Breast cancer has become the malignant tumor with the highest incidence rate among women， seriously threatening the life and health of women all over the world. The pathogenic factors and development mechanisms of breast cancer are complex and diverse. The development of breast cells from ordinary hyperplasia to atypical hyperplasia， and from pre-cancerous lesions to cancerous lesions， is a long-term progressive process. Therefore， early screening and prevention of breast cancer is particularly important. Western medicine has a relatively mature treatment program for breast cancer， which is mainly based on surgery and systemic treatment， whereas the ensuing complications and adverse reactions often bring a heavy burden to patients. For the precancerous lesions of breast cancer， surgery is also the mainstay of treatment. In recent years， traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） has increasingly highlighted its advantages in the prevention and treatment of breast cancer. Increasing studies have shown that in the prevention and treatment of breast cancer and pre-cancerous lesions， TCM compound prescriptions， single herbs or herb pairs， and active components are able to regulate a variety of intracellular signaling pathways through multi-targets to inhibit the proliferation and invasion， promote the apoptosis and autophagy of tumor cells， and regulate the cell cycle and the immune microenvironment， thus exerting anti-tumor effects. At the same time， they can significantly attenuate the toxic side effects of radiotherapy and drug resistance of patients. However， the specific mechanisms of TCM in the prevention and treatment of breast cancer and precancerous lesions have not been fully clarified. The available studies are tanglesome regarding the TCM inhibition of tumor development through the regulation of classical signaling pathways such as phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase （PI3K）/protein kinase B （Akt）/mammalian target of rapamycin （mTOR）， Wnt/β-catenin， and Notch， which still need to be verified by a large number of clinical and experimental studies. Therefore， this paper reviews the research progress in the prevention and treatment of breast cancer and precancerous lesions by TCM through interfering with the relevant signaling pathways in recent years， aiming to summarize the possible mechanisms of TCM in the prevention and treatment of breast cancer and provide references for subsequent studies.

ObjectiveTo explore the potential mechanism of Weicanqing Formula （微残清方， WF） combined with chemotherapy in treating acute myeloid leukemia （AML） based on malic enzyme 2 （ME2）-mediated bone marrow immune-metabolic homeostasis and . MethodsSixty-five male C57BL/6N mice were randomly divided into control group， model group， WF group， chemotherapy group， and the combination group （WF plus chemotherapy）， with 13 mice per group. Except for the control group， mice were injected with C1498 cells （appro-ximately 1×10⁶ cells per mouse） via the tail vein on day 1 to establish an AML model. Starting from day 8， mice in the chemotherapy group and the combination group were administered with cytarabine at 30 mg/（kg·d） via subcutaneous injection， once daily for 3 consecutive days； WF group and the combination group received WF at 7.54 g/（kg·d） by gavage， once daily for 21 consecutive days. On days 1， 7， 14， 21 and 28， hemoglobin （Hb） and white blood cell （WBC） levels were determined in each group. On day 28， Giemsa staining was used to observe morphological changes in bone marrow cells. Flow cytometry was employed to detect the expression levels of bone marrow T lympthocyte subsets， including CD8⁺， CD4⁺， and regulatory T lymphocytes （Treg）. The contents of glutamine （Gln）， nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate （NADP⁺）， and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate （NADPH） in bone marrow were determined using visible spectrophotometry. Adenosine triphosphate （ATP） concentration in bone marrow was measured by chemiluminescence assay. The mRNA expression of malic enzyme 2 （ME2） in bone marrow was detected by RT-qPCR， and the protein expression level of ME2 was determined by Western blotting. ResultsCompared to the control group， the model group showed decreased Hb levels on day 14， 21， and 28， and increased WBC levels on day 7， 14， 21， and 28 （P＜0.05）. On day 28， bone marrow CD8⁺ and CD8⁺/CD4⁺ levels decreased， while Treg cells， ATP， Gln， NADP⁺， NADPH， ME2 mRNA， and their corresponding protein levels increased （P＜0.05）. Compared to the model group， the chemotherapy group and the combination group both exhibited reduced Hb level on day 14， 21 and 28， as well as the increased WBC level； the combination group showed increased CD8⁺ level， decreased Treg， ATP， Gln， and NADPH content， as well as reduced ME2 mRNA expression and protein levels （P＜0.05）. Compared to the chemotherapy group， the combination group showed significantly increased Hb level on days 21 and 28， and increased WBC level on day 28 （P＜0.05）. Bone marrow smear pathology revealed that， in the model group， myeloid blast cells exhibited cytoplasmic vacuoles indicative of abnormal metabolic activity. In contrast， both the chemotherapy group and the combination group showed large numbers of metamyelocytes and band neutrophils， with only a few immature granulocytic blast cells observed. ConclusionWF may improve the prognosis of AML when used as an adjunct to chemotherapy by modulating ME2 expression， inhibiting metabolic energy competition within the bone marrow microenvironment， and reshaping the distribution of T lymphocyte subsets in the bone marrow.

