Xuanfuhua Decoction （旋覆花汤） is considered as the theoretical prototype of the method of unbloc-king collaterals with acrid and moistened medicinals. Guided by the theories of "chronic disease entering the collaterals" and "collaterals performing their functions when there is free flow"， YE Gui further developed this approach into a systematic method. The core of this approach lies in dispersing and opening constraint with acrid medicinals， nourishing and harmonizing collaterals with moistened medicinals， eliminating pathogens and unblocking collaterals with insect medicinals. The disease course of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis （IPF） is prolonged， with a complex of deficiency and excess， and chronic disease entering the collaterals. The core pathogenesis involves lung collaterals obstruction， fluid depletion with blood stasis， and chronic disease entering the collaterals. Treatment can be guided by the method of unblocking collaterals with acrid and moistened medicinals based on Xuanfuhua Decoction， following a strategy of "dispersing and unblocking， moistening and nourishing， penetrating and venting". Specifically， for lung collaterals obstruction， acrid medicinals can be used to disperse lung qi and open bi （痹）. In case of fluid depletion and blood stasis， moistened medicinals for nourishing lung collaterals are suggested to restore vitality. For chronic disease ente-ring collaterals， it is advised to search and eliminate collateral pathogens in order to dissipate masses.

Objective: To systematically analyze the revisions content and technological development trends of microbiological standards in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia (ChP) 2025 Edition, and explore its novel requirements in risk-based pharmaceutical product lifecycle management.
Methods: A comprehensive review was conducted on 26 microbiological-related standards to summarize the revision directions and scientific implications from perspectives including the revision overview, international harmonization of microbiological standards, risk-based quality management system, and novel tools and methods with Chinese characteristics.
Results: The ChP 2025 edition demonstrates three prominent features in microbiological-related standards: enhanced international harmonization, introduced emerging molecular biological technologies, and established a risk-based microbiological quality control system.
Conclusion: The new edition of the Pharmacopoeia has systematically constructed a microbiological standard system, which significantly improves the scientificity, standardization and applicability of the standards, providing a crucial support for advancing the microbiological quality control in pharmaceutical industries of China.

ObjectiveTo evaluate the inhibitory effect of online-sold “preservative-free” cosmetics against contaminated microorganisms during storage and use, to establish a method for assessing the preservative efficacy of such cosmetics, and to provide data support for the formulation of relevant standards. MethodsA total of 16 batches of cosmetics claiming preservative free were collected to determine their pH value, water activity, total aerobic microbial count (TAMC) and total molds and yeasts count (TYMC). Meanwhile, preservatives not listed in the Safety and Technical Standards for Cosmetics (2015 edition) (referred to as “unlisted preservatives”) were screened. In addition, a preservative challenge test was conducted on these cosmetics. ResultsAll the 16 batches of samples were generally weakly acidic, and with a water activity ≥0.6, which were suitable for microbial growth. Unlisted preservative not labeled on the package was detected in one batch of cosmetic. The results of neutralizer verification showed that three batches required further dilution to eliminate the antimicrobial interference. After inoculation with challenge microorganisms and cultivation for 7 days, two batches of cosmetics did not achieve a bacterial reduction rate of 99.90%, and the fungal reduction rate did not reach 90.00% either. While another two batches of cosmetics experienced microbial growth during testing, indicating a failure of the preservative challenge test. The overall pass rate was 75.00%. ConclusionSome online-sold preservative free cosmetics have insufficient preservation efficacy and pose a certain risk of microbial contamination.

Arsenic (organoarsenic) compound is one of the oldest drugs used by humans to treat various diseases. From its initial application in treating various skin diseases to the 1970s when arsenic trioxide (ATO) was proven to be able to significantly relieve acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL), arsenic (organoarsenic) compounds gradually occupied an important position in the history of medical development. This article reviews the pharmaceutical research progress of inorganic arsenic compounds and organic arsine compounds, covering anticancer, antiparasitic, antiviral and antibiotic aspects. It further explores the potential for developing new arsenic (organoarsenic) drugs with higher efficacy and lower toxicity, aiming to provide new research directions and ideas for the application of arsenic (organoarsenic) compounds in disease treatment.

Objective To develop a risk management system for complications associated with peripheral venous indwelling needles and to evaluate its application effect in order to reduce the risk of related complications.Methods We designed a comprehensive risk management system for peripheral intravenous indwelling needle complications,integrating specialized evidence-based guidelines with clinical practice insights,including 5 modules:intelligent assessment and decision support,intelligent inspection reminders,educational modules,collaborative case management procedures,and a knowledge base.Patients admitted to the neurology and internal classification metabolism departments of a tertiary hospital in Jilin Province were conveniently selected as the research subjects.Patients were assigned to a control group(from May to July 2022,before the implementation of the system)and an experimental group(from September to December 2022,after the implementation of the system).The incidence of complications,duration of indwelling needle,compliance rate of core indicators for nursing quality and number of nursing consultations were compared between the groups.Additionally,a self-administered questionnaire was used to assess clinical nurses'evaluations of the system.Results A total of 189 patients were included in the experimental group and 177 patients in the control group.The incidence of complications associated with peripheral intravenous indwelling needles was lower than that in the control group.The duration of indwelling peripheral intravenous needles was longer than that in the control group.The quality compliance rate of peripheral venous indwelling needle care in the experimental group was higher than that in the control group,and the number of consultation cases in the experimental group was higher than that in the control group.Comparisons between the 2 groups showed statistically significant differences for all indicators(P＜0.05).The nurses'recognition rates for the system's user-friendliness,professional guidance,and patient benefit were 77.78％,81.74％,and 82.13％,respectively.Conclusion The application of a peripheral vein indwelling needle complication risk management system can reduce the incidence of complications,prolong the duration of indwelling,and improve nursing quality.Nurses have a high recognition of this system.

