Pollen allergen-induced allergic rhinitis(AR),also known as seasonal allergic rhinitis(SAR),typically manifests during the period of pollen dissemination by anemophilous plants.The prevalence of SAR has more than doubled over the past three decades.The etiology of SAR is multifaceted,involving factors such as pollen allergens,environmental and climatic conditions,genetic predispositions,and the immunological status of the individual.Animal models provide a critical tool for elucidating the mechanisms underlying AR and advancing the development of effective preventive and therapeutic strategies.This review synthesizes the recent pertinent domestic and international literature on pollen-sensitized AR animal experiments.It systematically delineates the factors influencing the efficacy of these models,including the selection of animal strains,the production and associated challenges of sensitizing agents,specifically pollen antigens,the utilization and limitations of adjuvants,the procedural steps involved in model creation,and the method ologies for evaluating model effectiveness.The insights provided are intended to offer guidance and support for the development of appropriate animal models of pollen-induced AR,thereby facilitating both fundamental and applied research in this area.

Objective To explore the facilitators and barriers of palliative care volunteering,and to provide references for further advancement of palliative care volunteering.Methods Purposeful sampling was used to select 12 volunteers from a palliative care ward in Hangzhou,Zhejiang Province,between April and September 2024.Semi-structured interviews were conducted,and directed content analysis was applied to organize and analyze the data,followed by theme analysis.Results Facilitators and barriers for volunteers' participation in palliative care volunteering were extracted.The 5 sub-themes of facilitators include motivating factors and perceived benefits,support and collaboration among volunteers,professional training and healthcare recognition,increased social awareness and public acceptance,and government support and institutional safeguards.The 5 sub-themes of barriers include limitations in individual capacity,challenges in collaboration with patients,families and healthcare workers,inadequate management and service mechanisms,uneven development of palliative care and insufficient public attention to psychological problems,and inadequate relevant laws and incentives.Conclusion There are more factors affecting the development of palliative care volunteering,and healthcare professionals should adopt targeted strategies to promote the active participation of volunteers in order to promote the sustainable development of palliative care volunteering.

Objective To analyze the effects of fluid overload(FO)on clinical outcomes of extremely preterm infants with hemody-namically significant patent ductus arteriosus(hsPDA).Methods This retrospective study analyzed data from neonates ≤ 32 weeks ges-tational age(GA)admitted to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit(NICU)of the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University between November 2021 and July 2024.Infants were categorized into hsPDA and non-hsPDA groups based on the presence or absence of hsPDA.General clinical data and daily FO situation in the first week after birth of the two groups were compared,and the risk factors affecting hsPDA were obtained by Logistic regression analysis.Using the first day of postnatal FO as the test variable and hsPDA as the state varia-ble,receiver operator characteristic(ROC)curve was drawn to calculate the cut-off value of FO,and the cut-off value was divided into groups to analyze the relationship between the first day FO and clinical outcome of very preterm infants.Results A total of 153 extremely preterm infants(GA≤32 weeks)were enrolled,including 110 in the hsPDA group and 43 in the non-HSPDA group.Univariate analysis showed that there were statistically significant differences in birth weight,1-minute Apgar score,postnatal antibiotic use time,parenteral nutrition time,invasive mechanical ventilation time,non-invasive mechanical ventilation time,hospital days,day 1,day 2 and day 4 FO between the two groups(P＜0.05).Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that invasive mechanical ventilation time and day 1 FO were risk factors of hsPDA.The ROC curve was drawn with the first day FO as the test variable and hsPDA as the state variable.The area under the curve was 0.903,the sensitivity and specificity were 79.1％and 89.1％,respectively,and the cut-off value of FO on the first day after birth was 8.78％.According to this cut-off value,107 cases were divided into FO≤8.78％group and 46 cases were FO＞8.78％group.Univariate analysis showed that FO＞8.78％group had lower Apgar score at 1 minute,longer invasive mechani-cal ventilation time,and higher incidence of moderate to severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia(BPD)and grade 3 to 4 intraventricular hem-orrhage(IVH).Logistic regression analysis showed that FO＞8.78％on the first day after birth was a risk factor for moderate to severe BPD and grade 3-4 IVH.Conclusion FO＞8.78％on the first day after birth of very preterm infants increased the incidence of moder-ate to severe BPD and grade 3-4 IVH.

