Objective:To construct an artificial intelligence (AI)-based automatic grading model for neurological severity at acute phase of patients with traumatic cervical spinal cord injury (TCSCI) and evaluate its efficacy.Methods:A retrospective cohort study was conducted to analyze the clinical data of 315 patients with TCSCI admitted to the Second Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University from January 2019 to December 2023, including 243 males and 72 females, aged 30-75 years [(57.6±7.0)years]. Injured segments involved C 1-C 4 in 143 patients and C 5-C 8 in 172. According to the American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) scale, the injuries were classified as Grade A in 15 patients, Grade B in 53, Grade C in 74, and Grade D in 173. The patients were randomly divided into training group ( n=252) and test group ( n=63) with a ratio of 8∶2. The patients′ sensory and motor functions were assessed according to the ASIA scale within 48 hours after injury. The cervical spine MRI instance segmentation model was used to extract injury severity features of TCSCI patients in sagittal T2-weighted images. The grading model consisted of a two-layer cascade network. The first layer involved gradient boosting, Gaussian naive bayes, K-nearest neighbors, decision tree, random forest and support vector machine classifier. In the training group, the 6 machine learning models were trained separately. In the second layer, the performance of the six models was optimized to obtain the corresponding optimal grading models, so as to match the models with the best grading performance for each feature. In the test group, the performance of each model was evaluated by calculating accuracy, recall, precision, average precision, and F1 score. Results:A total of 138 clinical and imaging features were included to construct an automatic grading model for neurological severity of TCSCI patients at acute phase, comprising 132 clinical neurological features (including 56 light touch sensory scores, 56 pinprick sensory scores, and 20 key muscle scores) and 6 MRI imaging features. In the test group, the accuracy, recall, precision, average precision and F1 score of the six models, including gradient boosting, Gaussian naive bayes, K-nearest neighbors, decision tree, random forest and support vector machine classifier in the first layer of the automatic grading model for neurological severity at acute phase of TCSCI patients, in the overall grading of light touch, pinprick sensory and key muscle motor function were all above 0.86. In terms of the overall light touch function grading performance, the models with the highest accuracy, recall, precision, average precision, and F1 score were K-nearest neighbors (0.90), gradient boosting (0.99), Gaussian naive bayes (0.98), random forest (0.96), and gradient boosting (0.96), respectively. In terms of the overall pinprick sensory function grading performance, the models with the highest accuracy, recall, precision, average precision, and F1 score were gradient boosting (0.98), Gaussian naive bayes (0.98), gradient boosting (0.99), decision tree (0.99), and gradient boosting (0.95), respectively. In terms of the overall key muscle motor function grading performance, the models with the highest accuracy, recall, precision, average precision, and F1 score were K-nearest neighbors (0.97), gradient boosting and support vector machine classifier (0.97), decision tree (0.95), random forest (0.95), and support vector machine classifier (0.96), respectively. In terms of sensory function, gradient boosting had the highest number of superior performances in the overall light touch and pinprick sensory function grading. In terms of motor function, the support vector machine classifier had the highest number of superior performances in the overall key muscle motor function grading.Conclusion:The automatic grading model for neurological severity at acute phase of patients with TCSCI that is constructed based on machine learning models and two-layer cascade networks can achieve the optimization of the grading performance of each feature and exhibit a strong grading ability for the sensory and motor function severity.

