As a traditional nutritional and healthy cash crop in China, tea has certain significance in promoting human health and preventing and controlling chronic diseases. Studies have shown that the nutritional health effect of tea is due to its rich functional components, mainly including tea polyphenols, tea pigments, tea polysaccharides, theanine, alkaloids and other bioactive substances. At present, researchers from the academic circles have continuously carried out animal and human experiments on the health effects of various functional components of tea, which has accumulated abundant research data and materials. Based on this, this article reviews the literature on the nutritional and health effects of the main functional components of tea, and adopts the method of evidence-based research to screen and extract relevant data for qualitative and quantitative meta-analysis. Subsequently, the nutritional health effects of the five functional components of tea, namely tea polyphenols, tea pigments, tea polysaccharides, theanine, and alkaloids, are summarized and outlined. Studies have shown that tea polyphenols, tea pigments, tea polysaccharides, theanine and alkaloids have different health effects and are expected to play their unique roles in promoting human health and preventing and controlling diseases.

Staphylococcus aureus is a Gram-positive bacterium with strong pathogenicity. With the widespread use of antibiotics， its multi-drug resistance has gradually increased. Among them， methicillin-resistant S. aureus （MRSA） is one of the main pathogens of hospital and community infections. Antimicrobial peptides are short-chain peptides with good antibacterial effects and low drug resistance， which have been widely studied in recent years. This study summarizes the mechanism of action of antimicrobial peptides and related study on antimicrobial peptides against MRSA from different sources. It is found that the mechanisms of action of antimicrobial peptides include targeting bacterial cell membranes， bacterial cells， and bacterial cell walls， etc. Besides isolating antimicrobial peptides with anti-MRSA activity from animals， plants， and microorganisms， antimicrobial peptides can also be obtained through synthetic methods. Among them， GHa-derived peptides from animal sources， Ib-AMP4 from plant sources， Ph-SA from microbial sources， the synthetic peptide LLKLLLKLL-NH2， and so on， due to their effective antibacterial activity， rapid bactericidal speed， and low toxicity， are promising candidates for anti-MRSA drugs.

ObjectiveTo explore the effects of the Tai Chi training on bone density， bone turnover markers， and heart rate variability for people with high-risk osteoporosis， and to provide evidence for the prevention of osteoporosis at early stage. MethodsSixty-six cases of people with high risk of osteoporosis were included， and they were divided into 33 cases each in the intervention group and the control group using the random number table method. The control group received osteoporosis health education three times a week， and the intervention group received Tai Chi training under the guidance of a trainer three times a week for 40 mins each time on the basis of the control group， and both groups were intervened for 12 weeks. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry was used to measure the bone density of L₁~L₄ vertebrae， bilateral femoral necks and bilateral total hips in the two groups before and after the intervention； enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to determine bone turnover markers before and after the intervention， including pro-collagen type Ⅰ pro-amino-terminal prepropyl peptide （P1NP） and β-collagen type Ⅰ cross-linking carboxy-terminal peptide （β-CTX）. Seven cases with good compliance in the intervention group were selected. After wearing the heart rate sensor， they successively performed Tai Chi training and walking activities recommended by the guideline for 20 mins each， and the heart rate variability （HRV） during exercise was collected， including time-domain indexes such as standard deviation of normal sinus intervals （SDNN）， root-mean-square of the difference between adjacent RR intervals （RMSSD）， frequency-domain metrics such as low-frequency power （LF）， high-frequency power （HF）， and low-frequency/high-frequency power ratio （LF/HF）， as well as nonlinear metrics such as approximate entropy （ApEn）， sample entropy （SampEn）. ResultsFinally， 63 cases were included in the outcome analysis， including 30 cases in the intervention group and 33 cases in the control group. After the intervention， the differences of L₁~L₄ vertebrae， bone density of bilateral femoral neck and bilateral total hip in the intervention group were not statistically significant when compared with those before intervention （P＞0.05）， while the bone density of all parts of the control group decreased significantly compared with that before intervention （P＜0.05）， and the difference in the bone density of the L₁~L₄ vertebrae， bilateral femoral neck， and the right total hip before and after the intervention of the intervention group was smaller than that of the control group （P＜0.05）. The differences in P1NP and β-CTX between groups before and after intervention was not statistically significant （P＞0.05）. Compared with walking exercise， LF decreased， HF increased and LF/HF decreased during Tai Chi exercise （P＜0.05）； the time domain indexes and non-linear indexes between groups had no statistically significant difference （P＞0.05）. ConclusionTai Chi exercise can maintain lumbar， hip， and femoral bone density and improve sympathetic/parasympathetic balance in people at high risk for osteoporosis， but cannot significantly improve bone turnover markers.

