Olfactory receptors (ORs) form the largest superfamily of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Traditionally recognized for their role in the nasal olfactory epithelium, where they mediate the sense of smell, accumulating evidence has firmly established their ectopic expression in non-olfactory tissues, including the intestine, lungs, and kidneys. The intestine, as the primary site for nutrient digestion and absorption, harbors a highly complex chemical environment. To adapt to this environment, the gut employs a sophisticated network of “chemosensors” to monitor luminal contents and maintain homeostasis. Among these sensors, intestinal ORs have emerged as crucial functional components, serving as a molecular bridge that connects environmental chemical signals—such as food-derived odorants—to specific physiological responses. This discovery has significantly deepened our understanding of how dietary flavors and compounds influence intestinal physiology at the molecular level. This review systematically summarizes the expression profiles, ligand classification, and biological functions of ORs within the gastrointestinal tract. Studies indicate that intestinal ORs exhibit distinct spatial distribution patterns across different gut segments and display cell-type specificity, particularly within enterocytes and enteroendocrine cells. These receptors function as versatile sensors capable of recognizing a wide variety of ligands, including exogenous dietary components, gut microbiota metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids, and endogenous small molecules like azelaic acid. Upon activation by specific ligands, intestinal ORs trigger intracellular signaling cascades, primarily involving the AC-cAMP-PKA pathway or calcium influx channels. A major focus of this review is to elucidate the molecular mechanisms by which these receptors regulate the secretion of gut hormones. Activation of specific ORs in enteroendocrine cells has been shown to stimulate the release of hormones such as glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), peptide YY (PYY), and serotonin (5-HT), thereby modulating systemic energy metabolism, glucose homeostasis, and gastrointestinal motility. Furthermore, the review addresses the critical roles of ORs in immune regulation and pathology. Evidence suggests that specific ORs contribute to the maintenance of intestinal immune homeostasis and may offer protection against inflammation. Beyond their involvement in inflammatory responses, ORs such as Olfr78 have been shown to regulate the differentiation and function of intestinal endocrine cells. Similarly, Olfr544 has been demonstrated to alleviate intestinal inflammation by remodeling the gut microbiome and metabolome. These findings collectively suggest that specific ORs hold promise as therapeutic targets for mitigating intestinal inflammation and maintaining gut homeostasis. Additionally, the review explores the emerging role of ORs in cancer. Although OR expression is often downregulated in tumor tissues compared to normal mucosa, activation of specific ORs by certain ligands can inhibit tumor cell proliferation and migration and induce apoptosis via pathways such as MEK/ERK and p38 MAPK. Conversely, other receptors, such as OR7C1, may serve as biomarkers for cancer-initiating cells. In conclusion, intestinal ORs represent a vital component of the gut’s sensory network. The review also discusses the translational potential of these findings. By elucidating the precise pairing relationships between dietary components and specific ORs, novel therapeutic strategies could be developed. Intestinal ORs may thus emerge as promising targets for nutritional and pharmacological interventions in metabolic diseases, inflammatory bowel diseases, and malignancies.

Gastroesophageal varices （GOV） bleeding is a severe complication of portal hypertension with a high mortality rate. Animal models are indispensable tools for investigating its pathogenesis and developing novel therapeutic strategies. This article systematically reviews the methods for establishing various GOV models， with a particular focus on their efficacy in simulating the key pathological processes such as an increase in hepatic venous pressure gradient and the risk of bleeding， and it also proposes targeted strategies for model selection. Finally， this article discusses the application prospects of emerging techniques in the era of precision medicine， such as organoids and gene editing， in order to provide model selection and a theoretical reference for exploring the mechanism and clinical translation of GOV.