Objective:To investigate the effects of lipids and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in Artemisia pollen on the induction of allergic rhinitis in a murine model. Methods:BALB/c mice were randomly divided into seven groups using the random number table method as follows: defatted pollen group (TZ group, n=5), defatted pollen+ LPS group (TZLPS group, n=5), non-defatted pollen group (WTZ group, n=5), non-defatted pollen+ LPS group (WTZLPS group, n=5), PBS group ( n=5), PBS+ LPS group (PBSLPS group, n=5), and blank control group ( n=6). On days 1, 8, and 15, the mice in the TZ and TZLPS groups received a subcutaneous injection in the neck region with 0.1 ml of defatted Artemisia pollen extract (20 μg/ml); the WTZ and WTZLPS groups were administered 0.1 ml of non-defatted Artemisia pollen extract (20 μg/ml), while the PBS and PBSLPS groups were injected with 0.1 ml of PBS (0.1 mol/L). From days 22 to 28, the mice were subjected to intranasal challenge to induce allergic rhinitis symptoms. The TZ, WTZ, and PBS groups received nasal administration of 10 μl per nostril of defatted Artemisia pollen extract (500 μg/ml), non-defatted Artemisia pollen extract (500 μg/ml), and PBS (0.1 mol/L), respectively. For the TZLPS, WTZLPS, and PBSLPS groups, an additional 260 EU (5.2 μl) of LPS was co-administered per nostril alongside the corresponding base solutions. The blank control group received no intervention during this phase. The behaviors of the mice were observed; the levels of specific IgE, IgG1 and IgG2a in serum samples were detected by ELISA; the pathological changes in nasal mucosa and lung tissues were observed by HE staining, and the expression of both IL-4 and IL-5 was observed by immunohistochemistry. One-way analysis of variance and Kruskal-Wallis test were used for statistical analysis. Results:Following Artemisia pollen antigen challenge, the total TZ group (TZLPS group+ TZ group) exhibited significantly higher behavioral scores as compared with the total PBS group (PBSLPS group+ PBS group) and the blank control group (both P<0.001). Serum analysis revealed that the total TZ group showed markedly elevated levels of Artemisia-specific IgE compared with the total WTZ group (WTZLPS group+ WTZ group) and the total PBS group ( P<0.05, P<0.001), along with significantly higher IgG1 levels than the total PBS and blank control groups ( P<0.05, P<0.001), while no significant differences in IgG2a levels were observed among these groups (all P>0.05). In local inflammatory responses, eosinophil infiltration and IL-4/IL-5 expression in both nasal mucosa and lung tissues of mice in the total TZ group were significantly higher than those in the total PBS and blank control groups (all P<0.001). Notably, eosinophil counts in nasal mucosa of mice in the total TZ group surpassed those in the total WTZ group ( P<0.05), whereas no significant differences in IL-4/IL-5 expression in mouse nasal mucosa were detected between the total TZ and total WTZ groups (both P>0.05). LPS supplementation in pollen extracts showed no significant effects on the specific IgE, IgG1, or IgG2a levels in serum across groups (all P>0.05), nor did it alter eosinophil activation or IL-4 expression in mouse nasal mucosa (all P>0.05). However, compared with the TZ group, eosinophil counts and IL-4 expression in lung tissues of mice in the TZLPS group were significantly increased (both P<0.001). Conclusions:This study successfully establishes a mouse model of Artemisia pollen allergy, and finds that the defatting treatment of Artemisia pollen can induce more intense inflammatory response. The presence or absence of LPS in pollen has no significant effect on allergic inflammation in the nasal mucosa, but it can cause different degrees of damage to the lung tissues of mice.

