With the acceleration of the global aging process and the widespread use of electronic devices,eye health problems have gradually become a focus of public concern.Presbyopia is a physiological phenomenon and an inevitable vis-ual problem that is prevalent among middle-aged and elderly individuals.It is noteworthy that the traditional term"presbyo-pia"has now been renamed as"close-range eye strain".This change more accurately reflects the visual fatigue caused by the decline in the eye's accommodative function and illustrates the widespread nature of the phenomenon and its trend to-wards younger populations.The timely identification of close-range eye strain,along with the adoption of effective treat-ment measures,is of great significance for slowing the progression of the condition,protecting the near vision of middle-aged and elderly individuals,and improving their quality of life.To promote the application and popularization of the new term"close-range eye strain"and to update its knowledge structure and cognitive system,this article interprets the key as-pects of the current understanding of close-range eve strain.

Dry eye is a common ocular condition characterized by symptoms such as eye dryness,irritation,and blurred vision.The main treatment of dry eye has been for a long time to supplement tear components,including the use of artificial tears,punctal occlusion,and meibomian gland expression.However,these methods have proven ineffective for some patients,making the exploration of new treatment mechanisms particularly important.In recent years,neurostimula-tion therapy has emerged as a novel treatment approach and received widespread attention in the field of dry eye treatment.In this article,the current applications of neurostimulation in the treatment of dry eye and its potential future applications were thoroughly investigated,aiming to provide a reference for further research on neurostimulation therapy in the treat-ment of dry eye.

An imbalance between oxidative and antioxidant defense mechanisms in the body triggers oxidative stress,which causes a series of damages to the body,tissues and cells.The eye is particularly susceptible to oxidative stress due to its prolonged exposure to light and its anatomical characteristics of high metabolism and oxygen consumption.In addi-tion,inflammation,aging,genetic and environmental factors can promote the production of reactive oxygen species and weaken antioxidant defense mechanisms,which are all risk factors for oxidative stress that can lead to a variety of ocular diseases.The aim of this paper is to review the mechanisms of oxidative stress in ocular diseases such as ocular surface diseases,glaucoma,cataract,and retinopathy.At the same time,the potential therapeutic approaches to these diseases by regulating oxidative stress are discussed,so as to provide new ideas and directions for the diagnosis and treatment of ocular diseases.

Ophthalmic surgery is characterized by limited operational space and high precision requirements,and tradi-tional surgical methods find it difficult to satisfy increasingly growing surgical needs.With the rapid advancement of medical technology,microsurgical robots have gained widespread attention and application in the field of ophthalmology due to their high precision,flexibility,and repeatability.This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the latest research progress in ophthalmic microsurgical robots,covering the current development,technological advancements,current application status,and challenges faced in the field.It also offers a forward-looking discussion on future trends in development.

Trace elements are a general term for chemical elements that exist in the body in extremely low concentra-tions.They participate in various metabolic activities in the human body and play an important role in maintaining the nor-mal physiological and biochemical functions of eyes.The deficiency or increase of trace elements can cause disorders in the physiological and biochemical functions of eyes,leading to various eye diseases.The currently known trace elements are diverse,including zinc,selenium,cuprum,chromium,iodine,cobalt,molybdenum,ferrum,etc.In recent years,there has been increasing evidence supporting the role of different trace elements in the treatment of eye diseases.Therefore,the International Associations of Ophthalmology and the Ophthalmic Imaging and Intelligent Medicine Branch of Chinese Medi-cine Education Association and the Ophthalmology Comumittee of International Association of Intelligent Medicine have or-ganized experts to summarize the current application status of trace elements in eye diseases,aiming to provide practical guidelines for clinical doctors to identify,evaluate,and treat eye diseases related to trace element deficiency.

With the acceleration of the global aging process and the widespread use of electronic devices,eye health problems have gradually become a focus of public concern.Presbyopia is a physiological phenomenon and an inevitable vis-ual problem that is prevalent among middle-aged and elderly individuals.It is noteworthy that the traditional term"presbyo-pia"has now been renamed as"close-range eye strain".This change more accurately reflects the visual fatigue caused by the decline in the eye's accommodative function and illustrates the widespread nature of the phenomenon and its trend to-wards younger populations.The timely identification of close-range eye strain,along with the adoption of effective treat-ment measures,is of great significance for slowing the progression of the condition,protecting the near vision of middle-aged and elderly individuals,and improving their quality of life.To promote the application and popularization of the new term"close-range eye strain"and to update its knowledge structure and cognitive system,this article interprets the key as-pects of the current understanding of close-range eve strain.

Trace elements are a general term for chemical elements that exist in the body in extremely low concentra-tions.They participate in various metabolic activities in the human body and play an important role in maintaining the nor-mal physiological and biochemical functions of eyes.The deficiency or increase of trace elements can cause disorders in the physiological and biochemical functions of eyes,leading to various eye diseases.The currently known trace elements are diverse,including zinc,selenium,cuprum,chromium,iodine,cobalt,molybdenum,ferrum,etc.In recent years,there has been increasing evidence supporting the role of different trace elements in the treatment of eye diseases.Therefore,the International Associations of Ophthalmology and the Ophthalmic Imaging and Intelligent Medicine Branch of Chinese Medi-cine Education Association and the Ophthalmology Comumittee of International Association of Intelligent Medicine have or-ganized experts to summarize the current application status of trace elements in eye diseases,aiming to provide practical guidelines for clinical doctors to identify,evaluate,and treat eye diseases related to trace element deficiency.

Dry eye is a common ocular condition characterized by symptoms such as eye dryness,irritation,and blurred vision.The main treatment of dry eye has been for a long time to supplement tear components,including the use of artificial tears,punctal occlusion,and meibomian gland expression.However,these methods have proven ineffective for some patients,making the exploration of new treatment mechanisms particularly important.In recent years,neurostimula-tion therapy has emerged as a novel treatment approach and received widespread attention in the field of dry eye treatment.In this article,the current applications of neurostimulation in the treatment of dry eye and its potential future applications were thoroughly investigated,aiming to provide a reference for further research on neurostimulation therapy in the treat-ment of dry eye.

An imbalance between oxidative and antioxidant defense mechanisms in the body triggers oxidative stress,which causes a series of damages to the body,tissues and cells.The eye is particularly susceptible to oxidative stress due to its prolonged exposure to light and its anatomical characteristics of high metabolism and oxygen consumption.In addi-tion,inflammation,aging,genetic and environmental factors can promote the production of reactive oxygen species and weaken antioxidant defense mechanisms,which are all risk factors for oxidative stress that can lead to a variety of ocular diseases.The aim of this paper is to review the mechanisms of oxidative stress in ocular diseases such as ocular surface diseases,glaucoma,cataract,and retinopathy.At the same time,the potential therapeutic approaches to these diseases by regulating oxidative stress are discussed,so as to provide new ideas and directions for the diagnosis and treatment of ocular diseases.

Ophthalmic surgery is characterized by limited operational space and high precision requirements,and tradi-tional surgical methods find it difficult to satisfy increasingly growing surgical needs.With the rapid advancement of medical technology,microsurgical robots have gained widespread attention and application in the field of ophthalmology due to their high precision,flexibility,and repeatability.This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the latest research progress in ophthalmic microsurgical robots,covering the current development,technological advancements,current application status,and challenges faced in the field.It also offers a forward-looking discussion on future trends in development.