Objective A high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry(HPLC-MS/MS)method was developed to quantify galantamine concentrations in rat blood following intramuscular injection of galantamine hydrobromide and to investigate its pharmacokinetic profile.Methods Male and female SD rats were randomly divided into four groups,each with six rats(three males and three females).The single intramuscular injection group received a single intramuscular dose of hydrobromide galantamine at low,medium,and high doses(0.25,0.50 and 1.00 mg·kg1)in rats.The single intravenous injection group received a single intravenous dose of hydrobromide galantamine at 0.25 mg·kg-1.The multiple intramuscular injection group received hydrobromide galantamine at 0.50 mg·kg-1 via intramuscular injection once daily for 7 consecutive days with a 24-hour interval between doses.Pharmacokinetic parameters of galantamine were calculated for each treatment group.Results The peak concentrations(Cmax)of galantamine following a single intramuscular injection in the low,medium,and high-dose groups were(80.54±9.31),(168.25±47.92)and(314.33±46.51)ng·mL-1,respectively.The area under the concentration-time curve(AUC0-t)was(95.23±20.42),(182.21±36.63)and(380.43±70.71)ng·mL-1·h,respectively.Additionally,the accumulation index of galantamine in the multiple intramuscular dosing group was 1.09.Conclusion Intramuscular injection of galantamine hydrobromide has good bioavailability in rats.Meanwhile,when administered multiple times,the drug accumulates low in the body.The experimental results provide valuable reference for the clinical pharmacokinetic study and clinical application of hydrobromide galantamine injection.

IL-32 is a multifunctional cytokine with both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory properties.It has been proved that expression of IL-32 increases with progression of gastric mucosal diseases and severity of gastric cancer(GC),thus participating in process of gastric"inflammation-cancer"transformation.However,how IL-32 affects malignant transformation of gastric"inflamma-tion-cancer"and finally leads to adverse outcome of GC invasion and migration is still controversial.In order to better clarify regulatory effect and possible mechanism of abnormal expression of IL-32 on different histopathological stages of gastric"inflammation-cancer"transformation,and to explore new directions and breakthroughs in molecular mechanism of early truncation and treatment of gastric precancerous lesion(GPL),we searched literatures related to IL-32 in six authoritative databases at home and abroad,such as Pubmed,Web of Science and CNKI,in past 30 years.It was found that pathogenicity or protective function of IL-32 in different histo-pathological stages of gastric"inflammation-cancer"transformation depended on its different subtypes,secretory forms,surrounding cytokine environment,disease status and genetic factors.IL-32 may regulate polarization of macrophages through NF-κB,MAPK,COX2,PR3,IDO,NOD,PKCδ,FAK and STAT3,amplify or inhibit chronic inflammatory stimulation of gastric mucosa,and thus participate in process of gastric"inflammation-cancer"transformation.Our new understanding of role of IL-32 in different stages of Cor-rea cascade may contribute to development of cytokine-directed therapy,and therapy aimed at regulating different alternative splicing subtypes of IL-32 and targeting IL-32 signals can be used as a new strategy for medical treatment of GPL and GC in future.

