ObjectiveTo establish a model that can quickly identify the aroma components in different parts of Nardostachys jatamansi， so as to provide a quality control basis for the market circulation and clinical use of N. jatamansi. MethodsHeadspace solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry（HS-SPME-GC-MS） combined with Smart aroma database and National Institute of Standards and Technology（NIST） database were used to characterize the aroma components in different parts of N. jatamansi， and the aroma components were quantified according to relative response factor（RRF） and three internal standards， and the markers of aroma differences in different parts of N. jatamansi were identified by orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis（OPLS-DA） and cluster thermal analysis based on variable importance in the projection（VIP） value >1 and P<0.01. The odor data of different parts of N. jatamansi were collected by Heracles Ⅱ Neo ultra-fast gas phase electronic nose， and the correlation between compound types of aroma components collected by the ultra-fast gas phase electronic nose and the detection results of HS-SPME-GC-MS was investigated by drawing odor fingerprints and odor response radargrams. Chromatographic peak information with distinguishing ability≥0.700 and peak area≥200 was selected as sensor data， and the rapid identification model of different parts of N. jatamansi was established by principal component analysis（PCA）， discriminant factor alysis（DFA）， soft independent modeling of class analogies（SIMCA） and statistical quality control analysis（SQCA）. ResultsThe HS-SPME-GC-MS results showed that there were 28 common components in the underground and aboveground parts of N. jatamansi， of which 22 could be quantified and 12 significantly different components were screened out. Among these 12 components， the contents of five components（ethyl isovalerate， 2-pentylfuran， benzyl alcohol， nonanal and glacial acetic acid，） in the aboveground part of N. jatamansi were significantly higher than those in the underground part（P<0.01）， the contents of β-ionone， patchouli alcohol， α-caryophyllene， linalyl butyrate， valencene， 1，8-cineole and p-cymene in the underground part of N. jatamansi were significantly higher than those in the aboveground part（P<0.01）. Heracles Ⅱ Neo electronic nose results showed that the PCA discrimination index of the underground and aboveground parts of N. jatamansi was 82， and the contribution rates of the principal component factors were 99.94% and 99.89% when 2 and 3 principal components were extracted， respectively. The contribution rate of the discriminant factor 1 of the DFA model constructed on the basis of PCA was 100%， the validation score of the SIMCA model for discrimination of the two parts was 99， and SQCA could clearly distinguish different parts of N. jatamansi. ConclusionHS-SPME-GC-MS can clarify the differential markers of underground and aboveground parts of N. jatamansi. The four analytical models provided by Heracles Ⅱ Neo electronic nose（PCA， DFA， SIMCA and SQCA） can realize the rapid identification of different parts of N. jatamansi. Combining the two results， it is speculated that terpenes and carboxylic acids may be the main factors contributing to the difference in aroma between the underground and aboveground parts of N. jatamansi.

The abnormal accumulation of neutrophil extracellular traps （NETs） can promote the initiation and progression of pancreatic cancer， which is considered a potential therapeutic target for this disease. The Miraculous Pivot·Inquiry About Statement （《灵枢·口问》） have recorded the concept of "defensive qi stagnation". Based on the recognition that the function of defensive qi is similar to the immune function of neutrophils， and combining traditional Chinese medicine theory with clinical practice， it is proposed that the abnormal accumulation of NETs may be a pathological product of "defensive qi stagnation"， with the spleen being the critical site of pathology. Further exploring the application strategy of cleaning spleen and restoring defensive qi method in pancreatic cancer treatment， it is proposed to employ three approaches such as dredging method to eliminate spleen stagnation and inhibit pancreatic cancer proliferation， cleaning method to remove spleen dampness and suppress the inflammatory micro-environment， and tonifying method to strengthen Weiqi and to improve the immune microenvironment， which aims to provide new insights for the clinical treatment of pancreatic cancer with traditional Chinese medicine.

