroptosis, apoptosis, and necroptosis represent the most characteristic forms of PCD. Although initially regarded as mechanistically distinct, emerging research has revealed significant crosstalk among their signaling cascades. Consequently, the concept of PANoptosis has been proposed—an inflammatory cell death pathway driven by caspases and receptor-interacting protein kinases (RIPKs), and regulated by the PANoptosome, which integrates key features of pyroptosis, apoptosis, and necroptosis. The core mechanism of PANoptosis involves the assembly and activation of the PANoptosome, a macromolecular complex composed of three structural components: sensor proteins, adaptor proteins, and effector proteins. Sensors detect upstream stimuli and transmit signals downstream, recruiting critical molecules via adaptors to form a molecular scaffold. This scaffold activates effectors, triggering intracellular signaling cascades that culminate in PANoptosis. The PANoptosome is regulated by upstream molecules such as interferon regulatory factor 1 (IRF1), transforming growth factor beta-activated kinase 1 (TAK1), and adenosine deaminase acting on RNA 1 (ADAR1), which function as molecular switches to control PANoptosis. Targeting these switches represents a promising therapeutic strategy. Furthermore, PANoptosis is influenced by organelle functions, including those of the mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and lysosomes, highlighting organelle-targeted interventions as effective regulatory approaches. Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), the leading global cause of morbidity and mortality, are profoundly impacted by PCD. Extensive crosstalk among multiple cell death pathways in CVDs suggests a complex regulatory network. As a novel cell death modality bridging pyroptosis, apoptosis, and necroptosis, PANoptosis offers fresh insights into the complexity of cell death and provides innovative strategies for CVD treatment. This review summarizes current evidence linking PANoptosis to various CVDs, including myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury, myocardial infarction, heart failure, arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy, sepsis-induced cardiomyopathy, cardiotoxic injury, atherosclerosis, abdominal aortic aneurysm, thoracic aortic aneurysm and dissection, and vascular toxic injury, thereby providing critical clinical insights into CVD pathophysiology. However, the current understanding of PANoptosis in CVDs remains incomplete. First, while PANoptosis in cardiomyocytes and vascular smooth muscle cells has been implicated in CVD pathogenesis, its role in other cell types—such as vascular endothelial cells and immune cells (e.g., macrophages)—warrants further investigation. Second, although pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) are known to activate the PANoptosome in infectious diseases, the stimuli driving PANoptosis in CVDs remain poorly defined. Additionally, methodological challenges persist in identifying PANoptosome assembly in CVDs and in establishing reliable PANoptosis models. Beyond the diseases discussed, PANoptosis may also play a role in viral myocarditis and diabetic cardiomyopathy, necessitating further exploration. In conclusion, elucidating the role of PANoptosis in CVDs opens new avenues for drug development. Targeting this pathway could yield transformative therapies, addressing unmet clinical needs in cardiovascular medicine.

Chagas disease(American trypanosomiasis)is a zoonosis caused by Trypanosoma cruzi,which severely affects public health.Recently,with changes in economic globalization and increased population mobility,this disease has gradually spread from the original Latin American epidemic areas to non-epidemic areas,such as Europe,thus showing a trend of globalization.The main trans-mission routes have changed from transmission via the Triatomine vector to blood transfusion transmission,mother-to-child transmis-sion,oral transmission,and other routes.Consequently,Chagas disease is spreading globally,and more people are increasingly vul-nerable to infection.This article retrospectively reviews research on the transmission routes of Chagas disease,analyzes the changing trends in transmission routes,and provides a scientific basis for the formulation and optimization of Chagas disease prevention and con-trol strategies from a One Health perspective.

