Objective:To investigate the impact of sexual abstinence (SA) on semen parameters in oligospermia and asthenozoospermia.Methods:This retrospective cohort study was conducted for the clinical data from oligospermia ( n=5127), asthenozoospermia ( n=4003) and normozoospermia ( n=4529) with different SAs (2 d,3 d,4 d,5 d,6 d,7 d) who were treated in Andrology Department of West China Second University Hospital during January 2018 to December 201 9. The correlation between semen parameters (sperm concentration, motility, total motile sperm count etc.) and SA were observed. Results:In normozoospermia, as the SA was getting longer, the semen volume was increased from (3.3±1.2) mL to (4.1±1.3) mL ( r=0.167, P<0.001), the sperm concentration was increased from (89.0±60.9)×10 6/mL to (125.2±82.3)×10 6/mL ( r=0.181, P<0.001), the total sperm count was increased from (273.2±169.8)×10 6/ejaculate to (473.5±193.7)×10 6/ejaculate ( r=0.310, P<0.001). The progressive motility was decreased from 62.1%±13.0% to 59.5%±13.3% ( r=-0.057, P<0.001). The viability was decreased from 80.6%±8.5% to 79.0%±9.1% ( r=-0.048, P<0.001). In oligospermia, the semen volume was increased from (3.1±1.4) mL to (3.9±1.6) mL ( r=0.171, P<0.001) and the sperm concentration was decreased from (10.3±5.5)×10 6/mL to (8.7±4.3)×10 6/mL ( r=-0.043, P<0.001), the total sperm count was increased from (29.0±17.1)×10 6/ejaculate to (38.6±19.8)×10 6/ejaculate ( r=0.285, P<0.001). The progressive motility was decreased from 41.1%±17.0% to 35.1%±17.3% ( r=-0.141, P<0.001). The viability was decreased from 71.1%±12.3% to 63.1%±16.6% ( r=-0.225, P<0.001). The peak value of sperm concentration and motility were observed on day 2. In asthenozoospermia, the semen volume was increased from (3.1±1.4) mL to (3.8±1.9) mL ( r=0.197, P<0.001) and the sperm concentration was increased from (35.1±30.5)×10 6/mL to (49.7±31.9)×10 6/mL ( r=0.071, P<0.001), the total sperm count was increased from (109.1±82.3)×10 6/ejaculate to (170.1±99.3)×10 6/ejaculate ( r=0.394, P<0.001). The viability was decreased from 59.6%±16.4% to 54.0%±16.4% ( r=-0.081, P<0.001). The SA was not related to motility and round cells ( P>0.05). TMSC was slightly increased with extending EAT ( r=0.119, P<0.001). Conclusion:The longer SA has positive influence on semen volume and total sperm count on different levels in males with normozoospermia, oligospermia and asthenozoospermia. The viability was decreased by extended SA. Shortening the SA was likely to help oligospermic patients conduct sperm with higher concentration, motility, viability and normal morphology. TMSC was not significantly increased by extended SA. Asthenozoospermia can conduct sperm with higher concentration and TMSC when applying longer SA. The progressive motility was not significantly influenced by SA.

Objective:To investigate the impact of sexual abstinence (SA) on semen parameters in oligospermia and asthenozoospermia.Methods:This retrospective cohort study was conducted for the clinical data from oligospermia ( n=5127), asthenozoospermia ( n=4003) and normozoospermia ( n=4529) with different SAs (2 d,3 d,4 d,5 d,6 d,7 d) who were treated in Andrology Department of West China Second University Hospital during January 2018 to December 201 9. The correlation between semen parameters (sperm concentration, motility, total motile sperm count etc.) and SA were observed. Results:In normozoospermia, as the SA was getting longer, the semen volume was increased from (3.3±1.2) mL to (4.1±1.3) mL ( r=0.167, P<0.001), the sperm concentration was increased from (89.0±60.9)×10 6/mL to (125.2±82.3)×10 6/mL ( r=0.181, P<0.001), the total sperm count was increased from (273.2±169.8)×10 6/ejaculate to (473.5±193.7)×10 6/ejaculate ( r=0.310, P<0.001). The progressive motility was decreased from 62.1%±13.0% to 59.5%±13.3% ( r=-0.057, P<0.001). The viability was decreased from 80.6%±8.5% to 79.0%±9.1% ( r=-0.048, P<0.001). In oligospermia, the semen volume was increased from (3.1±1.4) mL to (3.9±1.6) mL ( r=0.171, P<0.001) and the sperm concentration was decreased from (10.3±5.5)×10 6/mL to (8.7±4.3)×10 6/mL ( r=-0.043, P<0.001), the total sperm count was increased from (29.0±17.1)×10 6/ejaculate to (38.6±19.8)×10 6/ejaculate ( r=0.285, P<0.001). The progressive motility was decreased from 41.1%±17.0% to 35.1%±17.3% ( r=-0.141, P<0.001). The viability was decreased from 71.1%±12.3% to 63.1%±16.6% ( r=-0.225, P<0.001). The peak value of sperm concentration and motility were observed on day 2. In asthenozoospermia, the semen volume was increased from (3.1±1.4) mL to (3.8±1.9) mL ( r=0.197, P<0.001) and the sperm concentration was increased from (35.1±30.5)×10 6/mL to (49.7±31.9)×10 6/mL ( r=0.071, P<0.001), the total sperm count was increased from (109.1±82.3)×10 6/ejaculate to (170.1±99.3)×10 6/ejaculate ( r=0.394, P<0.001). The viability was decreased from 59.6%±16.4% to 54.0%±16.4% ( r=-0.081, P<0.001). The SA was not related to motility and round cells ( P>0.05). TMSC was slightly increased with extending EAT ( r=0.119, P<0.001). Conclusion:The longer SA has positive influence on semen volume and total sperm count on different levels in males with normozoospermia, oligospermia and asthenozoospermia. The viability was decreased by extended SA. Shortening the SA was likely to help oligospermic patients conduct sperm with higher concentration, motility, viability and normal morphology. TMSC was not significantly increased by extended SA. Asthenozoospermia can conduct sperm with higher concentration and TMSC when applying longer SA. The progressive motility was not significantly influenced by SA.

Globozoospermia is a rare (0.1%) but severe disorder in male infertility, with round-headed and acrosomeless sperm defects. The pathogenesis of globozoospermia most probably originates in spermiogenesis, more specifically in acrosome formation and sperm head elongation. It is confirmed with genetic origin. Five human genes and 17 mouse genes have been so far confirmed in presenting globozoospermia. Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) combined with assisted oocyte activation (AOA) has been proved to be a very efficient fertilization technique when compared with conventional ICSI in globozoospermia. In this paper, the discovery, recognition and definition of round head sperm, morphological characteristics and ultrastructure, related genes and pathogenesis, and the outcome of assisted reproduction in globozoospermic patients were summarized and discussed.

Globozoospermia is a rare (0.1%) but severe disorder in male infertility, with round-headed and acrosomeless sperm defects. The pathogenesis of globozoospermia most probably originates in spermiogenesis, more specifically in acrosome formation and sperm head elongation. It is confirmed with genetic origin. Five human genes and 17 mouse genes have been so far confirmed in presenting globozoospermia. Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) combined with assisted oocyte activation (AOA) has been proved to be a very efficient fertilization technique when compared with conventional ICSI in globozoospermia. In this paper, the discovery, recognition and definition of round head sperm, morphological characteristics and ultrastructure, related genes and pathogenesis, and the outcome of assisted reproduction in globozoospermic patients were summarized and discussed.