Brain-computer interface (BCI) is a neuro-engineering technology that establishes a direct communication pathway between the brain and external devices. It can realize bidirectional information interaction between the brain and external devices through real-time acquisition and decoding of brain signals, thereby completing brain state recognition and precise feedback regulation. This technology is promoting the transformation of the diagnosis and treatment model of neuropsychiatric diseases from “open-loop stimulation” to “closed-loop adaptation”. The brain regions and circuits involved in the neural mechanisms of addiction and sleep disorder are highly intertwined. Sleep-related brain rhythms provide a key time window for the intervention of addiction memory, and both have abnormal electrophysiological activities and functional imbalances in core neural circuits. This article reviews the latest research progress of closed-loop BCI in the fields of addiction and sleep disorder, explains the neural circuits and electrophysiological mechanisms of its regulation, and its limitations in diagnosis and treatment of the two diseases. In addition, it prospects individualized closed-loop intervention from the perspective of brain-body interaction, so as to provide reference for the clinical transformation of closed-loop BCI.

BACKGROUND:Traditional methods of urinary tract reconstruction are limited by donor scarcity,high complication rates,and suboptimal functional recovery.Tissue engineering strategies offer new directions in this field.Since the urinary tract is mainly composed of muscle tissue,the key is to find suitable seed cells and efficiently induce them to differentiate into smooth muscle cells.Comparative studies on the efficacy of different smooth muscle cell induction regimens are still lacking. OBJECTIVE:To isolate,culture,and identify human urine-derived stem cells,and to compare the effects of two different induction protocols. METHODS:Human urine-derived stem cells were isolated from urine samples of 11 healthy adult volunteers by multiple centrifugations.Surface markers were identified by flow cytometry.The multi-directional differentiation potential of human urine-derived stem cells was verified through osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation.Differentiation was induced by transforming growth factor-β1 or transforming growth factor-β1 combined with platelet derived growth factor for 14 days.Immunofluorescence staining and western blot assay were employed to compare the expression differences of smooth muscle-specific proteins(α-SMA and SM22). RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)Urine-derived stem cells were successfully isolated from the eight urine samples of healthy people.These cells exhibit a"rice grain"-like morphology and possess a robust proliferative capacity.(2)Urine-derived stem cells exhibited high expression of mesenchymal stem cell surface markers(CD73,CD90,and CD44)and extremely low expression of hematopoietic stem cell surface markers(CD34 and CD45).These cells did not express CD19,CD105,and HLA-DR.(3)After osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation,the formation of calcium nodules and lipid droplets was observed,with positive staining results from Alizarin Red S and Oil Red O staining.(4)After 14 days of smooth muscle induction culture,immunofluorescence staining revealed that the smooth muscle differentiation rate of urine-derived stem cells treated with a combination of transforming growth factor-β1 and platelet derived growth factor was significantly higher compared to those treated with transforming growth factor-β1 alone(P<0.005).(5)After 14 days of smooth muscle induction culture,western blot assay further demonstrated that the expression levels of α-SMA and SM22 in the transforming growth factor-β1/platelet derived growth factor group were significantly elevated compared to those in the transforming growth factor-β1 only group(P<0.005).These findings confirm that urine-derived stem cells can be non-invasively isolated using multiple rounds of centrifugation.Compared with transforming growth factor-β1 alone,the combination of transforming growth factor-β1 and platelet derived growth factor can improve the efficiency of inducing urine-derived stem cells to differentiate into smooth muscle cells.

Objective To compare the clinical and functional differences between transoral and submandibular approach in mandibu-lar segmental resection and reconstruction with free fibula flaps(FFFs).Methods Patients who underwent mandibular segmental re-section and FFFs reconstruction in the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery of the Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University from January 2015 to March 2023 were retrospectively analyzed.All cases were divided into transoral approach and submandibular approach groups.Clinical characteristics of the patients were recorded including age,gender,follow-up time,pathologi-cal diagnosis,body mass index(BMI),American Society of Anesthesiologists(ASA)classification,James Brown classification of mandibular defect and number of fibular segments.The perioperative indexes,such as average operation time,average bleeding vol-ume,average blood transfusion volume,average drainage volume,average hospitalization time and postoperative complications such as malocclusion,fistula,infection,flap failure,and restriction of mouth opening were compared between the two groups.The University of Washington Quality of Life Questionnaire was used to investigate the appearance,function of swallow and speech more than 6-month postoperatively.Results The average intraoperative bleeding and postoperative drainage were significantly lower in the transoral ap-proach group than in the submandibular approach group(P=0.013 9,P=0.001 9).The appearance score was significantly higher in the transoral approach group than in the submandibular approach group(83.52±12.37)vs.(67.19±13.64)(P＜0.000 1).The differ-ences between the two groups in other variables were not statistically significant.Conclusion Cases of transoral approach had signifi-cantly better aesthetic outcomes compared with those of submandibular approach.