Chagas disease(American trypanosomiasis)is a zoonosis caused by Trypanosoma cruzi,which severely affects public health.Recently,with changes in economic globalization and increased population mobility,this disease has gradually spread from the original Latin American epidemic areas to non-epidemic areas,such as Europe,thus showing a trend of globalization.The main trans-mission routes have changed from transmission via the Triatomine vector to blood transfusion transmission,mother-to-child transmis-sion,oral transmission,and other routes.Consequently,Chagas disease is spreading globally,and more people are increasingly vul-nerable to infection.This article retrospectively reviews research on the transmission routes of Chagas disease,analyzes the changing trends in transmission routes,and provides a scientific basis for the formulation and optimization of Chagas disease prevention and con-trol strategies from a One Health perspective.

Objective To investigate the clinical efficacy and safety of the combination therapy of multi-targeted small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors(MTKIs)with immune checkpoint inhibitors(ICIs)for late-stage solid tumor in the patients with failed standard treatment regimens.Methods The patients with advanced solid tumors who had been hospitalized in our hospital from January 2021 to January 2023 after failure of≥2 standard treatment regimens were selected and treated with MTKIs combined with ICIs.The efficacy and safety of this regimen were retrospectively studied.Results A total of 21 patients were included.As of March 1,2022,the overall popula-tion had an ORR of 38%,a DCR of 67%,a median progression free survival(mPFS)of 10 months,and a median survival(mOS)of 15 months.Common adverse reactions were pneumonia and oral ulcers.Conclusion For the patients with advanced solid tumors who have failed standard treatment,MTKIs combined with ICIs may be a treat-ment option,but prospective studies with a larger sample size are needed to confirm the efficacy and safety of this combination therapy and to explore the population most likely to benefit from this treatment method.

Objective To analyze the effect of tislelizumab combined with chemotherapy in the treatment of stage Ⅲb-Ⅳ non-small cell lung cancer(NSCLC)and its influence on T lymphocyte immunity and survival prognosis.Methods Patients with NSCLC were divided into control group and treatment group according to different treatment methods.The control group was treated with platinum-containing dual-drug combined chemotherapy regimen(PC regimen:intravenous drip of pemetrexed 500 mg·m-2 on the 1st day and intravenous drip of carboplatin with area under plasma concentration-time curve(AUC)=5 mg·mL-1·min-1 on the 1st day;TP regimen:intravenous drip of taxol 135 mg·m-2 on the 1st day,and intravenous drip of carboplatin with AUC=5 mg·mL-1·min-1 on the 1st day to 3rd day).The treatment group was given tislelizumab 200 mg intravenously once every 3 weeks on the basis of the control group.Both groups were treated for 2 cycles by taking 3 weeks as 1 treatment cycle.The clinical efficacy,serum tumor markers levels,T lymphocyte immune function,progression-free survival(PFS)and overall survival(OS)and occurrence of adverse drug reactions during treatment were compared between the two groups.Results There were 40 cases in control group and 40 cases in treatment group.After treatment,the total effective rates in control group and treatment group were 40.00％(16 cases/40 cases)and 62.50％(25 cases/40 cases),the disease control rates were 70.00％(28 cases/40 cases)and 90.00％(36 cases/40 cases),carcinoembryonic antigen(CEA)levels were(9.21±2.03)and(5.42±1.36)ng·mL-1,carbohydrate antigen 125(CA125)levels were(72.53±8.16)and(31.95±5.08)U·mL-1,carbohydrate antigen 19-9(CA19-9)levels were(25.79±3.31)and(10.38±2.04)U·mL-1,cytokeratin19 fragment antigen 21-1(CYFRA21-1)levels were(6.47±1.34)and(4.26±0.91)ng·mL-1,CD3+levels were(54.36±5.81)％and(61.85±4.96)％,CD4+levels were(31.28±2.93)％and(43.08±3.15)％,CD4+/CD8+were 1.43±0.40 and 1.91±0.46,survival rates were 47.37％(18 cases/38 cases)and 67.57％(25 cases/37 cases),PFS were 7.73 months(95％CI:6.42-9.03)and 9.75 months(95％CI:8.68-10.82),and OS were 8.96 months(95％CI:7.94-9.97)and 10.52 months(95％CI:9.78-11.27)respectively(all P＜0.05).There were no statistically significant differences in the incidence of gastrointestinal reactions,liver dysfunction,bone marrow suppression,hypothyroidism and non-infectious pneumonia between both groups(all P＞0.05).Conclusion Tislelizumab combined with chemotherapy has a good effect in the treatment of stage Ⅲb-Ⅳ NSCLC,and it can effectively reduce the levels of serum tumor markers,improve the T lymphocyte immune function,and prolong the survival time of patients,with good safety.

