Experimental teaching is an important component of the course Medical Immunology,which requires the use of experimental animals and the execution of experimental animals by medical students.By applying the carbon dioxide euthanasia system,it can effectively reduce the pain of experimental animals,ensure their welfare,and meet ethical requirements.It can also improve the efficiency of experimental teaching in Medical Immunology,reduce environmental pollution,and promote medical students to estab-lish scientific values and worldviews that pay attention to experimental animals and respect life,which is conducive to becoming future medical service talents.In the experimental teaching of Medical Immunology,the appropriate application of carbon dioxide euthanasia system combined with effective ideological and political construction of the curriculum can further implement the Party's educational policy of cultivating morality and talents,and lay a good foundation for cultivating medical talents with comprehensive knowledge,high skills and excellent quality.

Experimental teaching is an important component of the course Medical Immunology,which requires the use of experimental animals and the execution of experimental animals by medical students.By applying the carbon dioxide euthanasia system,it can effectively reduce the pain of experimental animals,ensure their welfare,and meet ethical requirements.It can also improve the efficiency of experimental teaching in Medical Immunology,reduce environmental pollution,and promote medical students to estab-lish scientific values and worldviews that pay attention to experimental animals and respect life,which is conducive to becoming future medical service talents.In the experimental teaching of Medical Immunology,the appropriate application of carbon dioxide euthanasia system combined with effective ideological and political construction of the curriculum can further implement the Party's educational policy of cultivating morality and talents,and lay a good foundation for cultivating medical talents with comprehensive knowledge,high skills and excellent quality.

Objective: To investigate the incidence and influencing factors of falls among the elderly in Ningbo City, Zhejiang Province, so as to provide the basis for developing effective prevention strategies. Methods: The residents aged 60 years and above in Haishu District and Yuyao City of Ningbo City were selected by the multi-stage cluster random sampling method from June to October 2022. Demographic information, fall incidence in the past year, history of disease and self-rated health were collected through questionnaire surveys. Incidence of falls was descriptively analyzed, and factors affecting falls were identified using a multivariable logistic regression model stratified by gender and age. Results: A total of 1 275 elderly people were surveyed, including 635 men and 640 women. The median age was 72.00 (interquartile range, 13.00) years. In the past year, 158 residents fell, accounting for 12.39%. Additionally, 14 individuals experienced two or more falls, accounting for 8.86%. The incidence of falls was 14.69% in women, which was higher than the 10.08% in men (P<0.05). The incidence of falls was 14.86% in the elderly over 70 years, which was higher than the 9.39% in those aged 60 to 70 years (P<0.05). Multivariable logistic regression showed that the educational level (primary school and above, OR=0.501, 95%CI: 0.301-0.836), heart disease (present, OR=1.996, 95%CI: 1.076-3.703), and self-rated health status (good, OR=0.529, 95%CI: 0.319-0.875) were factors affecting falls in women; educational level (primary school and above, OR=0.514, 95%CI: 0.285-0.928) and self-rated health status (good, OR=0.456, 95%CI: 0.253-0.824) were factors affecting falls in residents aged 60 to 70 years. Conclusion Fall risk among the elderly is associated with gender, age, heart disease, educational level and self-rated health status, and the influencing factors for falls vary in different genders and ages.

The nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS) is one of the morphologically and functionally defined centers that engage in the autonomic regulation of cardiovascular activity. Phenotypically-characterized NTS neurons have been implicated in the differential regulation of blood pressure (BP). Here, we investigated whether phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT)-expressing NTS (NTS^PNMT) neurons contribute to the control of BP. We demonstrate that photostimulation of NTS^PNMT neurons has variable effects on BP. A depressor response was produced during optogenetic stimulation of NTS^PNMT neurons projecting to the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, lateral parabrachial nucleus, and caudal ventrolateral medulla. Conversely, photostimulation of NTS^PNMT neurons projecting to the rostral ventrolateral medulla produced a robust pressor response and bradycardia. In addition, genetic ablation of both NTS^PNMT neurons and those projecting to the rostral ventrolateral medulla impaired the arterial baroreflex. Overall, we revealed the neuronal phenotype- and circuit-specific mechanisms underlying the contribution of NTS^PNMT neurons to the regulation of BP.
Solitary Nucleus/metabolism* ; Blood Pressure/physiology* ; Phenylethanolamine N-Methyltransferase/metabolism* ; Neurons/metabolism* ; Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus/metabolism*

