BACKGROUND:Primary cortical neurons and microglial cells play a crucial role in exploring cell therapies for neurological disorders,and most of the current methods for obtaining the two types of cells are cumbersome and require separate extraction.It is therefore crucial to find a convenient and rapid method to extract both types of cells simultaneously. OBJECTIVE:To explore a novel method for simultaneous extraction of primary cortical neurons and microglial cells. METHODS:Newborn suckling SD rats were taken within 24 hours.The brain was removed and placed in a dish with DMEM,and the pia mater was removed for later use.Primary neurons were extracted from the same brain tissue,and then the remaining brain tissue was used to extract microglial cells.The whole process was performed on ice.Extraction and culture steps of primary cortical neurons:The cerebral cortex was taken 2.0-3.0 mm with forceps,and the tissue was digested with papain for 20 minutes.After aborting digestion,the blown tissue presented an adherent tissue suspension.The supernatant cell suspension was obtained,filtered,and dispensed into 15 mL centrifuge tubes.After centrifugation and re-suspension,the cells were inoculated onto 6-well plate crawls coated with L-polylysine.Neuronal morphology was observed at 1-day intervals,and staining could be performed for identification using immunofluorescence staining of MAP2 and β-Tubulin by day 7.Microglia extraction and culture steps:The remaining brain tissue at 8-10 mm thick was subjected to microglial cell extraction,digested by trypsin for 20 minutes.After digestion was stopped,the tissue was blown to a homogenate,and then the homogenate was transferred to the culture bottle for culture.On day 14,the culture flasks were sealed and subjected to constant temperature horizontal shaking for 2 hours.Microglial cells were shed in the supernatant.Purified microglial cells were taken and continued to be cultured for 3 days for identification by Iba1 immunofluorescence staining. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)After 24 hours of culture,the neurons were adherent to the wall,the cytosol was enlarged,and some neurons developed synapses.After 3 and 5 days of culture,the cytosol was further enlarged,and most of the neurons were in the form of synapses,and some neurons were growing in clusters.On day 7,neuronal synapses were prolonged and thickened,and they were connected with each other to form a network.The neurons were identified by β-Tubulin and MAP2 immunofluorescence staining.(2)The cells grew close to the wall on day 1 of culture.On days 3,5,and 7,the density of microglial cells was small,and the cell morphology was bright oval or round,but the cells basically grew in clumps on the upper layer of other cells.On day 10,the density of microglial cells increased significantly.On day 14,microglial cells grew in dense clumps on the upper layer of other cells,and then they could be isolated and purified.The isolated and purified cells were taken and re-cultured to day 3 and identified as microglial cells by Iba1 immunofluorescence;their purity was greater than 95%.(3)The results show that primary cortical neurons and microglial cells obtained by this method after extraction and culture are of high purity,good morphology,and high viability.

BACKGROUND:Studies have found that activation of nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2/heme oxidase-1(Nrf2/HO-1)pathway can alleviate oxidative stress caused by cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury,but whether human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells(hBMSC)can activate Nrf2/HO-1 pathway to alleviate cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury is still lacking relevant studies. OBJECTIVE:To investigate whether intracranial transplantation of hBMSC alleviates oxidative stress injury in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion animal models by activating Nrf2/HO-1 pathway. METHODS:Totally 40 male SPF SD rats were randomly divided into sham operation group,model group,hBMSC transplantation group,hBMSC+solvent group and hBMSC+Nrf2 inhibitor group.Each group consisted of eight animals.In the model group and the hBMSC transplantation group,middle cerebral artery occlusion model was prepared by thread embolization method.The thread embolization was removed 1 hour later,and 30 μL PBS or hBMSC cultured to at least passage 5 was injected into the right cortex and striatum of rats.In the hBMSC+Nrf2 inhibitor group and hBMSC+solvent group,the left ventricle was injected with Nrf2 inhibitor Brusatol and its solvent dimethyl sulfoxide respectively 24 hours before model establishment,then the middle cerebral artery occlusion model was prepared,and hBMSC was injected.Relevant indexes were detected 3 days after transplantation. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)CT and TTC staining showed the same area and volume of cerebral infarction:model group>hBMSC+Nrf2 inhibitor group>hBMSC+solvent group>hBMSC transplantation group>sham operation group.(2)Hematoxylin-eosin staining and Nissl's staining showed that the ischemic brain tissue was intact and the neurons were normal in the sham operation group.Compared with the model group,the pathological morphology and neuronal injury of the hBMSC transplantation group and the hBMSC+solvent group were significantly improved.Compared with the hBMSC+solvent group,the hBMSC+Nrf2 inhibitor group had more serious pathological morphology and neuronal damage.(3)Western blot assay and oxidative stress index detection results showed that compared with the sham operation group,Nrf2 and HO-1 proteins were decreased(all P<0.05),malondialdehyde was increased and superoxide dismutase was decreased(all P<0.05)in the model group.Compared with the model group,the expression levels of Nrf2 and HO-1 proteins were increased(all P<0.05),malondialdehyde was decreased and superoxide dismutase was increased(all P<0.05)in the hBMSC transplantation group and the hBMSC+solvent group.Compared with the hBMSC+solvent group,the expression levels of Nrf2 and HO-1 proteins were simultaneously decreased(all P<0.05),and malondialdehyde was increased and superoxide dismutase was decreased(all P<0.05)in the hBMSC+Nrf2 inhibitor group.(4)These results indicate that hBMSC can alleviate cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury possibly by activating Nrf2/HO-1 pathway.