Objective:To assess the preliminary efficacy and safety of modified Société Internationale d′Oncologie Pédiatrique Epithelial Liver Tumor Study Group (SIOPEL)-4 protocol for pediatric hepatoblastoma (HB) with lung metastases.Methods:This prospective cohort study enrolled 27 newly diagnosed pediatric HB with lung metastases who received the modified SIOPEL-4 protocol at Shanghai Children′s Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, and Shanghai Children′s Hospital between January 2020 to December 2023. Clinical characteristics, lung response rates to induction chemotherapy, treatment outcomes, prognostic factors and sever chemotherapy toxicities at different stages were analyzed. Survival analysis was performed by Kaplan-Meier method. Univariate prognostic analysis was conducted by Log-Rank test.Results:Of the 27 patients, there were 17 males and 10 females, with the age of 21 (15, 33) months. During the follow-up of 31 (12, 45) months for 17 continuous complete remission patients, 4 cases disease progression (2 cases death) and 6 cases relapse were observed. The 2-year event free survival (EFS) and overall survival (OS) rate was (58±11)% and (89±7)%, respectively. All the 27 patients had response to block 1-3 induction chemotherapy (cisplatin+doxorubicin), with 14 cases (52%) achieving complete response and 13 cases (48%) achieving partial response of lung metastatic lesions, the 2-year EFS rate was (81±12)% and (34±14)%, respectively ( χ 2=6.76, P=0.009), the 2-year OS rate was 100% and (79±13)%, respectively ( χ2=2.12, P=0.145). Patients with caudate lobe tumors or ≥10 pulmonary metastatic nodules had significantly lower EFS rates ( χ2=5.36, 7.84, P=0.021, 0.005, respectively). The incidence of grade 3/4 neutropenia after block 1-3 induction chemotherapy, CD (carboplatin+doxorubicin), and VI (vincristine+irinotecan) consolidation chemotherapy was 90% (73/81), 75% (58/77), and 31% (11/35), respectively. The incidence of grade 3/4 thrombocytopenia was 77% (62/81), 69% (53/77), and 14% (5/35), respectively. The incidence of grade 3/4 infections was 64% (52/81), 25% (19/77), and 20% (7/35), respectively. The differences between the groups were statistically significant ( χ2=43.51, 42.69, 33.00, all P<0.001). Two patients (10%) of the 20 evaluable patients for ototoxicity occurred grade 3 and higher hearing impairment, with 1 patient requiring a hearing aid. Conclusions:The modified SIOPEL-4 regimen shows good preliminary efficacy and safety in treating pediatric HB with lung metastases. The prognosis for patients with residual lesions in the lungs after induction chemotherapy needs to be improved. Attention should be given to the ototoxicity induced by high-dose cisplatin chemotherapy.

Objective:This study investigated the underlying causes of discordance between multiplex fluorescence polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-capillary electrophoresis in determining MSI and immunohistochemistry (IHC) for mismatch repair (MMR) protein evaluation in gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas, aiming to improve interpretation accuracy and guide clinical precision treatment strategies.Methods:A retrospective analysis was conducted on 511 surgically resected or biopsied specimens (161 gastric adenocarcinomas and 350 colorectal adenocarcinomas) diagnosed at the Department of Pathology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine from January to June 2024. MMR protein expression of tumors was evaluated by IHC, while MSI status was assessed using the 2B3D National Cancer Institute (NCI) Panel through multiplex fluorescence PCR-capillary electrophoresis on tumor DNA and matched normal DNA. The concordance between the two methods was analyzed, and factors contributing to the discordance were investigated. Cases with unstable dinucleotide loci only in the 2B3D NCI Panel, focal MMR protein loss, or unexplained discrepancies underwent validation using the non-NCI Panel through multiplex fluorescence PCR-capillary electrophoresis markers or next-generation sequencing (NGS).Results:In the 511 gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas, the results of the two methods were discordant in 15 cases (2.9%), with a significantly higher discordantrate in gastric cancers (7.5%, 12/161) compared to colorectal cancers (0.9%, 3/350; P＜0.001). Key contributors to the discordance included: sampling limitations (6 cases), 2B3D NCI Panel design constraints (3 cases),tumor heterogeneity (3 cases),isolated MSH6 deficiency (1 case),and unexplained discrepancies (2 cases).Validation studies demonstrated that cases with dinucleotide-only instability showed concordance with IHC after using the non-NCI Panel through multiplex fluorescence PCR-capillary electrophoresis and NGS verifications. Specimens with focal MMR protein loss and unexplained discrepancies aligned with initial PCR results upon NGS validation. Unexplained cases harbored Kirsten rat sarcoma class Ⅰ variants and multiple class Ⅱ genetic alterations. Conclusions:Colorectal adenocarcinoma demonstrated higher concordance between PCR-capillary electrophoresis and IHC than gastric adenocarcinoma.Discordant results require systematic evaluation including technical review, specimen quality control, and supplemental NGS analysis to resolve discrepancies.

