Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a malignancy characterized by tumor cells originating in the liver or bile ducts, exhibiting features of cholangiocyte differentiation. It poses a significant clinical challenge due to the limited diagnostic and therapeutic options available. Robust animal models are essential for advancing our understanding of CCA pathogenesis and developing effective treatments. This review provides a comprehensive overview of CCA mouse models, highlighting various approaches, including chemical induction, genetically engineered models, and tumor xenografts. Each model is discussed in terms of its establishment techniques, pathological characteristics, and research significance, with a focus on intrahepatic CCA. Chemical induction models, such as diethylnitrosamine- and azoxymethane-induced models, offer insights into tumorigenesis processes, whereas genetically modified models involving alterations in key genes such as Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog, tumor protein 53, and isocitrate dehydrogenase serve as important tools for studying the molecular mechanisms underlying CCA. Xenograft models, including patient-derived xenografts, bridge the gap between experimental research and clinical applications, allowing for precise therapeutic evaluations. By comparing these models, this review underscores their respective advantages and limitations, paving the way for future studies aiming to optimize and innovate CCA modeling strategies.

The core pathogenesis of childhood IgA vasculitis nephritis （IgAVN） lies in the intermingled conditions of heat， stasis and deficiency. Deficiency is the fundamental cause， while heat acts as the predominant manifestation at the initial stage， and stasis serves as the key factor leading to protracted illness. Based on this understanding， the overall therapeutic principle of clearing heat and cooling blood， dissolving stasis and unblocking collaterals， reinforcing healthy qi and consolidating the root is established. A self-formulated Qingre Zhixue Formula （清热止血方） is used as the basic prescription. According to the characteristics of different disease stages， childhood IgAVN is further classified into three main syndrome types， including blood heat with stasis obstruction， deficiency of both qi and yin， and deficiency of both spleen and kidney， with corresponding syndrome-based treatments. Throughout the treatment process， emphasis is placed on dissolving stasis and unblocking collaterals， while protecting the spleen and stomach of children and maintaining healthy qi. This paper provides new perspectives for diagnosis and treatment of childhood IgAVN with traditional Chinese medicine.

The core pathogenesis of childhood IgA vasculitis nephritis （IgAVN） lies in the intermingled conditions of heat， stasis and deficiency. Deficiency is the fundamental cause， while heat acts as the predominant manifestation at the initial stage， and stasis serves as the key factor leading to protracted illness. Based on this understanding， the overall therapeutic principle of clearing heat and cooling blood， dissolving stasis and unblocking collaterals， reinforcing healthy qi and consolidating the root is established. A self-formulated Qingre Zhixue Formula （清热止血方） is used as the basic prescription. According to the characteristics of different disease stages， childhood IgAVN is further classified into three main syndrome types， including blood heat with stasis obstruction， deficiency of both qi and yin， and deficiency of both spleen and kidney， with corresponding syndrome-based treatments. Throughout the treatment process， emphasis is placed on dissolving stasis and unblocking collaterals， while protecting the spleen and stomach of children and maintaining healthy qi. This paper provides new perspectives for diagnosis and treatment of childhood IgAVN with traditional Chinese medicine.

