Brain-computer interface (BCI) is a neuro-engineering technology that establishes a direct communication pathway between the brain and external devices. It can realize bidirectional information interaction between the brain and external devices through real-time acquisition and decoding of brain signals, thereby completing brain state recognition and precise feedback regulation. This technology is promoting the transformation of the diagnosis and treatment model of neuropsychiatric diseases from “open-loop stimulation” to “closed-loop adaptation”. The brain regions and circuits involved in the neural mechanisms of addiction and sleep disorder are highly intertwined. Sleep-related brain rhythms provide a key time window for the intervention of addiction memory, and both have abnormal electrophysiological activities and functional imbalances in core neural circuits. This article reviews the latest research progress of closed-loop BCI in the fields of addiction and sleep disorder, explains the neural circuits and electrophysiological mechanisms of its regulation, and its limitations in diagnosis and treatment of the two diseases. In addition, it prospects individualized closed-loop intervention from the perspective of brain-body interaction, so as to provide reference for the clinical transformation of closed-loop BCI.

The development of diabetic bladder dysfunction(DBD)is closely related to the dysregulation of the microbiotagut-bladder axis. Diabetic conditions significantly alter gut microbiota composition, causing intestinal barrier disruption, endotoxemia, and systemic inflammation. These alterations impair bladder function by activating bladder NOD-like receptor thermal protein domain associated protein 3(NLRP3)inflammasome, inducing oxidative stress, and nerve remodeling. Emerging technologies for microbiota analysis, Mendelian randomization, and targeted marker development have revealed the causal links between specific gut microbiota and DBD. Modulating gut microbiota increases short-chain fatty acids(SCFAs)production and suppresses inflammation; NLRP3 pathway targeting or direct SCFAs delivery are under clinical evaluation. The therapeutic directions for DBD include microbiota regulation therapy, application of probiotics and dietary fiber, as well as clinical translational research on the microbiota-gut-bladder axis. Engineered live bacterial therapies and nanocarrier technologies are emerging research directions. Current controversies focus on the causal role of dysbiosis, safety and long-term efficacy of individualized therapies, and technical bottlenecks. Future efforts require integrating multi-omics, organoid models, and cross-disciplinary collaboration to advance precision diagnostics and therapeutics targeting the microbiota-gut-bladder axis in DBD.

Radiopharmaceuticals operate by combining radionuclides with carriers. The radiation energy emitted by radionuclides is utilized to selectively irradiate diseased tissues while minimizing damage to healthy tissues. In comparison to external beam radiation therapy, radionuclide drugs demonstrate research potential due to their biological targeting capabilities and reduced normal tissue toxicity. This article reviews the applications and research progress of radiopharmaceuticals in cancer treatment. Several key radionuclides are examined, including ²²³Ra, ⁹⁰Y, Lutetium-177 (¹⁷⁷Lu), ²¹²Pb, and Actinium-225 (²²⁵Ac). It also explores the current development trends of radiopharmaceuticals, encompassing the introduction of novel radionuclides, advancements in imaging technologies, integrated diagnosis and treatment approaches, and equipment-medication combinations. We review the progress in the development of new treatments, such as neutron capture therapy, proton therapy, and heavy ion therapy. Furthermore, we examine the challenges and breakthroughs associated with the clinical translation of radiopharmaceuticals and provide recommendations for the research and development of novel radionuclide drugs.
Humans ; Radiopharmaceuticals/therapeutic use* ; Neoplasms/radiotherapy* ; Radioisotopes/therapeutic use* ; Animals