Background The decline of physical activity in the elderly due to aging may increase the risk of sarcopenia. Currently, there is a lack of evidence from large natural populations on the relationship between PA and sarcopenia. Objective To explore the relationship between PA and sarcopenia in the elderly aged 60 years and above in 10 provinces (autonomous regions) of China. Methods Data were retrieved from the 2022—2023 round of the China Development and Nutrition Health Impact Cohort. Personal basic information and PA data were collected by questionnaire survey. Skeletal muscle mass was measured by bio-electrical impedance analysis, muscle strength was measured using a grip dynamometer, and physical performance was reflected by 6-meter walk speed. The Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia (AWGS) 2019 criteria were used to diagnose sarcopenia. Light physical activity (LPA) duration, moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) duration, and total physical activity volume were calculated. A total of 3326 residents aged ≥60 years with complete data were selected as the survey participants. Multiple logistic regression models and restricted cubic splines (RCS) were used to assess the association between PA duration/volume and sarcopenia. Results In 10 provinces (autonomous regions) of China, the prevalence of sarcopenia in the elderly aged 60 years and above was 5.5% (95%CI: 4.7%, 6.2%). The logistic regression analysis showed that compared with the elderly reporting 0-7.0 h·week⁻¹ in LPA duration, the risk of sarcopenia in the elderly with LPA duration of >14.0-21.0 h·week⁻¹ was reduced by 51% (OR=0.49, 95%CI: 0.26, 0.96). Compared with the elderly with total physical activity ≥15.0 metabolic equivalent of task (MET)-h·week⁻¹, those with <7.5 MET-h·week⁻¹ had a 2.24-fold increased risk of sarcopenia (OR=2.24, 95%CI: 1.17, 4.29). The RCS results found that LPA duration and total physical activity volume each showed a nonlinear dose-response relationship with the risk of sarcopenia (P_overall<0.05, P_non-linear<0.05). Compared with the elderly with an LPA duration of 0 h· week⁻¹, the risk of sarcopenia in the elderly with an LPA duration of 12.6 h· week⁻¹ was the lowest (OR=0.42, 95%CI: 0.21, 0.83). Compared with the elderly with a total physical activity volume of 15.0 MET-h· week⁻¹, the elderly with a total physical activity volume of 46.0 MET-h· week⁻¹ had the lowest risk of sarcopenia (OR=0.57, 95%CI: 0.38, 0.84). There was no statistically significant association between weekly MVPA duration and the risk of sarcopenia (P>0.05). Conclusion Increasing weekly LPA duration and total physical activity volume would help to reduce the risk of sarcopenia.

Objective To study the pharmacokinetics of dihydralazine sulfate,triamterene,hydrochlorothiazide and reserpine in compound reserpine and triamterene in rats.Methods SD rats were randomly divided into three groups.Compound reserpine and triamterene was given at dose of 3.6,10.8 and 32.4 mg·kg-1 by single oral gavage,respectively.HPLC-MS was used to measure the blood concentrations of dihydralazine sulfate,triamterene,hydrochlorothiazide,and reserpine at various time points.DAS software was used to compute the pharmacokinetic parameters.Results After a single oral gavage of 3.6,10.8 and 32.4 mg·kg-1 of compound reserpine tablets triamterene,the tmax of dihydralazine sulfate in rat plasma were 1.50,1.33,and 1.42 h,and the Cmax of dihydralazine sulfate were 12.30,38.31 and 120.52 μg·L-1,respectively.The tmax of triamterene were 1.33,1.33,and 1.42 h,and the Cmax of triamterene were 20.93,67.36,and 168.64 μg·L-1,respectively.The tmax of hydrochlorothiazide were 2.00,2.00,and 1.75 h,and the Cmax of hydrochlorothiazide were 19.89,57.58,and 160.78 μg·L-1,respectively.Risperdal was found at very low levels in rat plasma,and only trace amounts were detected at 1.00 and 1.50 h of 32.4 mg·kg-1 administration.Conclusions Dihydralazine sulfate,triamterene,and hydrochlorothiazide can be eliminated quickly after compound reserpine and triamterene was given orally to rats,and their oral absorption is basically linear.The greater the dosage,the better the absorption of effective components.

Objective:To understand the current status of oral frailty in elderly diabetic patients and analyze its influencing factors.Methods:A convenience sampling method was used to select elderly diabetic patients hospitalized at Henan Cancer Hospital and Henan Provincial People's Hospital from October 2023 to May 2024. The general information questionnaire, Oral Frailty Index-8 (OFI-8) , Short Form of Health Literacy Dental Scale (HeLD-14) , Nutritional Risk Screening 2002 (NRS 2002) , and the Diabetes Distress Scale (DDS) were used to collect data. Binary Logistic regression analysis was used to examine the influencing factors of oral frailty in elderly diabetic patients.Results:A total of 235 questionnaires were distributed, and 220 valid questionnaires were returned, with an effective response rate of 93.62% (220/235) . The incidence of oral frailty in elderly diabetic patients was 46.82% (103/220) . The binary Logistic regression analysis showed that glycated hemoglobin, dry mouth, remaining teeth, nutritional risk, oral health literacy, and diabetes distress were significant influencing factors for the occurrence of oral frailty in elderly diabetic patients ( P<0.05) . Conclusions:The current status of oral frailty in elderly diabetic patients is concerning. Healthcare providers should pay attention to the oral health status of elderly diabetic patients and provide targeted nursing interventions and recommendations based on the influencing factors of oral frailty, in order to reduce its occurrence.