Parkinson's disease（PD） is the second most common neurodegenerative disease in the world， which seriously affects the lives of patients. With the acceleration of aging process， the number of patients continues to rise. Its main pathological features are aggregation of α-synuclein and degenerative death of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. However， the pathogenesis of PD is still unclear. According to reports， the brain-derived neurotrophic factor（BDNF）/tyrosine kinase receptor B（TrkB） signaling pathway is highly expressed and activated in dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra， which is closely related to neurophysiological processes such as neurogenesis， synaptic plasticity， neuroinflammation， and oxidative stress. It plays an important role in the occurrence and development of PD. At present， the treatment methods of Western medicine for PD are mainly based on drugs such as levodopa and dopamine agonists to alleviate motor symptoms， but with the increase of dose， the adverse reactions are significantly enhanced. Traditional Chinese medicine（TCM） has attracted people to explore its therapeutic effects on PD due to its characteristics of homology of medicine and food， economy， minor adverse reactions and multi-target action. Therefore， this paper systematically reviews the role of BNDF/TrkB pathway in the pathogenesis of PD and the mechanism of TCM formulas， extracts and monomers in the treatment of PD by regulating the BNDF/TrkB pathway according to retrieving the latest research reports at home and abroad， so as to provide a reference for the clinical application of related TCM and the development of new drugs for PD.

Objective:To explore the clinical application value of MRI ultra-short echo time sequence (MRI-UTE) in the diagnosis of pulmonary nodules.Methods:This study was a cross-sectional study. A total of 101 consecutive patients were recruited prospectively from January to August 2024 at Huazhong Fuwai Hospital of Zhengzhou University. All of the included patients were diagnosed with pulmonary nodules by chest CT examination and intended for treatment. All patients underwent low-dose CT examination and MRI-UTE examination. The number, classification, and lung imaging reporting and data system (lung-RADS) grading of the pulmonary nodules were analyzed. Nodules classification was determined as solid nodules or sub-solid nodules, and sub-solid nodules included part-solid nodules and pure ground-glass nodules. Taking the evaluation results of radiologists with 10 and 12 years of experience in chest imaging diagnosis as the reference standard, the Kappa test was used to analyze the agreement of CT and MRI-UTE in terms of the accurate diagnosis, classification, and lung-RADS grading of pulmonary nodules. Results:Among the 101 patients, a total of 216 pulmonary nodules were identified. MRI-UTE accurately diagnosed 180 pulmonary nodules, while 203 pulmonary nodules were detected by CT. The concordance was moderate ( Kappa=0.48, P<0.001). In terms of nodule classification, CT correctly classified 167 nodules as solid and 36 as sub-solid, whereas MRI-UTE correctly classified 153 as solid and 23 as sub-solid, with good agreement (weighted Kappa=0.73, P<0.001). For lung-RADS grading, CT correctly graded 186 nodules, with 85 graded as category 2, 46 as category 3, 33 as category 4A, 12 as category 4B, and 10 as category 4X; MRI-UTE correctly graded 155 nodules, with 74 graded as category 2, 30 as category 3, 30 as category 4A, 12 as category 4B, and 9 as category 4X. The agreement between the two modalities in determining lung-RADS grade was also good (weighted Kappa=0.74, P<0.001). Conclusion:MRI-UTE demonstrates good agreement with CT in the accurate diagnosis, classification, and lung-RADS grading of pulmonary nodules, indicating certain clinical application value.