Aimed to find a safe and effective drug to replace nitroimidazole drugs in aquaculture pro-duction for the prevention and treatment of Trichomoniasis in pigeons,which can improve the eco-nomic benefits of meat pigeon breeding and ensure food safety.Firstly,Trichomonas was isolated and cultured from the crop of diseased pigeons and identified.After stable passage,a quantitative method for in vitro detection of Trichomonas was established by combining an automated cell counter and quantitative real-time PCR technology.To prepared the drug,powders of Sophora fla-vescent and Philodendron were made into herbal water extracts(SFPA)and mixed with copper sulfate(CS)solution.Then added the drug to the culture medium of Trichomonas to determine the effective concentration of it.A total of 135 pairs each of Silver King and Mimas breeding pigeons in the same laying period were selected and randomly divided into three groups,with 6 replicates in each group and 15 pairs of breeding pigeons in each replicate.Four days before brooding,the three groups were fed with 200 mL of pure water,0.5 g/L metronidazole(MDZ)solution,and a mixed solution of 30 g/L SFPA and 0.5 g/L CS,respectively.The feeding experiment lasted for 26 d.Results showed that the mixed solution of SFPA and CS had a significant killing effect on Trichomonas in vitro(P＜0.05).Feeding the drug to breeding pigeons significantly reduced the in-fection rate of breeding pigeons by Trichomonas(P＜0.05).The drug had no significant effect on the serum biochemical indexes,antioxidant properties,immunoglobulin levels of breeding pigeons,the average cage weight,immune organ indexes,meat quality and slaughter performance of squabs(P＞0.05).The results suggested that adding SFPA and CS to pigeons can effectively prevent and treat Trichomoniasis and improve production performance.It can replace nitroimidazole drugs without affecting the immune level of breeding pigeons and the weight,immune level,slaughter performance and meat quality of squabs,thereby reduce drug residues in poultry products and en-hance the food safety.

Aimed to find a safe and effective drug to replace nitroimidazole drugs in aquaculture pro-duction for the prevention and treatment of Trichomoniasis in pigeons,which can improve the eco-nomic benefits of meat pigeon breeding and ensure food safety.Firstly,Trichomonas was isolated and cultured from the crop of diseased pigeons and identified.After stable passage,a quantitative method for in vitro detection of Trichomonas was established by combining an automated cell counter and quantitative real-time PCR technology.To prepared the drug,powders of Sophora fla-vescent and Philodendron were made into herbal water extracts(SFPA)and mixed with copper sulfate(CS)solution.Then added the drug to the culture medium of Trichomonas to determine the effective concentration of it.A total of 135 pairs each of Silver King and Mimas breeding pigeons in the same laying period were selected and randomly divided into three groups,with 6 replicates in each group and 15 pairs of breeding pigeons in each replicate.Four days before brooding,the three groups were fed with 200 mL of pure water,0.5 g/L metronidazole(MDZ)solution,and a mixed solution of 30 g/L SFPA and 0.5 g/L CS,respectively.The feeding experiment lasted for 26 d.Results showed that the mixed solution of SFPA and CS had a significant killing effect on Trichomonas in vitro(P＜0.05).Feeding the drug to breeding pigeons significantly reduced the in-fection rate of breeding pigeons by Trichomonas(P＜0.05).The drug had no significant effect on the serum biochemical indexes,antioxidant properties,immunoglobulin levels of breeding pigeons,the average cage weight,immune organ indexes,meat quality and slaughter performance of squabs(P＞0.05).The results suggested that adding SFPA and CS to pigeons can effectively prevent and treat Trichomoniasis and improve production performance.It can replace nitroimidazole drugs without affecting the immune level of breeding pigeons and the weight,immune level,slaughter performance and meat quality of squabs,thereby reduce drug residues in poultry products and en-hance the food safety.

IL-32 is a multifunctional cytokine with both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory properties.It has been proved that expression of IL-32 increases with progression of gastric mucosal diseases and severity of gastric cancer(GC),thus participating in process of gastric"inflammation-cancer"transformation.However,how IL-32 affects malignant transformation of gastric"inflamma-tion-cancer"and finally leads to adverse outcome of GC invasion and migration is still controversial.In order to better clarify regulatory effect and possible mechanism of abnormal expression of IL-32 on different histopathological stages of gastric"inflammation-cancer"transformation,and to explore new directions and breakthroughs in molecular mechanism of early truncation and treatment of gastric precancerous lesion(GPL),we searched literatures related to IL-32 in six authoritative databases at home and abroad,such as Pubmed,Web of Science and CNKI,in past 30 years.It was found that pathogenicity or protective function of IL-32 in different histo-pathological stages of gastric"inflammation-cancer"transformation depended on its different subtypes,secretory forms,surrounding cytokine environment,disease status and genetic factors.IL-32 may regulate polarization of macrophages through NF-κB,MAPK,COX2,PR3,IDO,NOD,PKCδ,FAK and STAT3,amplify or inhibit chronic inflammatory stimulation of gastric mucosa,and thus participate in process of gastric"inflammation-cancer"transformation.Our new understanding of role of IL-32 in different stages of Cor-rea cascade may contribute to development of cytokine-directed therapy,and therapy aimed at regulating different alternative splicing subtypes of IL-32 and targeting IL-32 signals can be used as a new strategy for medical treatment of GPL and GC in future.