Objective To compare the clinical and functional differences between transoral and submandibular approach in mandibu-lar segmental resection and reconstruction with free fibula flaps(FFFs).Methods Patients who underwent mandibular segmental re-section and FFFs reconstruction in the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery of the Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University from January 2015 to March 2023 were retrospectively analyzed.All cases were divided into transoral approach and submandibular approach groups.Clinical characteristics of the patients were recorded including age,gender,follow-up time,pathologi-cal diagnosis,body mass index(BMI),American Society of Anesthesiologists(ASA)classification,James Brown classification of mandibular defect and number of fibular segments.The perioperative indexes,such as average operation time,average bleeding vol-ume,average blood transfusion volume,average drainage volume,average hospitalization time and postoperative complications such as malocclusion,fistula,infection,flap failure,and restriction of mouth opening were compared between the two groups.The University of Washington Quality of Life Questionnaire was used to investigate the appearance,function of swallow and speech more than 6-month postoperatively.Results The average intraoperative bleeding and postoperative drainage were significantly lower in the transoral ap-proach group than in the submandibular approach group(P=0.013 9,P=0.001 9).The appearance score was significantly higher in the transoral approach group than in the submandibular approach group(83.52±12.37)vs.(67.19±13.64)(P＜0.000 1).The differ-ences between the two groups in other variables were not statistically significant.Conclusion Cases of transoral approach had signifi-cantly better aesthetic outcomes compared with those of submandibular approach.

Objective To study the pharmacokinetics of dihydralazine sulfate,triamterene,hydrochlorothiazide and reserpine in compound reserpine and triamterene in rats.Methods SD rats were randomly divided into three groups.Compound reserpine and triamterene was given at dose of 3.6,10.8 and 32.4 mg·kg-1 by single oral gavage,respectively.HPLC-MS was used to measure the blood concentrations of dihydralazine sulfate,triamterene,hydrochlorothiazide,and reserpine at various time points.DAS software was used to compute the pharmacokinetic parameters.Results After a single oral gavage of 3.6,10.8 and 32.4 mg·kg-1 of compound reserpine tablets triamterene,the tmax of dihydralazine sulfate in rat plasma were 1.50,1.33,and 1.42 h,and the Cmax of dihydralazine sulfate were 12.30,38.31 and 120.52 μg·L-1,respectively.The tmax of triamterene were 1.33,1.33,and 1.42 h,and the Cmax of triamterene were 20.93,67.36,and 168.64 μg·L-1,respectively.The tmax of hydrochlorothiazide were 2.00,2.00,and 1.75 h,and the Cmax of hydrochlorothiazide were 19.89,57.58,and 160.78 μg·L-1,respectively.Risperdal was found at very low levels in rat plasma,and only trace amounts were detected at 1.00 and 1.50 h of 32.4 mg·kg-1 administration.Conclusions Dihydralazine sulfate,triamterene,and hydrochlorothiazide can be eliminated quickly after compound reserpine and triamterene was given orally to rats,and their oral absorption is basically linear.The greater the dosage,the better the absorption of effective components.

Objective:To understand the current status of oral frailty in elderly diabetic patients and analyze its influencing factors.Methods:A convenience sampling method was used to select elderly diabetic patients hospitalized at Henan Cancer Hospital and Henan Provincial People's Hospital from October 2023 to May 2024. The general information questionnaire, Oral Frailty Index-8 (OFI-8) , Short Form of Health Literacy Dental Scale (HeLD-14) , Nutritional Risk Screening 2002 (NRS 2002) , and the Diabetes Distress Scale (DDS) were used to collect data. Binary Logistic regression analysis was used to examine the influencing factors of oral frailty in elderly diabetic patients.Results:A total of 235 questionnaires were distributed, and 220 valid questionnaires were returned, with an effective response rate of 93.62% (220/235) . The incidence of oral frailty in elderly diabetic patients was 46.82% (103/220) . The binary Logistic regression analysis showed that glycated hemoglobin, dry mouth, remaining teeth, nutritional risk, oral health literacy, and diabetes distress were significant influencing factors for the occurrence of oral frailty in elderly diabetic patients ( P<0.05) . Conclusions:The current status of oral frailty in elderly diabetic patients is concerning. Healthcare providers should pay attention to the oral health status of elderly diabetic patients and provide targeted nursing interventions and recommendations based on the influencing factors of oral frailty, in order to reduce its occurrence.