Objective: To establish an ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method based on solid-phase extraction column purification for simultaneous determination of cyromazine and melamine in poultry eggs and meat. Methods: Eggs, quail eggs, and chicken were collected from markets. After homogenization, the sample was extracted with 0.5% formic acid in acetonitrile, subjected to solid-phase extraction using an MCX cartridge, and eluted with 5% ammonia in methanol. The eluate was collected, evaporated to near dryness under nitrogen, and reconstituted in a 10% aqueous methanol solution. Separated using TSK gel Amide-80 column (2.0 mm×150 mm, 5 μm), cyromazine and melamine were simultaneously detected in positive ion multiple reaction monitoring mode via tandem mass spectrometry, with quantification achieved by isotope dilution internal standard methods. Efficiency was enhanced and matrix interference minimized by optimizing conditions such as sample extraction, solid-phase extraction cartridge selection, and instrumental parameters. Calibration curves were constructed, and detection limits, quantification limits, spiked recoveries, and relative standard deviations for (RSD) of cyromazine and melamine were calculated. Results: After method optimization, matrix effects for cyromazine and melamine ranged from 0.97 to 1.04, indicating no significant matrix suppression or enhancement. Both cyromazine and melamine exhibited excellent linearity within the concentration range of 1.0-200.0 ng/mL, with correlation coefficients ≥0.999 5. The limits of detection were 0.3 μg/kg for cyromazine and 0.5 μg/kg for melamine, the quantification limits were 1.0 and 1.5 μg/kg, respectively. At spiked levels of 1.0, 20.0, and 150.0 μg/kg, the average recoveries ranged from 78.6% to 103.1%, with RSD between 3.5% and 6.3%. Among 95 samples tested, cyromazine was detected in 6 samples and melamine in 5 samples; neither cyromazine nor melamine was detected in chicken samples. Conclusion The UPLC-MS/MS method established in this study enables simultaneous detection and accurate quantification of cyromazine and melamine in poultry eggs and meat.

Spine fracture and dislocation are common traumatic spinal conditions that often require surgical intervention due to compromised spinal stability. Surgical approaches include anterior, posterior, and combined anterior-posterior spinal procedures. According to the specific surgical requirements, patients may be placed in the prone position or repositioned between prone and supine positions during surgery. Intraoperative repositioning has become an essential step in patient positioning. However, during repositioning, patients with spinal fracture and dislocation are at increased risk for complications such as hemodynamic instability, nerve injury, and pressure injuries to the skin and soft tissue. Notably, due to the instability of the spinal cord, even minor manipulations can further exacerbate the damage, potentially leading to severe outcomes like paraplegia. Although the current clinical guidelines provide instructive recommendations for standard position, there remains no specific protocols for intraoperative repositioning in patients with spine fracture and dislocation. With a concern for the lack of clinical studies on positioning techniques, risk prevention, and operational norms for special patients, no applicable guidelines or standards are available. A consensus was required to provide clinical reference, meet the requirements of surgical treatment, and minimize the safety risks of patients caused by improper placement of positions. Professional Committee of Operating Room Nursing of Shaanxi Nursing Association organized experts in nursing management and operating room nursing from major hospitals across China to formulate Expert consensus on intraoperative repositioning for patients with spinal fracture and dislocation ( version 2025). The consensus provides 11 recommendations covering pre-repositioning preparation, intraoperative maneuvers, and post-repositioning observation, aiming to provide references for clinical standardization of the intraoperative repositioning process and protection of patients′ safety.

Objective:To investigate the causal relationship between type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), body mass index (BMI) and papillary thyroid cancer using Mendelian randomization(MR) study.Methods:Publicly available genome-wide association studies (GWAS) were used as the data source to screen single nucleotide polymorphisms significantly associated with exposure factors (instrumental variables), and the inverse variance weighting (IVW), weighted median, MR-Egger analysis, simple mode, and weighted mode of two-sample MR were used to assess the causal association between T2DM, T1DM, BMI and papillary thyroid cancer. The reliability and stability of the results were assessed by heterogeneity analysis, multiple validity analysis and sensitivity analysis.Results:A total of 118 strong instrumental variables for T2DM, 76 for T1DM, and 486 for BMI were screened respectively to conduct two-sample MR analysis. Among the 5 MR analysis methods, the results of the IVW method showed that T2DM was significantly associated with papillary thyroid cancer (odds ratio ( OR)=1.147, 95% CI: 1.026-1.282; P=0.016), and the genetic effect values ( β values) of the other 4 analysis methods and IVW method were in the same direction; the results of heterogeneity analysis, multiplicity analysis and sensitivity analysis showed all P>0.05. T1DM (IVW method: OR=1.000, 95% CI: 0.952-1.051; P=0.994) and papillary thyroid cancer, BMI (IVW method: OR=1.214, 95% CI: 0.923-1.598; P=0.166) and papillary thyroid cancer were not clearly causally related. Conclusions:There is a causal association between T2DM and papillary thyroid cancer, and T2DM increases the risk of papillary thyroid cancer. There is no clear causal association between T1DM, BMI and papillary thyroid cancer.