In order to understand the characteristics of avian leukosis virus(ALV)infection and the polymorphisms of receptor genes Tva,Tvb and NHE1 sequences in different Qingyuan Ma chick-en breeding farms,the isolation and identification of exogenous ALV virus,receptor gene amplifi-cation and sequencing analysis were carried out in five Qingyuan Ma chicken breeding farms.The results of virus isolation and subtype identification showed that the positive rate of exogenous ALV virus isolation in farms A,B and C was less than 5％,among which there was ALV-J infection alone in farm A,mixed infection with ALV-J and ALV-K in farm B,ALV-K infection a-lone in farm C,and no exogenous ALV infection was detected in farm D and E.Polymorphism anal-ysis of recipient genes showed that there were different frequencies of Tvar3,Tvar4 and Tvbr3 re-sistance alleles in A-E farms,and the distribution frequency of Tvar3 was 0.2-0.6,the distribution frequency of Tvar4 was 0.3-0.7,and the distribution frequency of Tvbr3 was 0.1-0.7.In addition,there were Tvar5 resistance alleles in both B and D farms,with a distribution frequency of 0.2.A to-tal of 18 SNP mutations occurred in the NHE1 receptor gene sequence,and further analysis showed that positions 1 279,1 361,1 369,1 406,1 442,and 1 912 were non-synonymous mutations,which could cause changes in amino acids.The study suggested that there were differences in the exogenous ALV and its subtypes among the five Qingyuan Ma chicken breeders,and each farm should have a more targeted and unique purification strategy.The distribution of Tva and Tvb re-sistance alleles at different frequencies,along with the occurrence of 6 non-synonymous mutations in the NHE1 gene,indicate that Qingyuan Ma chicken have the potential of genetic resistance breeding.

Objective To make a comprehensive analysis of the index of benefit and medical service ability of disease,and provide references for the operation management of public hospital based on disease.Methods TOPSIS was used to compre-hensively evaluate the income contribution,income structure,daily income,the proportion of operation/grade 4 operation,DRG-CMI and other indexes.According to the Boston matrix,two-dimensional quadrant analysis was carried out to determine the dominant diseases in the operation management.Results Twelve main diseases in a hospital specialty were analyzed,and the comprehensive scores of two dimensions of benefit and medical service ability were formed.According to the scores,a two-dimen-sional quadrant map was drawn,and the characteristics of diseases in each quadrant were summarized to identify the dominant diseases that contribute greatly to the economic operation and technical difficulty evaluation of the specialty.Conclusion The combined application of TOPSIS and Boston matrix in specialty operation analysis can help public hospital to realize the classifica-tion management of disease balancing benefit and difficulty,so as to optimize the disease structure and improve the utilization rate of medical resources.

Objective To explore the implementation effect of PDCA(plan-do-check-action)style training of severe ultrasound and hemodynamics in standardized training(residential training)for residents majoring in internal medicine on improving their clinical decision-making ability.Methods A retrospective research method was conducted,60 residents in Xinyang Central Hospital from July 2017 to July 2023 were selected as the research objects,and patients were randomly divided into experimental group and control group,with 30 residents in each group.After the routine entrance education,the experimental group applied the PDCA mode training of severe ultrasound and hemodynamics.The control group was trained with the training objectives and requirements of the department of critical care medicine in the contents and standards of standardized training for internal medicine residents for 2 months.At the end of the training period,the residents of the two groups were assessed and investigated by questionnaire,and the differences of theoretical knowledge assessment,clinical practice skills assessment,case assessment scores and satisfaction between the two groups were compared.Results The results of theoretical knowledge examination,diagnosis and differential diagnosis,and clinical decision-making in the experimental group were significantly higher than those in the control group(theoretical knowledge examination score:90.5±2.7 vs.85.7±3.8,diagnosis and differential diagnosis score:92.0±2.4 vs.87.9±3.7,clinical decision-making score:90.3±3.1 vs.85.5±3.9,all P<0.05),satisfaction with teaching methods,stimulating learning interest,firmly mastering knowledge,enhancing problem-solving ability,improving learning enthusiasm,improving clinical thinking ability and enhancing team consciousness was also significantly higher than that of the control group[teaching methods:80.0%(24/30)vs.46.7%(14/30),stimulate learning interest:83.3%(25/30)vs.56.7%(17/30),firmly mastering knowledge:80.0%(24/30)vs.40.0%(12/30),enhance problem-solving ability:70.0%(21/30)vs.43.3%(13/30),improving learning enthusiasm:83.3%(25/30)vs.50.0%(15/30),improving clinical thinking ability:60.0%(18/30)vs.40.0%(12/30),enhancing team consciousness:73.3%(22/30)vs.46.7%(14/30),all P<0.05].Conclusion The application of PDCA-style training of severe ultrasound and hemodynamics can help internal medicine residents master the basic theory and skills of severe diseases faster and better in the rotation of critical medicine departments,which is more conducive to improving the clinical decision-making ability of internal medicine residents.