Pulmonary fibrosis is the end-stage pathological change of lung diseases, which seriously affects the respiratory function of human body. A large number of studies at home and abroad have confirmed that epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is an important intermediate stage in the development of pulmonary fibrosis. Inhibition of multiple pathways upstream and downstream of EMT, such as the classical Smads pathway and non-Smads pathway of TGF-1 can effectively inhibit the process of EMT and alleviate pulmonary fibrosis. This article will review the main conclusions of the mechanism of action of EMT as a target to improve the pathology of pulmonary fibrosis so far, and provide a theoretical basis and research direction for further research and development of anti-pulmonary fibrosis drugs.
Humans ; Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition/drug effects* ; Fibrosis/drug therapy* ; Pulmonary Fibrosis/pathology* ; Signal Transduction ; Transforming Growth Factor beta1/metabolism* ; Antifibrotic Agents/therapeutic use*

Humans ; Presbycusis ; Speech Perception ; Hearing Aids ; Cognition ; Noise

Objective: For patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) complicated with acute coronary syndrome (ACS), both anticoagulant and antiplatelet therapy should be applied, but the use of anticoagulation therapy is still poor in these patients in China. The purpose of this study was to explore the status and adherence of antithrombotic therapy in AF patients with ACS and the impact on 1 year clinical outcomes. Methods: Patients with AF hospitalized for ACS were retrospectively included from 6 tertiary hospitals in China between July 2015 and December 2020. According to the use of anticoagulant drugs at discharge, patients were divided into two groups: anticoagulant treatment group and non-anticoagulant treatment group. Logistic regression model was used to analyze the main factors influencing the use of anticoagulant drugs in patients with atrial fibrillation complicated with ACS. Major adverse cardiac events (MACEs) were defined as all-cause death, non-fatal myocardial infarction or coronary revascularization, and ischemic stroke and Bleeding Academic Research Consortium (BARC) 3 bleeding events were also collected at 1 year after discharge. After propensity score matching, Cox proportional hazards models and Kaplan-Meier analysis were used to evaluate the effect of anticoagulant treatment and non-anticoagulant treatment on 1-year prognosis. The patients were divided into different groups according to whether anticoagulation was performed at discharge and follow-up, and the sensitivity of the results was analyzed. Results: A total of 664 patients were enrolled, and 273 (41.1%) were treated with anticoagulant therapy, of whom 84 (30.8%) received triple antithrombotic therapy, 91 (33.3%) received double antithrombotic therapy (single antiplatelet combined with anticoagulant), and 98 (35.9%) received single anticoagulant therapy. Three hundred and ninety-one (58.9%) patients were treated with antiplatelet therapy, including 253 (64.7%) with dual antiplatelet therapy and 138 (35.3%) with single antiplatelet therapy. After 1∶1 propensity score matching between the anticoagulant group and the non-anticoagulant group, a total of 218 pairs were matched. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that history of diabetes, HAS-BLED score≥3, and percutaneous coronary intervention were predictors of the absence of anticoagulant therapy, while history of ischemic stroke and persistent atrial fibrillation were predictors of anticoagulant therapy. At 1-year follow-up, 218 patients (79.9%) in the anticoagulant group continued to receive anticoagulant therapy, and 333 patients (85.2%) in the antiplatelet group continued to receive antiplatelet therapy. At 1-year follow-up, 36 MACEs events (13.2%) occurred in the anticoagulant group, and 81 MACEs events (20.7%) in the non-anticoagulant group. HR values and confidence intervals were calculated by Cox proportional risk model. Patients in the non-anticoagulant group faced a higher risk of MACEs (HR=1.802, 95%CI 1.112-2.921, P=0.017), and the risk of bleeding events was similar between the two group (HR=0.825,95%CI 0.397-1.715, P=0.607). Conclusions: History of diabetes, HAS-BLED score≥3, and percutaneous coronary intervention are independent factors for the absence of anticoagulant therapy in patients with AF complicated with ACS. The incidence of MACEs, death and myocardial infarction is lower in the anticoagulant group, and the incidence of bleeding events is similar between the two groups. The risk of bleeding and ischemia/thrombosis should be dynamically assessed during follow-up and antithrombotic regiments should be adjusted accordingly.
Humans ; Atrial Fibrillation/drug therapy* ; Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors/adverse effects* ; Acute Coronary Syndrome/drug therapy* ; Fibrinolytic Agents/therapeutic use* ; Retrospective Studies ; Treatment Outcome ; Anticoagulants ; Myocardial Infarction/complications* ; Hemorrhage ; Percutaneous Coronary Intervention ; Ischemic Stroke/drug therapy* ; Stroke