This article combined the pathogenic characteristics of "latent wind" with the theory of collateral diseases to clarify the pathological features of tumor blood vessels， including their active proliferation， high permeabi-lity， and promotion of metastasis. The theory framework of "latent wind in collaterals" as the tumor mechanism was proposed， which suggests that at the site of tumor lesions， the collaterals inherit the nature of latent wind to grow excessively， adopt an open and discharge nature to leak essence， and tumor toxins， characterized by their rapid movement and frequent changes， spread and metastasize， driving the progression of malignant tumors. Focusing on the fundamental pathogenesis of "latent wind in collaterals"， specific clinical treatment principles and methods centered on treating wind are proposed， including regulating qi and dispelling wind， clearing heat and extinguishing wind， unblocking collaterals and expelling wind， and reinforcing healthy qi to calm wind， so as to provide references for enhancing the precision of traditional Chinese medicine in treating malignant tumors.

Based on advancements in modern medical research regarding the intricate connection between the endocrine and exocrine functions of the pancreas， as well as the relationship between pancreatic functions and traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） spleen system， this paper discussed the categorization of the pancreas. It is proposed that the pancreas is neither a true zang organ nor a fu organ， but possessed the attributes of an extraordinary fu-organ and can be classified under the spleen. The spleen governs transportation and transformation， ascent of the clear and dispersion of essence， which encompasses the endocrine and exocrine functions， and pancreatic enzymes and glucose-regulating hormones form the material basis for the spleen's function of dispersing essence. Diseases of the pancreas exhibit characteristics of both zang-organ deficiency and fu-organ excess， so treatment should simultaneously supplement zang-organ disease and regulate fu-organ disease when pancreas showing endocrine and exocrine co-morbidities， with focus on restoring the pancreas （spleen）'s dispersing essence function. Therapeutic strategies include supplementing spleen qi， nourishing spleen yin to strengthen spleen earth， unblocking spleen collaterals， raising spleen yang， and removing spleen turbidity to support the spleen's dispersing essence function， so as to replenish the essential qi of zang-fu organs， ensure their distribution throughout the body， and improve the endocrine and exocrine functions of the pancreas.

Objective To investigate the effect and mechanism of the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) inhibitor Stattic on the rejection of mouse heart allograft. Methods BALB/c mice (donors) were used to transplant skin onto C57BL/6 mice (recipients). Four weeks later, memory CD4⁺ T cells (CD4⁺Tm) were isolated from the recipient mice's spleens. Mixed lymphocyte reaction experiment was conducted with C57BL/6 mouse splenocytes and CD4⁺Tm, and the EdU method was used to detect the effect of Stattic on CD4⁺Tm cell proliferation. A C57BL/6 mouse heart transplant (HTx) model was constructed, and the experiment was divided into four groups: Non-HTx group, HTx group, Tm/HTx group, and Tm/HTx+Stattic group. The survival of heart allografts in mice was observed daily. Hematoxylin-eosin staining was used to observe the histopathology of the heart allografts. Real-time fluorescent quantitative polymerase chain reaction was used to detect the expression levels of interferon (IFN)-γ, interleukin (IL)-2, IL-10, and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) messenger RNA (mRNA) in the heart allografts. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to detect the levels of IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-10, and TGF-β1 in the serum. Flow cytometry was used to detect the levels of CD4⁺Tm (CD4⁺CD44⁺CD62L⁺) in splenic lymphocytes. And Western blotting was used to detect the expression levels of STAT3 and p-STAT3 proteins in the heart allografts. Results When the concentration of Stattic exceeded 2.5 μmol/L, it could inhibit the proliferation of CD4⁺Tm cells. Compared with the HTx group, the Tm/HTx group showed shorter survival time of heart grafts, more severe histopathological damage, increased serum IFN-γ and IL-2 levels, decreased IL-10 and TGF-β1 levels, increased relative expression of IFN-γ and IL-2 mRNA, decreased relative expression of IL-10 and TGF-β1 mRNA in the heart allografts, increased proportion of CD4⁺Tm in splenic lymphocytes, and increased p-STAT3/STAT3 ratio in the heart allografts (all P<0.05). Compared with the Tm/HTx group, the Tm/HTx+Stattic group showed longer survival time of heart grafts, less severe histopathological damage, decreased serum IFN-γ and IL-2 levels, increased IL-10 and TGF-β1 levels, decreased relative expression of IFN-γ and IL-2 mRNA, increased relative expression of IL-10 and TGF-β1 mRNA in the heart allografts, decreased proportion of CD4⁺Tm in splenic lymphocytes, and decreased p-STAT3/STAT3 ratio in the heart allografts (all P<0.05). Conclusions Stattic may prolong the survival time of mouse heart allografts, and its mechanism may be related to the inhibition of CD4⁺Tm- mediated acute rejection.