Objective: To investigate the trends in mortality of malignant tumors in Ningbo City, Zhejiang Province from 2002 to 2022, so as to provide the evidence for formulating malignant tumor control strategies in Ningbo City. Methods The data regarding the mortality of malignant tumors in Ningbo City from 2002 to 2022 were collected through the Ningbo Municipal Death Cause Monitoring System, and the crude mortality and age-specific mortality of malignant tumors were calculated in Ningbo City. The mortality of malignant tumors was standardized by the population of the sixth National Population Census in China in 2010 (Chinese-standardized mortality) and the world standard population in 1960 (world-standardized mortality). The trends in mortality of malignant tumors were evaluated with annual percent change (APC) and average annual percent change (AAPC). Methods: The data regarding the mortality of malignant tumors in Ningbo City from 2002 to 2022 were collected through the Ningbo Municipal Death Cause Monitoring System, and the crude mortality and age-specific mortality of malignant tumors were calculated in Ningbo City. The mortality of malignant tumors was standardized by the population of the sixth National Population Census in China in 2010 (Chinese-standardized mortality) and the world standard population in 1960 (world-standardized mortality). The trends in mortality of malignant tumors were evaluated with annual percent change (APC) and average annual percent change (AAPC). Results: The crude mortality of malignant tumors was 186.43/105 to 221.24/105 in Ningbo City from 2002 to 2022, which showed a tendency towards a rise (AAPC=0.76%), and both the Chinese- (AAPC=-2.64%) and world-standardized mortality (AAPC=-2.74%) appeared a tendency towards a decline (all P<0.05). The world-standardized mortality of malignant tumors presented three changes in Ningbo City from 2002 to 2022, with a more remarkable decline from 2011 to 2018 (APC=-3.53%) than from 2002 to 2011 (APC=-2.10%) and from 2018 to 2022 (APC=-2.00%) (all P<0.05). The annual decline in mortality of malignant tumors was higher in men (Chinese-standardized mortality: AAPC=-2.68%; world-standardized mortality: AAPC=-2.75%) than in women (Chinese-standardized mortality: AAPC=-2.45%; world-standardized mortality: AAPC=-2.57%), and higher in urban areas (Chinese-standardized mortality: AAPC=-2.85%; world-standardized mortality: AAPC=-2.92%) than in rural areas (Chinese-standardized mortality: AAPC=-2.45%; world-standardized mortality: AAPC=-2.57%) (all P<0.05). The mortality of malignant tumors appeared a tendency towards a rise with age in Ningbo City, with the highest mortality in residents at ages of 85 years and older (1 447.13/105). Death from malignant tumors were responsible for 31.86% of all causes of death in Ningbo City, and the five most common causes of cancer death included lung cancer, liver cancer, gastric cancer, colorectal cancer and esophageal cancer. In addition, the world-standardized mortality of pancreatic cancer (AAPC=3.92%), prostate cancer (AAPC=4.71%), and cervical cancer (AAPC=1.60%) appeared a tendency towards a rise in Ningbo City (all P<0.05). Conclusions The crude mortality of malignant tumors appeared a tendency towards a rise in Ningbo City from 2002 to 2022, while the standardized mortality showed a tendency towards a decline. Management of malignant tumors should be given a high priority among men and rural residents, and lung cancer, liver cancer, gastric cancer, colorectal cancer and esophageal cancer should be emphasized.