Objective:To systematically analyze the revisions content and technological development trends of microbiological standards in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia(ChP)2025 Edition,and explore its novel requirements in risk-based pharmaceutical product lifecycle management.Methods:A comprehensive review was conducted on 26 microbiological-related standards to summarize the revision directions and scientific implications from perspectives including the revision overview,international harmonization of microbiological standards,risk-based quality man-agement system,and novel tools and methods with Chinese characteristics.Results:The ChP 2025 edition demon-strates three prominent features in microbiological-related standards:enhanced international harmonization,intro-duced emerging molecular biological technologies,and established a risk-based microbiological quality control sys-tem.Conclusion:The new edition of the Pharmacopoeia has systematically constructed a microbiological standard system,which significantly improves the scientificity,standardization and applicability of the standards,providing a crucial support for advancing the microbiological quality control in pharmaceutical industries of China.

Objective: To explore the application of photodynamic therapy (PDT) combined with orally administered retinoic acid in the treatment of proliferative verrucous leukoplakia (PVL) and provide a reference for clinical practice. Methods: A case of sequential treatment of PVL with PDT and orally administered retinoic acid was reported. The characteristics, diagnosis, treatment of PVL, and the application of PDT and retinoic acid in oral leukoplakia were retrospectively analyzed based on the literature. Results: After four PDT sessions, a majority of the oral lesions were eliminated in a patient clinically diagnosed with PVL, but the lesions recurred two months later. Subsequently, the patient was treated with retinoic acid at a dose of 10 mg, once a day, orally before bedtime. After continuous treatment for 2 weeks, the oral lesions were significantly reduced. The dose was then adjusted to 10 mg, twice a day, and the treatment was extended for 3 months until the lesions completely disappeared. Following this, a periodic regimen was adopted to continue the administration of retinoic acid at a dose of 10 mg, twice a day (3 weeks of treatment followed by 1 week of drug withdrawal as one cycle), for a total of 6 cycles. No recurrence was observed during the 5-month follow-up after drug withdrawal. A review of the literature indicates that PVL is an oral potentially malignant disorder (OPMD) characterized by multifocality, high recurrence rate, and high malignant transformation rate. Currently, there is no ideal treatment method for PVL. PDT is advantageous because of its low toxicity. Furthermore, it is strongly selective, minimally invasive, and patients experience no scarring. Thus, it has been recommended as the first-line therapy for PVL. However, due to the limitations of local application of photosensitizers in terms of effectiveness, targeting, and penetration depth, the efficacy of PDT in treating PVL remains uncertain. There are a few reports on the treatment of oral leukoplakia with retinoic acid given by oral, but no literature has reported the combination of PDT and retinoic acid given by oral for PVL. Conclusion The sequential combination of PDT and oral retinoic acid therapy is an effective treatment for PVL.

Arsenic (organoarsenic) compound is one of the oldest drugs used by humans to treat various diseases. From its initial application in treating various skin diseases to the 1970s when arsenic trioxide (ATO) was proven to be able to significantly relieve acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL), arsenic (organoarsenic) compounds gradually occupied an important position in the history of medical development. This article reviews the pharmaceutical research progress of inorganic arsenic compounds and organic arsine compounds, covering anticancer, antiparasitic, antiviral and antibiotic aspects. It further explores the potential for developing new arsenic (organoarsenic) drugs with higher efficacy and lower toxicity, aiming to provide new research directions and ideas for the application of arsenic (organoarsenic) compounds in disease treatment.

Primary aldosteronism(PA) is the most common endocrine cause of secondary hypertension and is characterized by hypertension, hypokalemia, suppressed renin, and inappropriately elevated aldosterone. Increasing evidence indicates disturbances in calcium homeostasis among patients with PA. The calcium-regulatory system encompasses calcium and phosphate, parathyroid hormone(PTH), and vitamin D. Patients with PA frequently exhibit hypocalcemia, hypophosphatemia, elevated PTH, and reduced vitamin D levels. Clarifying the contribution of calcium dysregulation to PA pathogenesis is clinically relevant for mitigating target-organ damage. This review summarizes: (1) the role of aberrant calcium signaling in the development of PA; (2) characteristic features of calcium homeostasis in PA; and (3) the interactions between the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system(RAAS) and calcium-regulatory pathways. Overall, abnormalities in calcium signaling appear integral to the pathogenesis of PA, and disrupted calcium homeostasis may aggravate target-organ injury in affected patients.

The microbial limit standards in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2020 edition primarily focus on total aerobic microbial count and specified objectionable microorganisms,which are insufficient for comprehensively assessing the potential risks posed by microbial contamination to drug efficacy and patient safety.With the increasing com-plexity of rising regulatory requirements,there is an urgent need to establish a scientific and systematic microbial risk assessment and control framework.In response,the Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2025 edition,introduces a new general guideline 9212 Risk Assessment and Control of Unacceptable Microorganisms for Non-sterile Products.This chapter systematically constructs a framework for the identification and control of risks associated with unacceptable microorganisms,filling a gap in the relevant field within international pharmacopoeias.This article systematically elaborates on its key elements based on its core framework and content.It covers the development background,core concepts,testing and identification strategies,evaluation of risk characterization factors,formulation of risk control measures,and implementation pathways.The aim is to provide pharmaceutical enterprises and regulatory agencies with systematic and clear practical guidance.