In recent years, with the endless emergence of meibomian gland dysfunction(MGD)diagnostic equipment, rich treatment methods, and in-depth clinical and basic research on MGD at home and abroad, the understanding of MGD has entered a new stage. MGD-related dry eye is considered to be the main cause of lipid abnormal dry eye, and its occurrence and development is a chronic and multi-factorial pathological process. This article reviews the pathogenesis, imaging analysis and clinical treatment progress of MGD-related dry eye, in order to provide scientific evidence and ideas for clinical diagnosis and therapy of MGD-related dry eye.

Objective To explore the diagnosis and treatment strategies for elderly patients with ground-glass opacity (GGO). Methods The imaging features and postoperative pathological findings of the elderly patients with pulmonary GGO receiving surgery in our hospital from 2017 to 2019 were retrospectively analyzed. The patients were divided into an elderly patient group and a non-elderly patient group based on their age. Results Finally 575 patients were included in the study. There were 281 elderly patients, including 83 males and 198 females, with an average age of (67.0±5.3) years. There were 294 non-elderly patients, including 88 males and 206 females, with an average age of (49.1±7.3) years. Compared with the non-elderly patients, elderly GGO patients showed the following distinct clinical features: long observation time for lesions (P=0.001), high proportion of rough edges of GGO (P<0.001), significant pleural signs (P＜0.001) and bronchial signs (P＜0.001), and high proportion of type Ⅱ-Ⅳ GGO (P<0.001), lobectomy type (P=0.013), and invasive lesions reported in postoperative pathology (P<0.001). There was no statistical difference in the average hospital stay between the two groups (P=0.106). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that GGO diameter and GGO type were the main factors affecting the operation. Observation time, GGO diameter, GGO type and pleural signs were the main influencing factors for postoperative pathological infiltrative lesions. The cut-off value of GGO diameter in predicting infiltrating lesions was 10.5 mm in the elderly patients group. Conclusion The size and type of GGO are important factors in predicting invasive lesions and selecting surgical methods. Elderly patients with radiographic manifestations of type Ⅱ-Ⅳ GGO lesions with a diameter greater than 10.5 mm should be closely followed up.

ObjectiveTo observe the clinical efficacy and safety of Guben Quyu Jiedu prescription in treating nocturnal hypoxemia of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease （COPD） combined with Obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome （ OSAHS ） （deficiency of lung， spleen and kidney with blood stasis and toxicity）. MethodsThe paper used a forward-looking， random double-blind， placebo-controlled design method to select 96 patients with COPD combined with OSAHS， and their traditional Chinese medicines （TCM） syndrome differentiation was deficiency of lung， spleen and kidney with blood stasis and toxicity. These patients were randomly divided into the observation group and the control group， with 48 cases in each group. Based on conventional Western medicine treatment， the observation group was treated with Guben Quyu Jiedu prescription and the control group was treated with traditional Chinese medicine placebo. Both courses of treatment were 90 days. Then the paper compared the changes in minimum pulse oxygen saturation （SpO₂） during the night， apnea index （AHI）， OSAHS efficacy evaluation， TCM syndrome efficacy evaluation， and TCM symptom score before and after treatment between the two groups. ResultsThere were 5 withdrawals in the observation group and 8 withdrawals in the control group， so 43 cases in the observation group and 40 cases in the control group completed the trial. Compared with the condition before treatment， the minimum SpO₂ during the night and AHI in the observation group were significantly improved at night （P<0.01） and were better than those in the control group （P<0.01）. OSAHS efficacy in the observation group was better than in the control group （χ²=7.085， P<0.05）. In terms of TCM syndrome efficacy， the total effective rate was 81.40% （35/43） in the observation group， significantly higher than that in the control group， which was 15.00% （6/40） （χ²=36.78， P<0.01）. The TCM symptom scores of the two groups were improved compared with the condition before treatment， and the effect of the two groups was similar in the four main symptoms of snoring， choking， lethargy， and cough. However， the observation group was better than the control group in 10 details such as dizziness， headache， chest tightness， chest pain， wheezing， dry mouth， and thirst （P<0.05）. ConclusionUsing Guben Quyu Jiedu prescription combined with conventional Western medicine can treat COPD combined with OSAHS hypoxemia at night （deficiency of lung， spleen and kidney with blood stasis and toxicity）. In this way， the minimum pulse oxygen saturation （SpO₂） of patients， the level of disease control， and the quality of life of patients can be improved， and the clinical symptoms can be relieved.