Objective:To investigate the impact of tumor origin (ventral pancreatic origin and dorsal pancreatic origin) on prognosis in patients with pancreatic head cancer.Methods:A retrospective analysis was performed on the clinical data of 150 patients with pancreatic head cancer who received surgical treatment at the First Affiliated Hospital of the Naval Medical University from October 2014 to December 2017. Among these patients, 92 were male and 58 were female, aged (61.2±8.8) years. The 150 patients were divided into two groups based on tumor origin: the ventral pancreatic cancer group ( n=72) and the dorsal pancreatic cancer group ( n=78). A comparative analysis of clinical, pathological, and imaging charac-teristics was conducted between the two groups. Univariate and multivariable Cox proportional hazards models were used to analyze the association between pancreatic head cancer origin and overall survival (OS). Results:Patients with pancreatic head carcinoma arising from the ventral and dorsal pancreas accounted for 48%(72/150) and 52%(78/150) of the study cohort, respectively. Pancreatic head carcinoma arising from the dorsal pancreas were more likely to show pathological features of pancreatic parenchymal atrophy [73.1%(57/78) vs. 47.2%(34/72), χ2=10.49, P=0.001] and pancreatitis [44.9%(35/78) vs. 29.2%(21/72), χ2=3.95, P=0.047]. In contrast, patients with pancreatic head carcinoma arising from the ventral pancreas was more frequently associated with contact with the superior mesenteric artery [25.0%(18/72) vs. 1.3%(1/78), χ2=19.04, P<0.001], perineural invasion [100%(72/72) vs. 88.5%(69/78), χ2=8.84, P=0.003], and positive surgical margins [15.3%(11/72) vs. 2.6%(2/78), χ2=7.65, P=0.006], with all differences statistically significant. The ventral pancreatic cancer group demonstrated cumulative survival rates of 33.2% and 0 at 1-year and 2-year postoperative intervals, respectively, while the dorsal pancreatic cancer group exhibited rates of 56.7% and 24.8% at the corresponding timepoints. Comparison of Kaplan-Meier survival curves between the two groups showed a statistically significant difference ( χ2=6.00, P=0.014). Multivariable Cox proportional hazards analysis identified dorsal pancreatic origin pancreatic head cancer as an independent predictor of increased mortality risk compared to ventral origin tumors ( HR=2.75, 95% CI: 1.52-4.98, P=0.001). Conclusion:The embryonic origin of pancreatic head cancer determines its clinical, pathological, and imaging heterogeneity, and pancreatic head cancer arising from the ventral pancreas demonstrates significantly worse prognostic outcomes compared to dorsal pancreatic origin.

Objective To develop a multivariate predictive nomogram to identify high-risk cohorts for sentinel lymph node(SLN)metastasis among cT 1-2N0 breast cancer patients with preoperatively normal axillary ultrasound(AUS),thereby providing a reference for personalized axillary management.Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted on the clinicopathological and ultrasonographic data of 427 patients diagnosed with invasive breast cancer who received treatment at Ward 4(Breast Unit),Department of General Surgery,Liuzhou Workers' Hospital,between January 2018 and December 2023.Univariate correlation analysis and multivariate logistic regression analysis were employed to identify independent risk factors associated with SLN metastasis.The accuracy and predictive performance of the nomogram were assessed using receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve analysis.Results Our study enrolled 427 women diagnosed with clinical T1-2N0 breast cancer who underwent preoperative AUS with normal findings.Among these patients,47 cases(11.0％)exhibited sonographically normal axillary lymph nodes,whereas 380 cases(89.0％)showed non-visualized lymph nodes.SLN metastasis,confirmed by postoperative pathological examination,was identified in 78 patients(18.3％).Univariate analysis revealed that estrogen receptor(ER)status,maximal tumor diameter,tumor location,lymphovascular invasion(LVI),and perineural invasion(PNI)were significantly associated with the presence of SLN metastasis(P＜0.05).Multivariate logistic regression analysis further identified the following independent high-risk factors for SLN metastasis:tumor location in the upper outer quadrant(OR=4.118,95％CI=1.349～12.571),tumor size greater than 2 cm(OR=2.246,95％CI=1.252～4.029),presence of LVI(OR=4.477,95％CI=2.207～9.081),and presence of PNI(OR=3.013,95％CI=1.573～5.771)(all P＜0.05).Ultrasonographic features of axillary lymph nodes—including their positivity status,short-axis diameter,and numerical count—did not show a statistically significant association with the SLN metastatic burden(P ≥ 0.05).However,these features demonstrated a statistically sig-nificant correlation with the pathological nodal stage(pN-stage)classification(P＜0.05).In patients with 1～2 positive sentinel lymph nodes,sonographic characteristics of axillary lymph nodes(including status,maximum diameter,minimum diameter,and numerical count)did not exhibit a significant association with either axillary lymph node metastatic burden or pN-stage classification(all P ≥ 0.05).The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve(AUC)for the predictive nomogram was 0.702(95％CI:0.651～0.749,P＜0.0001),with a sensitivity of 78.21％and specificity of 59.12％.Conclusions Tumor location in the upper outer quadrant,tumor size greater than 2 cm,LVI,and PNI were identified as significant independent risk factors for SLN metastasis among patients with clinical T1-2N0 breast cancer who underwent preoperative AUS with normal findings.Further-more,from the perspective of pN-stage stratification,omission of axillary lymph node dissection(ALND)appears to be clinically feasible for the majority of cT1-2N0 patients with 1～2 metastatic SLNs.However,preoperative ultrasonographic characteristics of lymph nodes demonstrate limited predictive value for axillary lymph node(ALN)metastatic burden or pN-stage progression.