ObjectiveTo elucidate the critical role of rehabilitation medical records (including electronic records) in rehabilitation medicine's clinical practice and management, comprehensively analyzed the structure, core content and data standards of rehabilitation medical records, to develop a standardized medical record data architecture and core dataset suitable for rehabilitation medicine and to explore the application of rehabilitation data in performance evaluation and payment. MethodsBased on the regulatory documents Basic Specifications for Medical Record Writing and Basic Specifications for Electronic Medical Records (Trial) issued by National Health Commission of China, and referencing the World Health Organization (WHO) Family of International Classifications (WHO-FICs) classifications, International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10/ICD-11), International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF), and International Classification of Health Interventions (ICHI Beta-3), this study constructed the data architecture, core content and data standards for rehabilitation medical records. Furthermore, it explored the application of rehabilitation record summary sheets (home page) data in rehabilitation medical statistics and payment methods, including Diagnosis-related Groups (DRG), Diagnosis-Intervention Packet (DIP) and Case Mix Index. ResultsThis study proposed a systematic standard framework for rehabilitation medical records, covering key components such as patient demographics, rehabilitation diagnosis, functional assessment, rehabilitation treatment prescriptions, progress evaluations and discharge summaries. The research analyzed the systematic application methods and data standards of ICD-10/ICD-11, ICF and ICHI Beta-3 in the fields of medical record terminology, coding and assessment. Constructing a standardized data structure and data standards for rehabilitation medical records can significantly improve the quality of data reporting based on the medical record summary sheet, thereby enhancing the quality control of rehabilitation services, effectively supporting the optimization of rehabilitation medical insurance payment mechanisms, and contributing to the establishment of rehabilitation medical performance evaluation and payment based on DRG and DIP. ConclusionStructured rehabilitation records and data standardization are crucial tools for quality control in rehabilitation. Systematically applying the three reference classifications of the WHO-FICs, and aligning with national medical record and electronic health record specifications, facilitate the development of a standardized rehabilitation record architecture and core dataset. Standardizing rehabilitation care pathways based on the ICF methodology, and developing ICF- and ICD-11-based rehabilitation assessment tools, auxiliary diagnostic and therapeutic systems, and supporting terminology and coding systems, can effectively enhance the quality of rehabilitation records and enable interoperability and sharing of rehabilitation data with other medical data, ultimately improving the quality and safety of rehabilitation services.

ObjectiveTo explore the data standard system of electronic medical records in the field of rehabilitation, focusing on the terminology and coding standards, data structure, and key content categories of rehabilitation electronic medical records. MethodsBased on the Administrative Norms for the Application of Electronic Medical Records issued by the National Health Commission of China, the electronic medical record standard architecture issued by the International Organization for Standardization and Health Level Seven (HL7), the framework of the World Health Organization Family of International Classifications (WHO-FICs), Basic Architecture and Data Standards of Electronic Medical Records, Basic Data Set of Electronic Medical Records, and Specifications for Sharing Documents of Electronic Medical Records, the study constructed and organized the data structure, content, and data standards of rehabilitation electronic medical records. ResultsThe data structure of rehabilitation electronic medical records should strictly follow the structure of electronic medical records, including four levels (clinical document, document section, data set and data element) and four major content areas (basic information, diagnostic information, intervention information and cost information). Rehabilitation electronic medical records further integrated information related to rehabilitation needs and characteristics, emphasizing rehabilitation treatment, into clinical information. By fully applying the WHO-FICs reference classifications, rehabilitation electronic medical records could establish a standardized framework, diagnostic criteria, functional description tools, coding tools and terminology index tools for the coding, indexing, functional description, and analysis and interpretation of diseases and health problems. The study elaborated on the data structure and content categories of rehabilitation electronic medical records in four major categories, refined the granularity of reporting rehabilitation content in electronic medical records, and provided detailed data reporting guidance for rehabilitation electronic medical records. ConclusionThe standardization of rehabilitation electronic medical records is significant for improving the quality of rehabilitation medical services and promoting the rehabilitation process of patients. The development of rehabilitation electronic medical records must be based on the national and international standards. Under the general electronic medical records data structure and standards, a rehabilitation electronic medical records data system should be constructed which incorporates core data such as disease diagnosis, functional description and assessment, and rehabilitation interventions. The standardized rehabilitation electronic medical records scheme constructed in this study can support the improvement of standardization of rehabilitation electronic medical records data information.

ObjectiveTo analyze the data structure and standards of rehabilitation outpatient medical records, to provide data support for improving the quality of rehabilitation outpatient care and developing medical insurance payment policies. MethodsBased on the normative documents issued by the National Health Commission, Basic Standards for Medical Record Writing and Standards for Electronic Medical Record Sharing Documents, in accordance with the Quality Management Regulations for Outpatient (Emergency) Diagnosis and Treatment Information Pages (Trial), reference to the framework of the World Health Organization Family of International Classifications (WHO-FICs), the data framework and content of rehabilitation outpatient medical records were determined, and the data standards were discussed. ResultsThis study constructed a data framework for rehabilitation outpatient medical records, including four main components: patient basic information, visit process information, diagnosis and treatment information, and cost information. Three major reference classifications of WHO-FICs, International Classification of Diseases, International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health, and International Classification of Health Interventions,were used to establish diagnostic standards and standardized terminology, as well as coding disease diagnosis, functional description, functional assessment, and rehabilitation interventions, to improve the quality of data reporting, and level of quality control in rehabilitation. ConclusionThe structuring and standardization of rehabilitation outpatient medical records are the foundation for sharing of rehabilitation data. The using of the three major classifications of WHO-FICs is valuable for the terminology and coding of disease diagnosis, functional description and assessment, and intervention in rehabilitation outpatient medical records, which is significant for sharing and interconnectivity of rehabilitation outpatient data, as well as for optimizing the quality and safety of rehabilitation medical services.