Objective:To evaluate clinical efficacy of adjuvant radiotherapy (RT) for central neurocytoma (CN) after surgical resection.Methods:Clinical data of 136 CN patients admitted to Beijing Tiantan Hospital and Xuanwu Hospital from January 2001 to December 2020 were retrospectively analyzed. Preliminary interventions consisted of craniotomy (gross total resection, subtotal resection and partial resection, the latter two belonging to incomplete resection) and postoperative radiotherapy. Three-dimensional conformal or intensity-modulated radiotherapy was adopted, with a median radiotherapy dose of 54 Gy. Post-recurrence treatment included salvage surgery and radiotherapy. The overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) were analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier method. Univariate analysis was performed by log-rank test to evaluate the effect of each prognostic factor on OS and PFS. The effects of multiple prognostic factors on PFS and OS were assessed by Cox regression model.Results:The median age was 28 years (range: 6-66 years). The median follow-up was 94.5 months (12-237 months). Among all patients, 79 cases underwent total resection, and 68 of them received adjuvant radiotherapy. Thirty-eight patients underwent subtotal resection, and 37 of them were treated with adjuvant radiotherapy. Sixteen patients received partial resection and adjuvant radiotherapy. Three cases received biopsy and postoperative radiotherapy. Among all patients, 3 cases died, including 2 from tumor recurrence and 1 from postoperative complication. Eight patients had recurrences during follow-up. Among them, 7 patients had recurrences at the primary site,1 had tumor dissemination to the spinal cord. The 5- and 10-year OS rates were 98.5% and 96.8%, and the 5- and 10-year PFS rates were 95.3% and 91.6% for the in the entire cohort. In the gross total resection without radiotherapy group, the 5- and 10-year PFS rates were 90.9% and 90.9%, and 96.6% and 96.6% in the gross total resection + radiotherapy group ( P=0.338). The 5- and 10-year OS rates were 100% and 100% in the gross total resection without radiotherapy group, and 98.5% and 98.5% in the gross total resection + radiotherapy group ( P=0.693). The 10-year PFS rates between the gross total resection±radiotherapy group and the incomplete resection+radiotherapy group was 95.8% vs. 90.3% ( P=0.368), and the 10-year OS rate was 98.6% vs. 94.7% ( P=0.436). Multivariate analysis showed that tumor site, degree of surgical resection, adjuvant radiotherapy and age exerted no significant effects on PFS and OS. A total of 81 patients had late neurotoxicities, including 69 cases at grade 1, 9 cases at grade 2, and 3 cases at grade 3. And 64.2% (52/81 cases) of patients suffered from short-term memory impairment. Conclusions:Gross total resection alone yields high efficacy for CN. Postoperative radiotherapy is not required. Incomplete resection combined with postoperative adjuvant radiotherapy can achieve equivalent clinical efficacy to gross total resection.

In the field of health,with the innovation drive as the core,the new quality of productivity has successfully gets rid of the shackles of traditional health service delivery mode and industrial development trajectory,showing high-tech,high-efficiency and high-quality characteristics,which is in line with the development concept advocated in the new development stage,representing an advanced productivity quality.In the field of health economics,the new-quality productivity will have a decisive impact on the supply and demand of health services,the allocation and optimization of health resources,health policies and intervention measurement,health system performance and health equity.Meanwhile,the new quality productivity has a profound impact on health economic evaluation and technology evaluation,and even changes the health economic research paradigm.It is undoubtedly an important responsibility and challenge for the health economy research field to give timely and in-depth theoretical discussion on the new quality productivity and actively promote its practical application and development.It requires us to keep up with the pace of the times at the theoretical level and dig deep into the inherent law and value of the new-quality productivity.At the same time,in practice,it is committed to guiding and promoting the effective transformation and implementation of new-quality productivity in the field of health,so as to facilitate the elevation of health economic research and practice to a new qualitative level.