Crystal morphology significantly affects downstream processing and the solubility of pharmaceutical products. Therefore, controlling crystal morphology is of great importance in the pharmaceutical industry. In recent years, the use of additives to regulate drug crystal morphology has received widespread attention. Specific additives can influence crystal morphology by modulating crystal growth. Still, the underlying mechanisms through which additives control crystal morphology remain incompletely understood, and the application of additives for this purpose is still in the trial-and-error phase. This review discusses the mechanism of two types of additives-polymer (mainly pharmaceutical excipients) and small molecule (including surfactants and tailor-made additives)-on drug crystal morphology. These mechanisms include interfering with the attachment of solutes at the crystal-solution interface, altering the surface energy of crystals, and modifying solute-solvent interactions. By regulating the crystal growth process, these additives can effectively alter crystal morphology. This review also summarizes the application of these additives in solution crystallization, aiming to provide theoretical guidance for the use of additives in the modification of drug crystal morphology during crystallization processes.

Body weight abnormalities, including overweight, obesity, and underweight, have become a dual public health challenge in Chinese adults: overweight and obesity lead to a variety of chronic complications, while underweight increases the risks of malnutrition, sarcopenia, and organ dysfunction. To systematically address these issues, multidisciplinary experts in endocrinology, sports science, nutrition, and psychiatry from various regions have held multiple weight management seminars. Based on the latest epidemiological data and clinical evidence, they expanded the guideline to include assessment and intervention strategies for underweight, in addition to the core content of obesity management. This guideline outlines the etiological mechanisms, evaluation methods, and multidimensional management strategies for overweight and obesity, covering key areas such as diagnosis and assessment, medical nutrition therapy, exercise prescription, pharmacological intervention, and psychological support. It is intended to provide a scientific and standardized approach to weight management across the adult population, aiming to curb the rising prevalence of obesity, mitigate complications associated with abnormal body weight, and improve nutritional status and overall quality of life.

Objective To develop a multivariate predictive nomogram to identify high-risk cohorts for sentinel lymph node(SLN)metastasis among cT 1-2N0 breast cancer patients with preoperatively normal axillary ultrasound(AUS),thereby providing a reference for personalized axillary management.Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted on the clinicopathological and ultrasonographic data of 427 patients diagnosed with invasive breast cancer who received treatment at Ward 4(Breast Unit),Department of General Surgery,Liuzhou Workers' Hospital,between January 2018 and December 2023.Univariate correlation analysis and multivariate logistic regression analysis were employed to identify independent risk factors associated with SLN metastasis.The accuracy and predictive performance of the nomogram were assessed using receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve analysis.Results Our study enrolled 427 women diagnosed with clinical T1-2N0 breast cancer who underwent preoperative AUS with normal findings.Among these patients,47 cases(11.0％)exhibited sonographically normal axillary lymph nodes,whereas 380 cases(89.0％)showed non-visualized lymph nodes.SLN metastasis,confirmed by postoperative pathological examination,was identified in 78 patients(18.3％).Univariate analysis revealed that estrogen receptor(ER)status,maximal tumor diameter,tumor location,lymphovascular invasion(LVI),and perineural invasion(PNI)were significantly associated with the presence of SLN metastasis(P＜0.05).Multivariate logistic regression analysis further identified the following independent high-risk factors for SLN metastasis:tumor location in the upper outer quadrant(OR=4.118,95％CI=1.349～12.571),tumor size greater than 2 cm(OR=2.246,95％CI=1.252～4.029),presence of LVI(OR=4.477,95％CI=2.207～9.081),and presence of PNI(OR=3.013,95％CI=1.573～5.771)(all P＜0.05).Ultrasonographic features of axillary lymph nodes—including their positivity status,short-axis diameter,and numerical count—did not show a statistically significant association with the SLN metastatic burden(P ≥ 0.05).However,these features demonstrated a statistically sig-nificant correlation with the pathological nodal stage(pN-stage)classification(P＜0.05).In patients with 1～2 positive sentinel lymph nodes,sonographic characteristics of axillary lymph nodes(including status,maximum diameter,minimum diameter,and numerical count)did not exhibit a significant association with either axillary lymph node metastatic burden or pN-stage classification(all P ≥ 0.05).The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve(AUC)for the predictive nomogram was 0.702(95％CI:0.651～0.749,P＜0.0001),with a sensitivity of 78.21％and specificity of 59.12％.Conclusions Tumor location in the upper outer quadrant,tumor size greater than 2 cm,LVI,and PNI were identified as significant independent risk factors for SLN metastasis among patients with clinical T1-2N0 breast cancer who underwent preoperative AUS with normal findings.Further-more,from the perspective of pN-stage stratification,omission of axillary lymph node dissection(ALND)appears to be clinically feasible for the majority of cT1-2N0 patients with 1～2 metastatic SLNs.However,preoperative ultrasonographic characteristics of lymph nodes demonstrate limited predictive value for axillary lymph node(ALN)metastatic burden or pN-stage progression.