Objective:To retrieve and summarize the best evidence for cognitive function improvement in Alzheimer's disease patients, so as to provide reference for clinical practice.Methods:Following the "6S" evidence model, guidelines, expert consensus, clinical decision, and systematic reviews on cognitive function improvement in Alzheimer's disease patients were systematically retrieved from domestic and foreign databases and websites. The search keywords included "Alzheimer's disease, cognitive function, improvement". Evidence-based nursing methods were used to evaluate the quality of literature and extract evidence. The search period was from July 1, 2000 to July 31, 2024.Results:A total of 15 articles were included, including five guidelines, four expert consensus, two clinical decision, and four systematic reviews. Sixteen pieces of best evidence were summarized from four aspects of evaluation and identification, pharmacological intervention, non-pharmacological intervention, and caregiver support.Conclusions:Patients with Alzheimer's disease require timely identification of symptoms related to cognitive impairment and assessment using standardized scales. Multiple intervention methods, such as pharmacological intervention, non-pharmacological intervention, and caregiver support, should be used to enhance patients' quality of life. Evidence application should be tailored to each patient's specific circumstances through individualized selection and adjustment to ensure the effectiveness and scientific rigor of cognitive function improvement strategies, thereby facilitating the translation of optimal evidence into clinical practice.

Objective To investigate the expression and clinical significance of long non-codingRNA HCG11 (lncRNA HCG11) mRNA and microRNA (miR)-4465 in patients with triple-negative breast cancer(TNBC). Methods The clinicopathological data of 110 TNBC patients hospitalized in Jiulong Hospital of Suzhou from June 2017 to June 2020 were collected,and the clinical significance of the expression of lncRNA HCG11mRNA and miR-4465 was analyzed. Results The expression of lncRNA HCG11 mRNA (1.81±0.53) in cancer tissues was higher than that in adjacent tissues (0.87±0.13),while the expression of miR-4465 (0.68±0.14) was lower than that in adjacent tissues (1.09±0.18),and the differences were statistically significant(t=18.066,18.857,all P<0.05). The results of Pearson analysis showed that lncRNA HCG11mRNA was negatively correlated with the expression of miR-4465 (r=-0.443,P<0.001). The proportion of patients with high expression of lncRNA HCG11mRNA and low expression of miR-4465 in cancer tissues with lymph node metastasis in TNM stage Ⅲ+Ⅳ was higher than that in TNM stage Ⅰ+Ⅱ,and the proportion of patients without lymph node metastasis was higher (x2=6.614,18.510;8.093,22.976,all P<0.05) The 3-year survival rate of lncRNA HCG11mRNA patients with high expression was lower than that of lncRNA HCG11mRNA patients with low expression,and the 3-year survival rate of patients with high expression of miR-4465 was higher than that of patients with low expression of miR-4465 (Log-rank x2=14.45,13.39,all P<0.05). The proportion of patients with clinical stage Ⅲ+Ⅳ in death group was higher than that in survival group (x2=12.667,18.026,all P<0.05). LncRNA HCG11mRNA(HR=2.623,95％CI:1.344～5.118) was risk factors for 3-year death in TNBC patients,while miR-4465(HR=0.891,95％CI:0.821～0.967) was a protective factor (P<0.05). Conclusion The high expression of lncRNA HCG11 mRNA and the low expression of miR-4465 in triple negatire breast cancer were related to the clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis of patients,and are expected to become prognostic marker for TNBC.