Objective:To investigate the spatial resolution and image quality of positron emission tomography and X-ray computed tomography (PET/CT) based on the next-generation silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) and the conventional photomultiplier tube (PMT) and to explore the effects of different PET photoelectric transducers (PMT and SiPM) and the Q. Clear algorithm on the spatial resolution, quantitative accuracy, and image quality of PET/CT.Methods:GE Discovery Elite PET/CT (PMT PET/CT) and GE Discovery Meaningful Insights (MI) PET/CT (SiPM PET/CT) were employed to scan the elliptical resolution phantom and NEMA NU2-2018 image quality phantom. Using the OSEM+ PSF+ TOF (VPFX-S) algorithm, image reconstruction was performed based on raw data of both phantoms. For the MI-acquired phantom data, additional reconstructions were conducted using the Q. Clear algorithm, with β values ranging from 150 to 550 and an increment of 100. For the elliptical resolution phantom, the radial, tangential, and axial full-width at half-maximum (FWHM) values of five line sources in three slices were calculated and averaged. For the image quality phantom, the recovery coefficient (RC), contrast recovery coefficient (CRC), contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR), percentage of background variability (PBV), background coefficient of variability (BCV) of the spheres, as well as the residual error (RE) of lung inserts at different image slices, were calculated.Results:Compared to Elite, MI (VPFX-S) showed decreases in the radial, tangential, and axial FWHM of 4.25%-13.58%, 7.00%-13.22%, and 6.02%-36.14%, respectively; no significant difference in RCmax for the spheres; increases in spheres′ CRC and CNR of 10.17%-38.89% and 38.31%-94.95%, respectively, and decreases in spheres′ PBV and BCV of 26.20%-33.82% and 31.29%-35.97%, respectively. When compared to MI (VPFX-S), MI (Q.Clear) showed decreases in the radial, tangential, and axial FWHM of 6.49%-45.02%, 7.80%-35.60%, and 13.31%-36.80%, respectively; an increase in spheres′ CNR of 38.31%-94.95%; decreases in spheres′ PBV and BCV of 26.20%-33.82% and 6.64%-10.31%, respectively, and no significant difference in spheres′ RC. With an increase in the β value, the CNR, RE, and FWHM in radial, tangential, and axial directions derived from MI (Q.Clear) increased, while RC, CRC, PBV, and BCV decreased. Conclusions:Under image reconstruction using VPFX-S, the next-generation SiPM PET/CT exhibits elevated spatial resolution, hot lesion contrast, detectability, and background noise compared to the PMT PET/CT. Compared to OSEM, the Q. Clear algorithm improves spatial resolution, quantitative accuracy, and image quality, with such improvement related to the β value. The β value affects the outcomes of the Q. Clear algorithm, especially the maximum quantitative value of small lesions. This is particularly important for improving clinical diagnostic capabilities.

Radiation therapy is an essential component of comprehensive treatment for breast cancer. In comparison to photons, proton beam, with its unique Bragg peak, limits the dose distribution to normal tissues around the tumor while improving dose coverage within the target area. Therefore, it could be an appealing therapeutic option for breast cancer treatment. Current researches indicate that proton therapy for breast cancer treatment has a distinct dosimetric advantage in protecting the heart and lungs. However, there are potentially increased risks of side-effects such as skin reactions and rib fractures, etc. Future Subsequent studies should seek a better understanding of the relative biological effectiveness changes along the proton beam range to improve the proton plan evaluation. Additionally, efforts should be directed towards identifying patients who would derive maximum benefit from proton therapy, addressing concerns related to its limited accessibility and high cost. This review provides an overview of the current clinical experiences, research progress and controversies in proton therapy for breast cancer.