Objective:To establish a set of dynamic definition methods and key operational techniques for community pediatric services contents within the framework of an integrated children health services model.Methods:This was a cross-sectional study. From December 2023 to June 2024, a study was conducted at the Shanghai Gumei Community Health Service Center. The study was divided into three phases: identifying the health needs of community children (Phase A), developing the service content and methods for community children (Phase B), and establishing a community children service network (Phase C). A variety of methods, including questionnaires and focus group interviews, were comprehensively employed in each phase to develop the ABC demand network and its construction approach for community children, and to establish a networked service system.Results:A total of 512 questionnaires were distributed in Phase A, of which 499 were returned for an effective recovery rate of 97.5%. Of the parents, 488 (97.8%, 488/499) would actively seek information related to children′s health. Of those parents, 90.6% (452/499), 80.8% (403/499), and 71.9% (359/499) expressed concern about their children′s growth and development, mental health and social adaptation, and the prevention and treatment of common, frequently occurring diseases, respectively. The research clarified the health needs of children in the community and the health issues of children in different age groups. This included the mental health and social adaptation of community children, as well as common and frequently occurring diseases. The study also revealed a lack of mental health and social adaptation's services for children in the community. After sorting the community′s services into categories such as children′s growth and development detection, diagnosis and treatment of common diseases, and planned immunizations, and establishing corresponding service methods, it was found that Gumei community Health Service Center had strong diagnostic service capabilities for children aged 0-3 and 4-6, but need improved for children aged 7-12 and 13-15. At the same time, a service network consisting of five major categories, represented by medical alliances, has been established to address unmet needs in diagnosis and rehabilitation care for mental health and social adaptation, as well as major diseases.Conclusions:The study has developed an ABC demand network and its construction method for community children. It provides new ideas for defining the content of community pediatric services and establishing supporting methods, and it offers a practical basis for the constructing a community pediatric service system.

Objective:To explore the independent association between handgrip strength and chronic kidney disease (CKD) in adult residents in Anhui Province using data from the China Adult Chronic Disease and Risk Factor Surveillance (2023).Methods:A multi-stage stratified cluster random sampling method was used to select residents aged ≥18 years for surveys, physical measurements, and laboratory tests. Relevant covariates were adjusted, and a multivariable logistic regression model was established to infer the association between handgrip strength and CKD, followed by subgroup analysis.Results:A total of 7 295 participants were included in the study, with age of (61.5±13.2) years, and 55.6% of the study participants were women. The results of the multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that with each 1.0 kg increase in handgrip strength, the risk for CKD decreased by 1.3% ( OR=0.987, 95% CI: 0.978-0.997). Compared with those with low handgrip strength, the people with moderate hasdgrip strength ( OR=0.818, 95% CI: 0.694-0.964) and high handgrip strength ( OR=0.729, 95% CI: 0.598-0.989) had lower risk for CKD. In the subgroup analysis, the association between handgrip strength and risk for CKD remained unchanged regardless age, sex, smoking status, and alcohol consumption statuys, and the prevalence of hypertension and hyperlipidemia (interaction P>0.05), except BMI and diabetes. Conclusion:The decline in handgrip strength is associated with an increased risk for CKD in adult residents in Anhui.

Cyclin-dependent kinase 9 (CDK9) is a member of the transcription CDK subfamily and plays a role in transcriptional regulation. Selective CDK9 degraders possess potent clinical advantages over reversible CDK9 inhibitors. Herein, we report the first ATG101-recruiting selective CDK9 degrader, AZ-9, based on the hydrophobic tag kinesin degradation technology. AZ-9 showed significant degradation effects and selectivity toward other homologous cell cycle CDKs in vitro and in vivo, which could also affect downstream related phenotypes. Mechanism research revealed that AZ-9 recruits ATG101 to initiate the autophagy-lysosome pathway, and forms autophagosomes through the recruitment of LC3, which then fuses with lysosomes to degrade CDK9 and the partner protein Cyclin T1. These dates validated the existence of non-proteasomal degradation pathway of hydrophobic driven protein degradation strategy for the first time, which might provide research ideas for chemical induction intervention on other types of pathogenic proteins.