ObjectiveTo explore the standardization of inpatient rehabilitation medical record summary sheet, encompassing its structure, content and data standards, to enhance the standardization level of inpatient rehabilitation medical record summary sheet, improve data reporting quality, and provide accurate data support for medical insurance payment, hospital performance evaluation, and rehabilitation discipline evaluation. MethodsBased on the relevant specifications of the National Health Commission's Basic Norms for Medical Record Writing, Specifications for Sharing Documents of Electronic Medical Records, and Quality Management and Control Indicators for Inpatient Medical Record Summary Sheet (2016 Edition), this study analyzed the structure and content of the inpatient rehabilitation medical record summary sheet. The study systematically applied the three major reference classifications of the World Health Organization Family of International Classifications, International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10/ICD-11, ICD-9-CM-3), International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF), and International Classification of Health Interventions (ICHI Beta-3), for disease diagnosis, functional description and assessment, and rehabilitation intervention, forming a standardized terminology system and coding methods. ResultsThe inpatient rehabilitation medical record summary sheet covered four major sections: inpatient information, hospitalization information, diagnosis and treatment information, and cost information. ICD-10/ICD-11 were the standards and coding tools for admission and discharge diagnoses in the inpatient rehabilitation medical record summary sheet. The three functional assessment tools recommended by ICD-11, the 36-item version of World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0, Brief Model Disability Survey and Generic Functioning domains, as well as ICF, were used for rehabilitation functioning assessment and the coding of outcomes. ICHI Beta-3 and ICD-9-CM-3 were used for coding surgical procedures and operations in the medical record summary sheet, and also for coding rehabilitation intervention items. ConclusionThe inpatient rehabilitation medical record summary sheet is a summary of the relevant content of the rehabilitation medical record and a tool for reporting inpatient rehabilitation data. It needs to be refined and optimized according to the characteristics of rehabilitation, with necessary data supplemented. The application of ICD-11/ICD-10, ICF and ICHI Beta-3/ICD-9-CM-3 classification standards would comprehensively promote the accuracy of inpatient diagnosis of diseases and functions. Based on ICD-11 and ICF, relevant functional assessment result data would be added, and ICHI Beta-3/ICD-9-CM-3 should be used to code rehabilitation interventions. Improving the quality of rehabilitation medical records and inpatient rehabilitation medical record summary sheet is an important part of rehabilitation quality control, and also lays an evidence-based data foundation for the analysis and application of inpatient rehabilitation medical record summary sheet.

Soybean meal (SBM) prepared by soybean crushing is the most popular protein source in the poultry and livestock industries (Cai et al., 2015) due to its economic manufacture, high protein content, and good nutritional value. Despite these benefits, SBM contains various antigen proteins such as glycinin and β-conglycinin, which account for approximately 70% of the total proteins of the SBM and reduce digestibility and damage intestinal function (Peng et al., 2018). Treating SBM with proteases (neutrase, alcalase, and trypsin) or fermentation can eliminate these antigen proteins (Contesini et al., 2018). Because of its safety and rapid growth cycle, Bacillus strains are considered ideal for the fermentation industry (Yao et al., 2021). SBM fermented by Bacillus yields products with high nutritional value and low levels of antinutritional factors (ANFs), stimulating research in this area (Yuan et al., 2017). Kumari et al. (2023) demonstrated that fermentation with Bacillus species effectively degrades antigen proteins and increases crude protein content. The degradation of antigen proteins relies on protease hydrolysis. Low protease production is the major obstacle hindering the widespread use of microbial fermentation techniques.
Bacillus amyloliquefaciens/metabolism* ; Fermentation ; Glycine max/metabolism* ; Soybean Proteins/metabolism* ; Peptide Hydrolases/metabolism* ; Ribosomes/metabolism* ; Globulins ; Antigens, Plant ; Seed Storage Proteins