Objective To explore the relationship between the levels of serum death-associated protein kinase 1(DAPK1)and total tau(T-tau)protein and cognitive dysfunction in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM).Methods A total of 178 patients with T2DM who were diagnosed and treated at the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University from May 2024 to January 2025 were selected.According to whether the patients had cognitive dysfunction,they were divided into cognitive dysfunction group(88 cases)and control group(90 cases).Based on Montreal cognitive assessment(MoCA)score,patients with cognitive dysfunction were further divided into severe group(MoCA score＜10 points,24 cases);moderate group(10 points ≤MoCA score ≤17 points,31 cases),and mild group(18 points ≤MoCA score＜26 points,33 cases).The levels of serum DAPK1 and T-tau proteins were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay,and the risk factors were analyzed by Logistic regression.Spearman correlation analysis was used to evaluate the correlation between T-tau protein,DAPK1 and the severity of cognitive dysfunction.Results The age,duration of diabetes mellitus,proportion of hyperlipidemia,fasting blood glucose,2-hour postprandial blood glucose,glycated hemoglobin,T-tau protein,and DAPK1 of patients in cognitive dysfunction group were significantly higher than those in control group,while the educational level was significantly lower than that in control group(P＜0.05).Logistic regression analysis showed that the duration of diabetes mellitus,T-tau protein,DAPK1,and glycated hemoglobin were all independent risk factors for cognitive dysfunction in patients with T2DM(P＜0.05).The T-tau protein and DAPK1 of patients in severe group were significantly higher than those in mild group and moderate group(P＜0.001).Spearman correlation analysis showed that DAPK1 and T-tau proteins were positively correlated with severity of cognitive dysfunction(P＜0.05).Conclusion The duration of diabetes mellitus,glycated hemoglobin,DAPK1 and T-tau protein are all independent risk factors for cognitive dysfunction in patients with T2DM.The levels of DAPK1 and T-tau protein are related to the severity of cognitive dysfunction and can be used as potential markers for risk assessment.