Objectives:To propose a method based on machine learning to predict the neurological function-al status of patients with traumatic cervical spinal cord injury(TCSCI).Methods:The clinical data of 180 pa-tients with TCSCI admitted to Shanghai Changzheng Hospital were retrospectively analyzed,including cervical spine MRI images and American Spinal Injury Association(ASIA)scores within 24 hours after injury and the ASIA scores at 1-year follow-up after injury.The 180 patients were randomly divided into a training set of 144 patients and a test set of 36 patients in a ratio of 8∶2.Overall,a new clinical-imaging prediction method was proposed using the two-stage integration concept,which used the ASIA scores and MRI images within 24 hours after TCSCI to achieve a full-feature prediction of the patient's sensory and motor function one year after injury.In the first stage,models such as GradentBoosting,GaussianNB,KNeighbors,Decision-Tree,RandomForest,and support vector classifier were used to independently predict the sensory-motor func-tion recovery of 132 skin nodes and muscle nodes.In the second stage,the optimal model for each feature prediction was screened out through horizontal and vertical comparison of performance indicators,so as to fi-nally achieve the best prognostic prediction of neurological function at 56 light touch and 56 acupuncture skin nodes,and 20 key muscle nodes.After the constructed prediction model is trained and verified,the pre-diction of the test set is evaluated using accuracy,precision,recall,average precision and F1 score.Results:In terms of the overall performance of this prediction model in predicting sensory-motor function in TCSCI patients 1 year after injury,all models in the test set achieved accuracy ≥0.886,recall ≥ 0.845,precision ≥0.875,average precision ≥0.853,and F1 score≥0.859,demonstrating that the correct prediction ability of each model and the quality and completeness of the actual prediction results were relatively high.Moreover,the two-stage prediction model can optimize the prediction effect of each model on each feature,and the prediction performance is better.Conclusions:This sensory-motor full-feature prediction method can effective-ly predict the neurological function recovery of TCSCI patients at 1-year follow-up after injury.Its predictive ability is significantly higher than that of a single model,and is expected to provide a useful reference for the personalized diagnosis,treatment and rehabilitation of TCSCI patients.

Objective To investigate the effects of fructose exposure on mitochondrial oxidative damage in M2-type macrophages and elucidate the regulatory role of protein phosphatase 2A(PP2A)in the process using its specific activator ABL127,an inhibitor of protein phosphatase methylesterase-1(PPME-1).Methods ① Immortalized mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages Ana-1 were subjected and grouped into M0(conventional culture),M2(treated with 20 ng/mL IL-4 for 24 h),and M2+Fru groups(IL-4 plus 0.04,0.20,1.00,or 5.00 mmol/L fructose).Cell viability was assessed with CCK-8 assay.Number of mitochondria,total and mitochondrial levels of reactive oxygen species(ROS),and mitochondrial membrane potential(ΔΨM)were measured using fluorescent probes.Total and demethylated PP2Ac protein levels were detected by Western blotting.② Ana-1 cells were also divided into M0,M2,M2+Fru(20 ng/mL IL-4+5.00 mmol/L fructose,24 h),and M2+Fru+ABL127(20 ng/mL IL-4+5.00 mmol/L fructose+1.00 μmol/L ABL127,24 h)to investigate PP2A-mediated mechanisms.Numbers of mitochondria and lysosomes,ROS level,and ΔΨM were detected via fluorescence assays.Expression of mitophagy-related proteins,PTEN induced putative kinase 1(PINK1),P62,microtubule-associated protein light chain 3(LC3),and voltage-dependent anion channel(VDAC)was evaluated by Western blotting,and the mRNA levels of M2 markers,found in inflammatory zone 1(Fizz1),arginase-1(Arg-1),and TGF-β were measured using RT-qPCR.Results ① Compared with the M2 group,fructose treatment at a concentration ranging from 0.04 to 5.00 mmol/L showed no effect on cell viability in M2 macrophages,but increased total ROS level in a dose-dependent manner(P<0.05).Fructose of 5.00 mmol/L resulted in significantly elevated mitochondrial ROS and mitochondrial quantity(P<0.05),reduced ΔΨM(P<0.05),up-regulated demethylated-PP2Ac(P<0.05),and no changed total-PP2Ac protein level.② Compared with the M2+Fru group,the addition of ABL127 led to decreased number of mitochondria but increased number of lysosomes(P<0.01),up-regulation of PINK1,LC3Ⅱ and VDAC proteins,down-regulation of P62(P<0.05),reduced total and mitochondrial ROS levels,and enhanced ΔΨM(P<0.01).The mRNA expression of Fizz1,Arg-1,and TGF-β was notably decreased in the M2+Fru group than the M2 group(P<0.05),and the levels were rescued by ABL127 treatment(P<0.05).Conclusion Fructose induces PP2Ac demethylation and then mitochondrial oxidative damage in M2-type macrophages.PP2A activation promotes mitophagy and reverses fructose-induced damage.