Objective: To investigate the trends in incidence and mortality of gastric cancer in Ningbo City, Zhejiang Province from 2011 to 2022, so as to provide insights into improving gastric cancer control strategy. Methods: The incidence and mortality of gastric cancer in Ningbo City from 2011 to 2022 were collected through Ningbo Municipal Chronic Disease and Cause of Death Monitoring System. The incidence and mortality of gastric cancer were calculated, and standardized by the data from the Sixth Chinese National Population Census in 2020 (Chinese-standardized rate) and the world standard population first introduced by Segi in 1960 (world-standardized rate). The trends in incidence and mortality of gastric cancer were evaluated using annual percent change (APC) and average annual percent change (AAPC). Results : The crude incidence of gastric cancer was 45.69/105 in Ningbo City from 2011 to 2022, with no significant changing patterns seen during the study period (AAPC=-0.02%, P>0.05), and the Chinese- and world-standardized incidence of gastric cancer was 28.61/105 and 21.87/105, which both appeared a tendency towards a decline (AAPC=-3.19% and -3.05%, both P<0.05). The crude, Chinese-standardized and world-standardized mortality rates of gastric cancer were 28.56/105, 17.07/105 and 12.57/105, respectively, all showing a tendency towards a decline (AAPC=-3.00%, -6.26% and -6.34%, all P<0.05). The Chinese- and world-standardized incidence and mortality of gastric cancer all appeared a tendency towards a decline in urban (AAPC=-2.72%, -2.53%, -5.91% and -5.96%, all P<0.05) and rural areas (AAPC=-3.61%, -3.53%, -6.79% and -6.89%, all P<0.05), and the Chinese- and world-standardized incidence and mortality of gastric cancer were significantly higher among urban residents than among rural residents. The Chinese- and world-standardized incidence and mortality of gastric cancer all appeared a tendency towards a decline among men (AAPC=-3.18%, -3.00%, -5.82% and -5.91%, all P<0.05) and women (AAPC=-2.98%, -2.90%, -7.12% and -7.12%, all P<0.05), and the Chinese- and world-standardized incidence and mortality of gastric cancer was significantly higher among men than among women. In addition, the crude incidence and mortality of gastric cancer both appeared a tendency towards a rise with age among residents in Ningbo City (both P<0.05). Conclusions The incidence and mortality of gastric cancer both appeared a tendency towards a decline in Ningbo City from 2011 to 2022; however, the incidence and mortality remained high. Males and urban residents should be given a high priority for gastric cancer control, and gastric cancer screening should be strengthened among individuals at ages of 40 years and older.

Leptin, an adipocyte-derived peptide hormone, has been shown to facilitate breathing. However, the central sites and circuit mechanisms underlying the respiratory effects of leptin remain incompletely understood. The present study aimed to address whether neurons expressing leptin receptor b (LepRb) in the nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS) contribute to respiratory control. Both chemogenetic and optogenetic stimulation of LepRb-expressing NTS (NTS^LepRb) neurons notably activated breathing. Moreover, stimulation of NTS^LepRb neurons projecting to the lateral parabrachial nucleus (LPBN) not only remarkably increased basal ventilation to a level similar to that of the stimulation of all NTS^LepRb neurons, but also activated LPBN neurons projecting to the preBötzinger complex (preBötC). By contrast, ablation of NTS^LepRb neurons projecting to the LPBN notably eliminated the enhanced respiratory effect induced by NTS^LepRb neuron stimulation. In brainstem slices, bath application of leptin rapidly depolarized the membrane potential, increased the spontaneous firing rate, and accelerated the Ca²⁺ transients in most NTS^LepRb neurons. Therefore, leptin potentiates breathing in the NTS most likely via an NTS-LPBN-preBötC circuit.
Leptin/pharmacology* ; Membrane Potentials ; Neurons/metabolism* ; Solitary Nucleus/metabolism*