Tracheobronchial adenoid cystic carcinoma （TACC） is a low-grade malignant tumor originating from the airway mucosa. Despite its slow progression，it is characterized by high invasiveness，frequent recurrence，and a strong tendency for metastasis. Preclinical studies have shown that vascular-targeted therapy holds significant potential. However，an effective systemic treatment for TACC has not been established yet. This study explored TACC from the perspective of "Feiji" in traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） as the starting point. It deeply investigated the mechanisms of abnormal collaterals and tumor vascular recruitment and further elaborated on the theoretical connection between abnormal collaterals and tumor vascular recruitment. Firstly，collateral hyperactivity led to disordered and erratic pulmonary collaterals. Their abnormal structures were similar to the disorderly and tortuous nature of tumor （pseudo）angiogenesis. This resulted in imbalances in the functions of circulation，perfusion，and reverse injection of the pulmonary collaterals，and then led to unrestrained collateral dysfunction and the accumulation of pathogenic factors. Secondly，the remodeling of the extracellular matrix （ECM） and epithelial-mesenchymal transition （EMT） in TACC were critical processes in vascular co-option （VCO），representing the micro-level manifestation of the displacement of nutrient and defense. During this process，ECM remodeling made TACC cells more likely to hijack normal blood vessels，creating a complex vascular microenvironment conducive to tumor growth. In terms of treatment，this study proposed a TCM strategy of "regulating collaterals to expel pathogenic factors and nourishing collaterals to strengthen the healthy Qi"，and listed potential TCM. These were intended to regulate the Qi and blood in the collaterals，repair the functions of abnormal collaterals，and intervene in the vascular recruitment process of TACC. Future research should focus on improving the TCM clinical syndrome characteristics of TACC. Through modern molecular biology techniques，it is necessary to deeply analyze the micro-level pattern of vascular recruitment in TACC. This would enrich the understanding of the profound connection between abnormal collaterals and tumor vascular recruitment，providing empirical evidence for TCM-targeted therapies for vascular recruitment in TACC.

Immobilized enzyme-based enzyme electrode biosensors, characterized by high sensitivity and efficiency, strong specificity, and compact size, demonstrate broad application prospects in life science research, disease diagnosis and monitoring, etc. Immobilization of enzyme is a critical step in determining the performance (stability, sensitivity, and reproducibility) of the biosensors. Random immobilization (physical adsorption, covalent cross-linking, etc.) can easily bring about problems, such as decreased enzyme activity and relatively unstable immobilization. Whereas, directional immobilization utilizing amino acid residue mutation, affinity peptide fusion, or nucleotide-specific binding to restrict the orientation of the enzymes provides new possibilities to solve the problems caused by random immobilization. In this paper, the principles, advantages and disadvantages and the application progress of enzyme electrode biosensors of different directional immobilization strategies for enzyme molecular sensing elements by specific amino acids (lysine, histidine, cysteine, unnatural amino acid) with functional groups introduced based on site-specific mutation, affinity peptides (gold binding peptides, carbon binding peptides, carbohydrate binding domains) fused through genetic engineering, and specific binding between nucleotides and target enzymes (proteins) were reviewed, and the application fields, advantages and limitations of various immobilized enzyme interface characterization techniques were discussed, hoping to provide theoretical and technical guidance for the creation of high-performance enzyme sensing elements and the manufacture of enzyme electrode sensors.