Objective:To explore the relationship between the expression levels of succinate receptor 1 (SUCNR1) and Y-box binding protein 1 (YBX1) in colorectal cancer tissues of patients with colorectal cancer liver metastases (CRLM) and their clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis.Methods:One hundred and five CRLM patients who underwent surgical treatment in Suzhou Kowloon Hospital of Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine from January 2016 to May 2020 were taken as the study subjects. The high expression rates of SUCNR1 and YBX1 in cancer tissues and adjacent tissues were compared. Clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis of patients with high and low SUCNR1 and YBX1 expression were compared. Univariate and multivariate Cox proportional risk regression models were applied to analyze prognostic influencing factors.Results:SUCNR1 staining was mainly located on the cell membrane in colorectal cancer tissues, and positive staining showed yellow or brownish yellow; YBX1 was mainly located in the cytoplasm of colorectal cancer tissues, and positive staining showed yellow or brownish yellow. The high expression rate of SUCNR1 in cancer tissues (74.29%, 78/105) of CRLM patients was obviously higher than that in adjacent tissues (27.62%, 29/105), and the high expression rate of YBX1 in cancer tissues (84.76%, 89/105) was obviously higher than that in adjacent tissues (32.38%, 34/105), with statistically significant differences ( χ2=45.75, P<0.001; χ2=59.36, P<0.001). There were statistically significant differences in histological grade ( χ2=7.43, P=0.006) and the time from colorectal cancer diagnosis to liver metastasis ( χ2=9.19, P=0.002) between patients with high and low expression of SUCNR1; there was a statistically significant difference in time from colorectal cancer diagnosis to liver metastasis ( χ2=13.08, P<0.001) between patients with high and low expression of YBX1. The 3-year overall survival (OS) rates of patients with high and low expression of SUCNR1 were 52.56% and 77.78%, respectively, with a statistically significant difference ( χ2=6.10, P=0.014) ; the 3-year OS rates of patients with high and low expression of YBX1 were 53.93% and 87.50%, respectively, with a statistically significant difference ( χ2=6.02, P=0.014). Univariate analysis showed that, histological grade ( HR=4.69, 95% CI: 1.14-19.36, P=0.033), time from colorectal cancer diagnosis to liver metastasis ( HR=4.05, 95% CI: 1.02-16.62, P=0.048), cancer tissues SUCNR1 ( HR=5.12, 95% CI: 1.17-22.34, P=0.030), and YBX1 expression ( HR=6.29, 95% CI: 1.55-25.47, P=0.010) were all influencing factors for OS in CRLM patients. Multivariate analysis showed that, histological grade ( HR=4.16, 95% CI: 1.12-15.54, P=0.034), time from colorectal cancer diagnosis to liver metastasis ( HR=5.59, 95% CI: 1.25-24.99, P=0.024), expression of SUCNR1 in cancer tissues ( HR=3.68, 95% CI: 1.28-10.54, P=0.015), and expression of YBX1 in cancer tissues ( HR=3.42, 95% CI: 1.56-7.52, P=0.002) were all independent influencing factors for OS in CRLM patients. Conclusions:The high expression rates of SUCNR1 and YBX1 in cancer tissues of CRLM patients are higher than those in adjacent tissues. Patients with high and low SUCNR1 expression have differences in tumor histological grade, time from colorectal cancer diagnosis to liver metastasis, patients with high and low YBX1 expression has a difference in time from colorectal cancer diagnosis to liver metastasis. The 3-year OS rates of patients with low expression of SUCNR1 and YBX1 are higher than those of patients with high expression. The histological grade, the time from colorectal cancer diagnosis to liver metastasis, and the expression of SUCNR1 and YBX1 in cancer tissues are all independent influencing factors for OS in CRLM patients.