The mandibular condyle is a critical growth center in craniofacial bone development, especially during postnatal stages. Postnatal condyle osteogenesis requires precise spatiotemporal coordination of growth factor signaling cascades and hierarchical gene regulatory networks. Plagl1, which encodes a zinc finger transcription factor, is a paternally expressed gene. We demonstrate that PLAGL1 is highly expressed in cranial neural crest cell (CNCC)-derived lineage cells in mouse condyles. Using the CNCC-derived lineage-specific Plagl1 knockout mouse model, we evaluate the function of PLAGL1 during postnatal mouse condyle development. Our findings show that PLAGL1 contributes significantly to osteoblast differentiation, and its deficiency impairs osteogenic lineage differentiation, which consequently disrupts mandibular condyle development. Mechanistically, insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2) in complex with IGF-binding proteins (IGFBPs) has been identified as the principal PLAGL1 effector responsible for osteogenic regulation during postnatal condyle morphogenesis. Plagl1 deficiency significantly downregulates the IGF2/IGFBP pathway, leading to disordered glucose metabolism, defective extracellular matrix organization, and impaired ossification. Exogenous IGF2 treatment rescues impaired osteoblast differentiation caused by Plagl1 deficiency. In conclusion, the PLAGL1-IGF2 axis is a critical regulator of osteogenesis during mandibular condyle development.
Animals ; Osteogenesis/genetics* ; Insulin-Like Growth Factor II/metabolism* ; Mice ; Transcription Factors/metabolism* ; Mice, Knockout ; Cell Differentiation ; DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics* ; Mandibular Condyle/growth & development* ; Osteoblasts/cytology* ; Signal Transduction ; Neural Crest/cytology*

Objective:To systematically integrate the work experience of medical and nursing staff in the remote home palliative care model, so as to provide a reference for improving remote home palliative care services.Methods:Qualitative studies on medical and nursing staff providing remote home palliative care were electronically searched in PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, ProQuest, CINAHL, PsycINFO, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang Data, VIP, and China Biology Medicine disc. The search period was from database establishment to April 30, 2024. Literature quality evaluation was conducted using the Joanna Briggs Institute Center for Evidence-Based Health Care Quality Assessment Criteria for Qualitative Research. The aggregative integration method was used to synthesize the findings.Results:Researchers repeatedly read, analyzed, and interpreted the 17 included literature, extracting 56 themes and summarizing eight new categories, and further synthesized three integrated results, namely, remote home palliative care provided patients with comprehensive physical, psychological, and mental care, as well as guidance and support for family members; remote home care helped to achieve full coverage of palliative care services; equipment limitations, information security risks, and incomplete processes restricted the development of remote palliative care.Conclusions:Remote home palliative care has improved patient care and family support capabilities, expanded service coverage, and promoted interdisciplinary collaboration. However, there are still issues such as equipment limitations, information security risks, and incomplete processes. Optimizing processes, improving safety mechanisms, and strengthening collaboration platforms will contribute to sustainable development.

Objective To establish a flow cytometry method for detecting C1s protein on platelet surface and preliminarily explore its potential application value in the auxiliary diagnosis of primary immune thrombocytopenia(ITP).Methods C1s-conjugated 2 μm car-boxylated magnetic beads(C1s beads)were prepared and used as quality control particles.Fluorescein isothiocyanate(FITC)-labeled anti-C1s antibody was employed as the detection antibody to develop a flow cytometric assay for detecting C1s protein expression on platelets.The intra-assay and inter-assay precision,as well as the dilution linearity of the method,were evaluated.Subsequently,the expression levels of C1 s protein on the surface of platelets were compared among the ITP group,the non-ITP thrombocytopenia group,and the healthy control group.Results Light microscopy showed that both unconjugated carboxylated magnetic beads(blank beads)and C1s-conjugated beads were uniformly dispersed without aggregation.Under fluorescence microscopy,C1s beads exhibited strong yellow-green fluorescence,whereas the blank beads showed no fluorescence signal.The established flow cytometry assay exhibited ac-ceptable precision,with intra-assay coefficient of variation(CV)values of 7.02％,7.12％,and 3.91％for low,medium,and high con-centrations of C1s beads,respectively,and inter-assay CV values of 13.49％,6.15％,and 0.78％,respectively.The dilution linearity was satisfactory,coefficient of determination(R2)=0.998 8.Clinical sample testing revealed that the proportion of C1s-positive plate-lets in ITP group(2.56±0.79)％was significantly higher than that in healthy control group(0.23±0.18)％and the non-ITP thrombo-cytopenia control group(0.22±0.10)％,with statistically significant differences(both P＜0.05).Conclusion This study successfully established a stable and reliable flow-cytometry method for quantifying C1s expression on platelet surface and preliminarily demonstrated that C1s expression is significantly elevated on platelets of ITP patients,suggesting that C1s could serve as a potential auxiliary diag-nostic marker for ITP.