Objective To explore the clinical significance of miR-423-5p in ischemic stroke and its effects on SH-SY5Y cell apoptosis along with the underlying mechanisms.Methods Plasma samples were collected from three stroke-prone patients who subsequently developed acute ischemic stroke(AIS)within 24 hours.High-throughput sequencing was used to identify miR-423-5p as a key target.Venous blood samples were collected from 46 AIS pa-tients within 24 hours of onset and from 46 matched control cases.RT-qPCR was performed to measure the plasma expression of miR-423-5p in both groups.The diagnostic value of miR-423-5p for AIS was evaluated using receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve.After overexpression and knockdown of miR-423-5p in SH-SY5Y cells,flow cytometry was performed to detect apoptosis in each group to analyze the potential relationship between miR-423-5p and SH-SY5Y cell apoptosis.Western blot was used to measure changes in the expression level of the ap-optotic protein cleaved caspase-3 and the anti-apoptotic proteins Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL.Results The expression of miR-423-5p in 3 AIS patients showed significant difference before and after onset.Plasma miR-423-5p expression was significantly elevated in AIS patients versus controls(P＜0.001).ROC analysis indicated its strong diagnostic potential for AIS.Overexpression of miR-423-5p increased the apoptosis rate and cleaved caspase-3 ex-pression of SH-SY5Y cells after OGD/R,and decreased the expression of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL,while knocking down miR-423-5p had the opposite effect.Conclusions The expression of miR-423-5p is upregulated in the plasma of patients with ischemic stroke compared to healthy controls.Furthermore,miR-423-5p promotes OGD/R-induced apoptosis in SH-SY5Y cells by increasing the level of cleaved caspase-3 and suppressing the expression of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL.

Objective To explore the effects of nail-tail transverse connection in the treatment of atlantoaxial dislocation(AAD)and its impacts on bone metabolism,serum vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF),and fibroblast growth factor-2(FGF-2)levels.Methods A total of 150 pa-tients with AAD were selected as the research subjects and divided into two groups using the random number table method,with 75 cases in each group.The observation group was treated with nail-tail transverse connection combined with posterior atlantoaxial pedicle screw internal fixation(C1-C2 PSR),while the control group was treated with C1-C2 PSR alone.Serum bone metabolism indicators[osteocalcin(BGP),type Ⅰ collagen N-terminal peptide(NTX),bone alkaline phosphatase(BALP),tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase(TRAP),type Ⅰ collagen carboxy-terminal peptide(CTX)],VEGF and FGF-2 levels were compared between the two groups at different time points.The Japanese Orthopaedic Association(JOA)score was used to evaluate the patients' neurological function before surgery and 3 years after surgery.Bone graft fusion was evaluated at 6 months,1 year,2 years,and 3 years after surgery.Results At 1,3 and 6 months after surgery,the serum VEGF and FGF-2 levels in the observation group were higher than those in the control group,and the differences were statistically significant(P＜0.05).After treatment,the BALP,BGP,NTX,TRAP and CTX levels in both groups were lower than those before treatment,and their levels in the observation group were lower than those in the control group,with statistically significant differences(P＜0.05).Before surgery,there was no statistically significant difference in the JOA scores be-tween the two groups(P＞0.05).At 3 years after surgery,the JOA scores in both groups were higher than those before surgery,and the JOA score and the score improvement rate in the observa-tion group were higher than those in the control group,with statistically significant differences(P＜0.05).At 6 months,1 year,2 years and 3 years after surgery,the success rate of bone graft fusion in the observation group was higher than that in the control group,with statistically significant differ-ences(P＜0.05).Conclusion Nail-tail transverse connection has significant effects in the treat-ment of AAD,which can effectively improve patients' bone metabolism and increase the serum VEGF and FGF-2 levels.