ObjectiveTo analyze the clinical treatment plan and traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） medication rule of children with primary nephrotic syndrome （PNS） in the First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine. MethodsThe gender and age of children firstly diagnosed with nephrotic syndrome in the pediatric nephrology department of the First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine from November 2019 to December 2022 were collected， and the use of immunosuppressive agents and related frequencies were counted. According to the inclusion and exclusion criteria， an independent TCM prescription database for children with nephrotic syndrome was established. Excel was used to analyze the relevant information of the literature. The frequency counting， association rule analysis， and cluster analysis were carried out on TCM in the prescription， and the high-frequent drugs were analyzed. Results（1） General information： A total of 711 children were included， consisting of 522 males （73.42%） and 189 females （26.58%）. The ratio of male to female was about 2.76∶1. The disease mainly occurred in infants and preschool age， and the average age of onset was （4.74 ± 3.48） years old. （2） Clinical treatment plan and use of immunosuppressive agents： Of the 711 children with PNS， 237 were treated with hormone alone （32.33%）， and 474 （66.67%） received immunosuppressive agents combined with hormones. In the initial treatment， hormone combined with Tacrolimus （TAC） was the preferred treatment （32.91%）. For children with refractory PNS who exhibited poor clinical efficacy， Rituximab （RTX） was mostly used for treatment， with a ratio of up to 23.63%. （3） TCM syndrome and medication rule： In PNS syndrome differentiation， Qi and Yin deficiency was identified as the main syndrome. This involved a total of 477 cases， accounting for 67.09%. Yang deficiency of spleen and kidney was observed in 118 cases， accounting for 16.60%. A total of 711 children were included， of which 706 children were treated with TCM. This involved a total of 706 prescriptions， 226 TCM， and 9 793 frequencies. There were 30 herbs used more than 95 times. The top five TCM were Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae （81.16%）， Radix Astragali （71.81%）， Poria （68.84%）， Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae （63.60%）， and Fructus Corni （57.37%）. The drug association rules and network diagram showed that the combination of ''Radix Astragali-Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae-Poria'' was the closest， and five types of combinations were obtained by cluster analysis. ConclusionIn the diagnosis and treatment of PNS in children， TAC combined with hormones shows good clinical efficacy and high safety. For children with refractory PNS， RTX combined with hormones can be used. TCM medication for PNS should follow the basic principles of strengthening the body and vital Qi and make good use of drugs such as Radix Astragali， Poria， Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae， and cornus to regulate the Yin and Yang balance and achieve better clinical efficacy.

ObjectiveTo analyze the clinical treatment plan and traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） medication rule of children with primary nephrotic syndrome （PNS） in the First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine. MethodsThe gender and age of children firstly diagnosed with nephrotic syndrome in the pediatric nephrology department of the First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine from November 2019 to December 2022 were collected， and the use of immunosuppressive agents and related frequencies were counted. According to the inclusion and exclusion criteria， an independent TCM prescription database for children with nephrotic syndrome was established. Excel was used to analyze the relevant information of the literature. The frequency counting， association rule analysis， and cluster analysis were carried out on TCM in the prescription， and the high-frequent drugs were analyzed. Results（1） General information： A total of 711 children were included， consisting of 522 males （73.42%） and 189 females （26.58%）. The ratio of male to female was about 2.76∶1. The disease mainly occurred in infants and preschool age， and the average age of onset was （4.74 ± 3.48） years old. （2） Clinical treatment plan and use of immunosuppressive agents： Of the 711 children with PNS， 237 were treated with hormone alone （32.33%）， and 474 （66.67%） received immunosuppressive agents combined with hormones. In the initial treatment， hormone combined with Tacrolimus （TAC） was the preferred treatment （32.91%）. For children with refractory PNS who exhibited poor clinical efficacy， Rituximab （RTX） was mostly used for treatment， with a ratio of up to 23.63%. （3） TCM syndrome and medication rule： In PNS syndrome differentiation， Qi and Yin deficiency was identified as the main syndrome. This involved a total of 477 cases， accounting for 67.09%. Yang deficiency of spleen and kidney was observed in 118 cases， accounting for 16.60%. A total of 711 children were included， of which 706 children were treated with TCM. This involved a total of 706 prescriptions， 226 TCM， and 9 793 frequencies. There were 30 herbs used more than 95 times. The top five TCM were Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae （81.16%）， Radix Astragali （71.81%）， Poria （68.84%）， Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae （63.60%）， and Fructus Corni （57.37%）. The drug association rules and network diagram showed that the combination of ''Radix Astragali-Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae-Poria'' was the closest， and five types of combinations were obtained by cluster analysis. ConclusionIn the diagnosis and treatment of PNS in children， TAC combined with hormones shows good clinical efficacy and high safety. For children with refractory PNS， RTX combined with hormones can be used. TCM medication for PNS should follow the basic principles of strengthening the body and vital Qi and make good use of drugs such as Radix Astragali， Poria， Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae， and cornus to regulate the Yin and Yang balance and achieve better clinical efficacy.