Child ; Humans ; Malacoplakia/pathology* ; Intestines/pathology*

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the differences and characteristics of microsatellite instability (MSI) in endometrial cancer (EMC), by using colorectal cancer (CRC) as control. METHODS: In the study, 228 cases of EMC were collected. For comparative analysis, 770 cases of CRC were collected. Mismatch repair (MMR) expression was detected by immunohistochemistry (IHC), and microsatellite instability (MSI) was analyzed by PCR and capillary electrophoresis fragment analysis (MSI-PCR). MSI-PCR was detected using five mononucleotide repeat markers: BAT-25, BAT-26, NR-21, NR-24, and MONO-27. RESULTS: In EMC, we found 27.19% (62/228) of deficient mismatch repair (dMMR) using IHC, significantly higher than CRC (7.79%, 60/770). Meanwhile, subclonal expression of MMR protein was found in 4 cases of dMMR-EMC and 2 cases of dMMR-CRC. According to the criteria of major micro-satellite shift, we found 16.23% (37/228) of MSI-high (MSI-H), 2.63% (6/228) of MSI-low (MSI-L), and 81.14% (185/228) of microsatellite stability (MSS) in EMC using MSI-PCR. The discor-dance rate between MMR-IHC and MSI-PCR in EMC was 11.84% (27/228). In CRC, we found 8.05% (62/770) of MSI-H, 0.13% (1/770) of MSI-L, and 91.82% (707/770) of MSS. The discordance rate between MMR-IHC and MSI-PCR in CRC was only 0.52% (4/770). However, according to the criteria of minimal microsatellite shift, 12 cases of EMC showed minimal microsatellite shift including 8 cases of dMMR/MSS and 4 cases of dMMR/MSI-L and these cases were ultimately evaluated as dMMR/MSI-H. Then, 21.49% (49/228) of EMC showed MSI-H and the discordance rate MMR-IHC and MSI-PCR in EMC decreased to 6.58% (15/228). No minimal microsatellite shift was found in CRC. Compared with EMC group with major microsatellite shift, cases with minimal microsatellite shift showed younger age, better tumor differentiation, and earlier International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) stage. There were significant differences in histological variant and FIGO stage between the two groups (P < 0.001, P=0.006). CONCLUSION EMC was more prone to minimal microsatellite shift, which should not be ignored in the interpretation of MSI-PCR results. The combined detection of MMR-IHC and MSI-PCR is the most sensitive and specific method to capture MSI tumors.
Female ; Humans ; Microsatellite Instability ; Colorectal Neoplasms ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Endometrial Neoplasms ; DNA Mismatch Repair