Objective This study aims to explore the correlation between the grade of testicular tissue damage and clinical features which is used to evaluate the viability of testicular tissue after the orchidopexy for testicular torsion.Methods We conducted a retrospective,multicenter analysis of pathological specimens obtained from patients who under-went unilateral orchiectomy due to testicular torsion.Tissue viability was reassessed by the Mikuz grading scale.The corre-lations among tissue viability,duration of torsion symptoms,the angle of torsion,preoperative Doppler ultrasound image and intraoperative testicular resuscitation methods were analyzed.Results Eighty-five pathological specimens were en-rolled from 4 medical centers.The age range was 18 years(IQR 14-33),with a median torsion angle of 480°(IQR 180°-1080°).The interval from the torsion onset to surgical intervention was 18 hours(IQR 9-84).In the subgroup analysis of different torsion durations,the distribution of Grade I injuries was as follows.The subgroup within 12 hours ac-counted for 37.5％.The subgroup between 12 to 24 hours accounted for 14.28％.And the subgroup between 24 to 48 hours ac-counted for 6.45％.The subgroup exceeding 48 hours only accounted for 3.13％.Four patients received orchiectomy due to pre-operative ultrasound image indicating necrosis,correlating with Mikuz grade 3 tissue damage.The decision was made based on the failure of color recovery of affected testis in 57 cases,revealing 12.28％with grade 1 and 35.89％with grade Ⅱ damage.Twenty-four cases were identified as an Arda score of 3,with 4.16％showing grade 1 and 20.83％showing grade Ⅱ Mikuz damage.The method of Arda's grading could be used to determine the vitality of testicular tissue more accurately compared to the post-resusci-tation color observation method(P=0.032).Conclusion Pathological reassessment provides a precise determination of tis-sue viability in the affected testis.In some instances,the testicular tissue damage can be found potentially reversible.

Objective This study aims to explore the correlation between the grade of testicular tissue damage and clinical features which is used to evaluate the viability of testicular tissue after the orchidopexy for testicular torsion.Methods We conducted a retrospective,multicenter analysis of pathological specimens obtained from patients who under-went unilateral orchiectomy due to testicular torsion.Tissue viability was reassessed by the Mikuz grading scale.The corre-lations among tissue viability,duration of torsion symptoms,the angle of torsion,preoperative Doppler ultrasound image and intraoperative testicular resuscitation methods were analyzed.Results Eighty-five pathological specimens were en-rolled from 4 medical centers.The age range was 18 years(IQR 14-33),with a median torsion angle of 480°(IQR 180°-1080°).The interval from the torsion onset to surgical intervention was 18 hours(IQR 9-84).In the subgroup analysis of different torsion durations,the distribution of Grade I injuries was as follows.The subgroup within 12 hours ac-counted for 37.5％.The subgroup between 12 to 24 hours accounted for 14.28％.And the subgroup between 24 to 48 hours ac-counted for 6.45％.The subgroup exceeding 48 hours only accounted for 3.13％.Four patients received orchiectomy due to pre-operative ultrasound image indicating necrosis,correlating with Mikuz grade 3 tissue damage.The decision was made based on the failure of color recovery of affected testis in 57 cases,revealing 12.28％with grade 1 and 35.89％with grade Ⅱ damage.Twenty-four cases were identified as an Arda score of 3,with 4.16％showing grade 1 and 20.83％showing grade Ⅱ Mikuz damage.The method of Arda's grading could be used to determine the vitality of testicular tissue more accurately compared to the post-resusci-tation color observation method(P=0.032).Conclusion Pathological reassessment provides a precise determination of tis-sue viability in the affected testis.In some instances,the testicular tissue damage can be found potentially reversible.

Histone deacetylases inhibitors(HDACIs)are a group of compound regulating gene expression at transcriptional level.HDACIs can induce protein hyperacetylation and subsequently lead to chromatin remodeling,cell-cycle arrest,cell differentiation and apoptosis,and transcriptional activation and repression.HDACIs demonstrate promising antitumor activity and are presently tested in clinical studies for solid and hematologic malignancies.Cumulating evidence in animal models of immune disorders also suggests immunosuppressive properties of HDACIs,which provides us with new ideas for treating immune disorders and rejection after transplantation.This paper reviews the recent progress of immunosuppressive function induced by HDACIs from the following aspects:immune diseases,T lymphocytes,inflammatory cytokines and dendritic cells.