Objective:To investigate the impact of tumor origin (ventral pancreatic origin and dorsal pancreatic origin) on prognosis in patients with pancreatic head cancer.Methods:A retrospective analysis was performed on the clinical data of 150 patients with pancreatic head cancer who received surgical treatment at the First Affiliated Hospital of the Naval Medical University from October 2014 to December 2017. Among these patients, 92 were male and 58 were female, aged (61.2±8.8) years. The 150 patients were divided into two groups based on tumor origin: the ventral pancreatic cancer group ( n=72) and the dorsal pancreatic cancer group ( n=78). A comparative analysis of clinical, pathological, and imaging charac-teristics was conducted between the two groups. Univariate and multivariable Cox proportional hazards models were used to analyze the association between pancreatic head cancer origin and overall survival (OS). Results:Patients with pancreatic head carcinoma arising from the ventral and dorsal pancreas accounted for 48%(72/150) and 52%(78/150) of the study cohort, respectively. Pancreatic head carcinoma arising from the dorsal pancreas were more likely to show pathological features of pancreatic parenchymal atrophy [73.1%(57/78) vs. 47.2%(34/72), χ2=10.49, P=0.001] and pancreatitis [44.9%(35/78) vs. 29.2%(21/72), χ2=3.95, P=0.047]. In contrast, patients with pancreatic head carcinoma arising from the ventral pancreas was more frequently associated with contact with the superior mesenteric artery [25.0%(18/72) vs. 1.3%(1/78), χ2=19.04, P<0.001], perineural invasion [100%(72/72) vs. 88.5%(69/78), χ2=8.84, P=0.003], and positive surgical margins [15.3%(11/72) vs. 2.6%(2/78), χ2=7.65, P=0.006], with all differences statistically significant. The ventral pancreatic cancer group demonstrated cumulative survival rates of 33.2% and 0 at 1-year and 2-year postoperative intervals, respectively, while the dorsal pancreatic cancer group exhibited rates of 56.7% and 24.8% at the corresponding timepoints. Comparison of Kaplan-Meier survival curves between the two groups showed a statistically significant difference ( χ2=6.00, P=0.014). Multivariable Cox proportional hazards analysis identified dorsal pancreatic origin pancreatic head cancer as an independent predictor of increased mortality risk compared to ventral origin tumors ( HR=2.75, 95% CI: 1.52-4.98, P=0.001). Conclusion:The embryonic origin of pancreatic head cancer determines its clinical, pathological, and imaging heterogeneity, and pancreatic head cancer arising from the ventral pancreas demonstrates significantly worse prognostic outcomes compared to dorsal pancreatic origin.

Body weight abnormalities, including overweight, obesity, and underweight, have become a dual public health challenge in Chinese adults: overweight and obesity lead to a variety of chronic complications, while underweight increases the risks of malnutrition, sarcopenia, and organ dysfunction. To systematically address these issues, multidisciplinary experts in endocrinology, sports science, nutrition, and psychiatry from various regions have held multiple weight management seminars. Based on the latest epidemiological data and clinical evidence, they expanded the guideline to include assessment and intervention strategies for underweight, in addition to the core content of obesity management. This guideline outlines the etiological mechanisms, evaluation methods, and multidimensional management strategies for overweight and obesity, covering key areas such as diagnosis and assessment, medical nutrition therapy, exercise prescription, pharmacological intervention, and psychological support. It is intended to provide a scientific and standardized approach to weight management across the adult population, aiming to curb the rising prevalence of obesity, mitigate complications associated with abnormal body weight, and improve nutritional status and overall quality of life.