Type Ⅰ sialidosis is a neurosomatic disorder related to the storage of lysosomal and induced by shortage of neuraminidase. It is an autosomal recessive disorder, maybe heterogeneous in its onset, clinical manifestations and prognosis. A case of type Ⅰ sialidosis with a missense mutation in the α-N-acetyl-neuraminidase (NEU1) gene is reported. The patient was characterized by reduced visual acuity, ataxia and subcortical myoclonus. Although the macular cherry red spots were not detected in the male patient, his bilateral visual evoked potential showed severely prolonged latencies of P100, which was consistent with continuous decline of his visions. Finally, he was treated with carbamazepine and clonazepam with moderate improvement in the symptom of myoclonus. In order to make the definite diagnosis, the importance of a clinical history integrating all the patient′s clinical manifestations and the mutation in NEU1 gene was highlighted. Regardless of being an uncommon disorder, the burden for those patients with sialidosis was significant. Therefore, this diagnosis in the relevant setting should always be considered.

Objective:To explore the effect of cabinet type water curtain exhaust hood applied to small sandblasting machine to prevent and control silicon dust, and put forward a new idea of dust ventilation protection facilities to effectively protect the occupational health of workers.Methods:From August to October 2018, the cabinet type water curtain exhaust hood of sandblasting room in a research institute was selected as the research object, and the methods of occupational health survey, on-site detection and physical simulation of air distribution were used to conduct on-site detection and smoke emission test on the local exhaust facilities, silica dust concentration, control wind speed and air distribution before and after the transformation line analysis and evaluation.Results:The air distribution simulation experiment showed that the air distribution of the cabinet type water curtain exhaust hood was reasonable and could effectively control the whole range of silica dust emission during the cleaning process. After modification, the capture velocity was increased from 0.01 m/s to 0.53 m/s, and the capture velocity was increased by 98.1%. The time weighted average allowable concentration ( CTWA) of silicon dust (total dust) during sand blasting, cabin opening and cleaning was reduced from 7.00 mg/m 3 to 0.50 mg/m 3. The CTWA of silica dust (exhalation dust) was decreased from 3.36 mg/m 3 to 0.27 mg/m 3, and the CTWA dust reduction rates of total dust and respirable dust were 92.9% and 92.0%, respectively. Conclusion:The combination of cabinet type exhaust hood and water curtain dedusting optimizes the combination mode of dust prevention and control. It has the advantages of high efficiency of dedusting and purification, energy saving and environmental protection, and can be popularized and used in enterprises of the same nature.

Objective:To explore the effect of cabinet type water curtain exhaust hood applied to small sandblasting machine to prevent and control silicon dust, and put forward a new idea of dust ventilation protection facilities to effectively protect the occupational health of workers.Methods:From August to October 2018, the cabinet type water curtain exhaust hood of sandblasting room in a research institute was selected as the research object, and the methods of occupational health survey, on-site detection and physical simulation of air distribution were used to conduct on-site detection and smoke emission test on the local exhaust facilities, silica dust concentration, control wind speed and air distribution before and after the transformation line analysis and evaluation.Results:The air distribution simulation experiment showed that the air distribution of the cabinet type water curtain exhaust hood was reasonable and could effectively control the whole range of silica dust emission during the cleaning process. After modification, the capture velocity was increased from 0.01 m/s to 0.53 m/s, and the capture velocity was increased by 98.1%. The time weighted average allowable concentration ( CTWA) of silicon dust (total dust) during sand blasting, cabin opening and cleaning was reduced from 7.00 mg/m 3 to 0.50 mg/m 3. The CTWA of silica dust (exhalation dust) was decreased from 3.36 mg/m 3 to 0.27 mg/m 3, and the CTWA dust reduction rates of total dust and respirable dust were 92.9% and 92.0%, respectively. Conclusion:The combination of cabinet type exhaust hood and water curtain dedusting optimizes the combination mode of dust prevention and control. It has the advantages of high efficiency of dedusting and purification, energy saving and environmental protection, and can be popularized and used in enterprises of the same nature.