Developing new quality productive forces is an inherent requirement and important focus for promoting high-quality development.It revolves around the logical idea of"what-why-how to do",explains the connotation and characteristics of new quality productivity,proposes an understanding and recognition of the concept and characteristics of new quality productivity in internal auditing of public hospitals,and analyzes the theoretical logic and practical significance of developing new quality productivity in internal auditing of public hospitals.It further explores the specific path of developing new quality productivity in internal auditing of public hospitals,in order to provide reference ideas for the development of new quality productivity in internal auditing and empowering the high-quality development of internal auditing.

In the field of health,with the innovation drive as the core,the new quality of productivity has successfully gets rid of the shackles of traditional health service delivery mode and industrial development trajectory,showing high-tech,high-efficiency and high-quality characteristics,which is in line with the development concept advocated in the new development stage,representing an advanced productivity quality.In the field of health economics,the new-quality productivity will have a decisive impact on the supply and demand of health services,the allocation and optimization of health resources,health policies and intervention measurement,health system performance and health equity.Meanwhile,the new quality productivity has a profound impact on health economic evaluation and technology evaluation,and even changes the health economic research paradigm.It is undoubtedly an important responsibility and challenge for the health economy research field to give timely and in-depth theoretical discussion on the new quality productivity and actively promote its practical application and development.It requires us to keep up with the pace of the times at the theoretical level and dig deep into the inherent law and value of the new-quality productivity.At the same time,in practice,it is committed to guiding and promoting the effective transformation and implementation of new-quality productivity in the field of health,so as to facilitate the elevation of health economic research and practice to a new qualitative level.

Developing new quality productive forces is an inherent requirement and important focus for promoting high-quality development.It revolves around the logical idea of"what-why-how to do",explains the connotation and characteristics of new quality productivity,proposes an understanding and recognition of the concept and characteristics of new quality productivity in internal auditing of public hospitals,and analyzes the theoretical logic and practical significance of developing new quality productivity in internal auditing of public hospitals.It further explores the specific path of developing new quality productivity in internal auditing of public hospitals,in order to provide reference ideas for the development of new quality productivity in internal auditing and empowering the high-quality development of internal auditing.

In the field of health,with the innovation drive as the core,the new quality of productivity has successfully gets rid of the shackles of traditional health service delivery mode and industrial development trajectory,showing high-tech,high-efficiency and high-quality characteristics,which is in line with the development concept advocated in the new development stage,representing an advanced productivity quality.In the field of health economics,the new-quality productivity will have a decisive impact on the supply and demand of health services,the allocation and optimization of health resources,health policies and intervention measurement,health system performance and health equity.Meanwhile,the new quality productivity has a profound impact on health economic evaluation and technology evaluation,and even changes the health economic research paradigm.It is undoubtedly an important responsibility and challenge for the health economy research field to give timely and in-depth theoretical discussion on the new quality productivity and actively promote its practical application and development.It requires us to keep up with the pace of the times at the theoretical level and dig deep into the inherent law and value of the new-quality productivity.At the same time,in practice,it is committed to guiding and promoting the effective transformation and implementation of new-quality productivity in the field of health,so as to facilitate the elevation of health economic research and practice to a new qualitative level.

Developing new quality productive forces is an inherent requirement and important focus for promoting high-quality development.It revolves around the logical idea of"what-why-how to do",explains the connotation and characteristics of new quality productivity,proposes an understanding and recognition of the concept and characteristics of new quality productivity in internal auditing of public hospitals,and analyzes the theoretical logic and practical significance of developing new quality productivity in internal auditing of public hospitals.It further explores the specific path of developing new quality productivity in internal auditing of public hospitals,in order to provide reference ideas for the development of new quality productivity in internal auditing and empowering the high-quality development of internal auditing.

In the field of health,with the innovation drive as the core,the new quality of productivity has successfully gets rid of the shackles of traditional health service delivery mode and industrial development trajectory,showing high-tech,high-efficiency and high-quality characteristics,which is in line with the development concept advocated in the new development stage,representing an advanced productivity quality.In the field of health economics,the new-quality productivity will have a decisive impact on the supply and demand of health services,the allocation and optimization of health resources,health policies and intervention measurement,health system performance and health equity.Meanwhile,the new quality productivity has a profound impact on health economic evaluation and technology evaluation,and even changes the health economic research paradigm.It is undoubtedly an important responsibility and challenge for the health economy research field to give timely and in-depth theoretical discussion on the new quality productivity and actively promote its practical application and development.It requires us to keep up with the pace of the times at the theoretical level and dig deep into the inherent law and value of the new-quality productivity.At the same time,in practice,it is committed to guiding and promoting the effective transformation and implementation of new-quality productivity in the field of health,so as to facilitate the elevation of health economic research and practice to a new qualitative level.