Objective To explore the mechanism of ligustrazine(LC)in improving chemothera-py-induced neuropathic pain(CINP)by regulating the Ras homolog gene family member A(RhoA)/p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase(p38MAPK)signaling pathway.Methods Sixty SD rats were randomly divided into five groups:control group(Con group),model group(Model group),low-dose LC group(L-LC group),high-dose LC group(H-LC group),and high-dose LC+lysophosphatidic acid group(H-LC+LPA group),with 12 rats in each group.Pain behavioral tests were performed on the rats.Neuronal lesions were observed using hematoxylin-eosin staining.The levels of reactive oxy-gen species(ROS),malondialdehyde(MDA),superoxide dismutase(SOD),tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α),interleukin-1 β(IL-1β),and interleukin-10(IL-10)were detected using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA).The expression levels of apoptosis,autophagy,and RhoA/p38MAPK signaling pathway-related proteins were detected using western blot.The apoptosis level in the spinal dorsal horn tissue was detected using TUNEL.Results On 3,5,and 7 d after surgery,the me-chanical withdrawal threshold(MWT)and thermal withdrawal latency(TWT)in the Model group were lower than those in the Con group.The MWT and TWT in the L-LC group and H-LC group were higher than those in the Model group,and the MWT and TWT in the H-LC group were higher than those in the L-LC group(P＜0.05).The MWT and TWT in the H-LC+LPA group were lower than those in the H-LC group(P＜0.05).Compared with the Con group,the expression levels of IL-10,SOD,B-cell lymphoma-2(Bcl-2),autophagy-related protein(Beclin-1),BNIP protein,and LC3-Ⅱ/LC3-Ⅰ were decreased in the Model group,while the levels of TNF-α,IL-1β,ROS,MDA,caspase-1,Bax,RhoA,phosphorylated p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase(P-p38MAPK)/p38MAPK protein expression,and apoptosis rate were increased(P＜0.05).Compared with the Model group,the expression levels of IL-10,SOD,Bcl-2,Beclin-1,BNIP protein,and LC3-Ⅱ/LC3-Ⅰ were in-creased in the L-LC group and H-LC group,while the levels of TNF-α,IL-1β,ROS,MDA,caspase-1,Bax,RhoA,P-p38MAPK/p38MAPK protein expression,and apoptosis rate were de-creased in a dose-dependent manner(P＜0.05).Compared with the H-LC group,the MWT,TWT,expression levels of IL-10,SOD,Bcl-2,Beclin-1,BNIP protein,and LC3-Ⅱ/LC3-Ⅰ were significantly decreased in the H-LC+LPA group,while the levels of TNF-α,IL-1β,ROS,MDA,caspase-1,Bax,RhoA,P-p38MAPK/p38MAPK protein expression,and apoptosis rate were in-creased(P＜0.05).Conclusion LC may alleviate the neuropathic disease symptoms in CINP rats by inhibiting the RhoA/p38MAPK signaling pathway,thereby inhibiting oxidative stress,neuroin-flammation,and apoptosis,and promoting autophagy.

Objective To investigate the impact of phase Ⅱ cardiac rehabilitation on the rehabilitation needs and physical activity status of patients after coronary heart disease intervention.Methods A total of 90 patients with coronary heart disease who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention(PCI)in the Coronary Heart Disease Center of the hospital from August 2023 to August 2024 were selected as the research subjects.They were subjected to a 12-week standardized phase Ⅱ cardiac rehabilitation training.General data survey forms,cardiac rehabilitation scales,and the International Physical Activity Questionnaire were used for scale surveys to understand the patients' needs before and after rehabilitation and their weekly physical activity en-ergy expenditure.The cardiopulmonary exercise test gold standard,which reflects exercise capacity through three indicators-maximum oxygen uptake(VO2 max),anaerobic threshold(AT),and metabolic equivalents(MET),were used to compare the physical activity status before and after cardiac rehabilitation.Results Compared with before the implementation,after the implementation of cardiac rehabilitation,the autonomy score in-creased(21.36±1.85 vs.16.73±3.28),the process anxiety(12.60±3.87 vs.14.27±2.12)and outcome anxiety scores(2.31±1.76 vs.4.56±3.56)decreased,the level of low-intensity physical activity decreased[(2 711.62±1 487.09)min/week vs.(3 845.97±2 083.71)min/week],the levels of moderate-intensity[(1 314.67±783.54)min/week vs.(686.22±126.79)min/week],high-intensity[(1 861.33±798.27)min/week vs.(112.00±40.77)min/week],and total physical activity increased[(5 887.62±2 843.54)min/week vs.(4 644.19±2 287.16)min/week].The levels of VO2 max[(28.11±14.28)mL·min-1·kg-1 vs.(23.82±12.34)mL·min-1·kg-1],AT[(16.06±5.41)mL·min-1·kg-1 vs.(13.53±4.56)mL·min-1·kg-1],and MET[(6.89±1.59)mL·min-1·kg-1 vs.(5.78±1.21)mL·min-1·kg-1]all in-creased,with statistically significant differences(P＜0.05).Conclusion Phase Ⅱ rehabilitation after PCI can effectively improve patients' physical activity levels.