Objective:To analyze the status quo of medical resources allocation of midwifery institutions in Shenzhen,to measure the spatial accessibility of the midwifery institutions,to give the optimal location of new midwifery institutions,and to optimize the allocation of midwifery medical resources.Methods:The spatial accessibility of midwifery institutions was accurately measured using the two-step moving search method,and the spatial layout optimization analysis was carried out using the model of maximum coverage site selection problem.Results:(1)There is obvious spatial heterogeneity in the accessibility of midwifery institutions in Shenzhen,with the accessibility of the western region higher than that of the eastern region,and that of the urban center higher than the peripheral region;(2)the accessibility of midwifery institutions in Shenzhen is obviously affected by factors such as demography,economy,topography,and road network;(3)after simulating the addition of new midwifery institutions by using the maximal-coverage siting model,the accessibility of midwifery institutions in various districts of Shenzhen rises significantly.Conclusion:(1)to formulate urban maternal and child health care resource plans based on accurate portraits of regional populations;(2)to use the advantages of digital intelligence technology to drive the optimization of the layout and radiation of high-quality maternal and child health care resources;(3)and to give priority to establish maternal and child medical institutions in low-accessibility areas and special medical bus lines.

Objective A high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry(HPLC-MS/MS)method was developed to quantify galantamine concentrations in rat blood following intramuscular injection of galantamine hydrobromide and to investigate its pharmacokinetic profile.Methods Male and female SD rats were randomly divided into four groups,each with six rats(three males and three females).The single intramuscular injection group received a single intramuscular dose of hydrobromide galantamine at low,medium,and high doses(0.25,0.50 and 1.00 mg·kg1)in rats.The single intravenous injection group received a single intravenous dose of hydrobromide galantamine at 0.25 mg·kg-1.The multiple intramuscular injection group received hydrobromide galantamine at 0.50 mg·kg-1 via intramuscular injection once daily for 7 consecutive days with a 24-hour interval between doses.Pharmacokinetic parameters of galantamine were calculated for each treatment group.Results The peak concentrations(Cmax)of galantamine following a single intramuscular injection in the low,medium,and high-dose groups were(80.54±9.31),(168.25±47.92)and(314.33±46.51)ng·mL-1,respectively.The area under the concentration-time curve(AUC0-t)was(95.23±20.42),(182.21±36.63)and(380.43±70.71)ng·mL-1·h,respectively.Additionally,the accumulation index of galantamine in the multiple intramuscular dosing group was 1.09.Conclusion Intramuscular injection of galantamine hydrobromide has good bioavailability in rats.Meanwhile,when administered multiple times,the drug accumulates low in the body.The experimental results provide valuable reference for the clinical pharmacokinetic study and clinical application of hydrobromide galantamine injection.

Body weight abnormalities, including overweight, obesity, and underweight, have become a dual public health challenge in Chinese adults: overweight and obesity lead to a variety of chronic complications, while underweight increases the risks of malnutrition, sarcopenia, and organ dysfunction. To systematically address these issues, multidisciplinary experts in endocrinology, sports science, nutrition, and psychiatry from various regions have held multiple weight management seminars. Based on the latest epidemiological data and clinical evidence, they expanded the guideline to include assessment and intervention strategies for underweight, in addition to the core content of obesity management. This guideline outlines the etiological mechanisms, evaluation methods, and multidimensional management strategies for overweight and obesity, covering key areas such as diagnosis and assessment, medical nutrition therapy, exercise prescription, pharmacological intervention, and psychological support. It is intended to provide a scientific and standardized approach to weight management across the adult population, aiming to curb the rising prevalence of obesity, mitigate complications associated with abnormal body weight, and improve nutritional status and overall quality of life.