Objective To study the effects of antibiotics and high-fat diet on energy metabolism and the browning of white adipose tissue (WAT) and brown adipose tissue (BAT) in mice, so as to provide new ideas for the possible mechanism of adipose tissue in the prevention and treatment of obesity. Methods A total of 80 10-week-old C57BL/6 male mice were fed with normal diet in the early stage, and the antibiotic gavage group (AG) and antibiotic high-fat group (AFG) were given mixed antibiotics by gavage. The blank group (BG) and the high-fat diet group (FG) were given normal saline intragastric solution for 2 weeks, and after the gavage operation, the FG group and the AFG group were given high-fat diet for obesity modeling, and the BG group and AG group continued to be fed with normal diet for 8 weeks (N=20). After the experiment, each group was injected with β3-adrenergic receptor agonists for 5 days, and the high-fat/ordinary diet remained unchanged. At the end of the experiment, basal metabolic rate (BMR), fasting blood glucose (FBG) and rectal temperature were measured, and feces, blood, subcutaneous white fat, epididymis and brown adipose tissue in the scapular area of mice were collected. The automatic biochemical analyzer was used to determine the blood biochemical indexes; reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was used to measure the expression of genes related to browning of WAT and BAT adipose tissue, respectively. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was used to determine the expression of WAT mitochondrial DNA (mt DNA). Results From the 4th week to the end of the experiment, the weight of the AFG group was significantly higher than that of the AG group and significantly lower than that of the FG group (P<0.05). The body weight, organ coefficient, serum TC level, rectal temperature and WAT cell diameter in the AFG group were significantly higher than those in the AG group. The serum levels of FBG, TC and LDL in the AFG group were significantly lower than those in the FG group (P<0.05). The overall BMR(mlO2/h) FG group was significantly higher than that of BG group, and the AFG group was significantly higher than that of AG. BMR per unit body weight (mlO2/h/g) AFG was significantly higher than that of FG group (P<0.05). The expressions of RIP140, PPAR-γ and UCP-1 in BAT in the AFG group were significantly higher than those in the FG group, and the mt DNA copy number of WAT in the AFG group was significantly higher than that in the FG group (P<0.05). Conclusion Antibiotic intervention can up-regulate the expression of brown fat-related genes in high-fat diet mice, increase brown fat activity, increase the relative mitochondrial number of white fat, increase the level of browning of white fat, promote thermogenesis, increase the BMR per unit body weight of adult obese mice, and then improve the overall energy metabolism of the body, and slow down the weight gain induced by high-fat diet to a certain extent.

Objective To study the inhibitory effect and related mechanisms of Qiangxin Capsule on fi-brosis caused by Wnt(wingless)/β-catenin signaling pathway in Sprague Dawley(SD)heart failure(HF)rats.Methods Fifteen SPF-grade SD male rats aged 6-8 weeks were selected as the research subjects.The rats were randomly divided into the sham operation group,model group and medication group,5 cases in each group.The model group and medication group caused abdominal aorta partial stenosis by operation.The rats in the sham operation group and model group were gavaged by 10 mL/kg of normal saline,the rats in the medication group were gavaged by 0.8 g/kg Qiangxin Capsule,and each group was continuously administered for 20 weeks.The ventricular wall motion amplitude was used to detect the left ventricular ventricular ejection fraction(LVEF),left ventricular end-systolic diameter(LVEDs)and left ventricular end-diastolic diameter(LVEDd)in each group.After 20 weeks,the rats in each group were executed,the rat myocardial tissues were taken for conducting the pathological analysis,the myocardial tissues were observed by hematoxylin-eosin(HE)staining,the fibrous tissues were observed by the Masson staining,and the protein expression levels of Wnt,β-catenin,collagen Ⅰ and collagen Ⅲ were detected by Western blot.Results LVEF in the medication group was higher than that in the model group,LVEDd and LVEDs were smaller than those in the model group,and the differences were statistically significant(P＜0.05).Compared with the model group,the Wnt/GAPDH and β-catenin/GAPDH levels in the medication group were decreased,and the difference was statisti-cally significant(P＜0.05).Compared with the model group,the collagen Ⅰ/GAPDH and collagen Ⅲ/GAP-DH in the medication group were decreased,and the difference was statistically significant(P＜0.05).Conclu-sion Qiangxin Capsule could alleviate the cardiac fibrosis degree in SD rats with heart failure after abdominal aortal coarctation,and its mechanism may be related to the inhibition of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway.