Objective To review cognitive neuroscience paradigms and advances in physical activity and brain health in children.Methods A systematic search of PubMed,Web of Science,Scopus,Cochrane Library,CNKI and Wanfang Data was con-ducted for randomized controlled trials,systematic review and meta-analysis investigating physical activity inter-vention for children's brain health,with publication during from inception to May,2024.Data extraction and scoping review were performed,with literature quality assessed using PEDro scale and AMSTAR 2.Results A total of six studies were included,involving 1 363 healthy children aged five to 16.8 years from China,the United States,New Zealand and Australia.The primary outcome measures included brain structure,brain func-tion and neural network patterns assessed by magnetic resonance imaging(MRI),functional MRI,diffusion ten-sor imaging,and functional near-infrared spectroscopy.Long-term structured physical activity was effective on children's brain health,including enhancing the integrity of white matter microstructure,optimizing task-related activation patterns in brain regions and improving the organizational properties of functional brain networks.Children who received physical activity interventions exhibited more refined and optimized developmental trends in their cortical neural circuit patterns.Conclusion Physical activity can improve structure and function of the brains of children.

Objective To compare six existing Chinese standards related to visual disability,including Disability Assessment and Code for Life Insurance(Insurance Standard),Specification for Ability Assessment of Older Adults(Elderly Stan-dard),Grading of Disability due to Human Body Injury(Judicial Standard),Standard for Identify Work Ability—Gradation of Disability Caused by Work-related Injuries and Occupational Diseases(Work Injury Standard),Standard for Assessment of Disability Grades of Military Personnel(Military Standard),and Classification and Grading Criteria of Disability(Disability Classification Standard).Methods Based on the theoretical framework of International Classification of Functioning,Disability and Health(ICF)and International Classification of Diseases,the 11th Revision(ICD-11),and with reference to World Report on Vision(WRV),this study analyzed and compared five key dimensions of visual disability across the six stan-dards:definition,classification,grading,assessment methods and coding systems.Results In terms of definition,the insurance,work injury,military,and disability classification standards emphasized vi-sual structure and function,focusing on visual acuity and visual field;the insurance and elderly standards incor-porated activities and participation,reflecting the concept of functional vision;the judicial standard lacked a dedi-cated definition of visual disability.In terms of grading,each standard graded visual disability into different lev-els acoording to different functional indicators.In terms of coding,only the insurance standard adopted the ICF framework,while others used non-ICF numeric codes or lacked standardized coding.In terms of assessment tools,the elderly standard employed a customized perceptual and participation scoring system,while others re-lied primarily on vision charts.Conclusion Most current Chinese standards focus on impairments in visual function,with limited attention to activity limitations and participation restrictions.It is needed for incorporating the concept of functional vision,aligned with ICF and WRV,to establish a unified conceptual framework,terminology,coding system for visual disability,and comprehensive assessments that reflect not only impairments but also the impact on daily functioning and en-vironmental interaction.

Objective To systematically review the evidence from systematic reviews on the effect of exercise on internet behavioral addictions.Methods Systematic reviews on exercise for internet behavioral addictions were searched in Web of Science,Scopus,EBSCO,PsycINFO,PubMed,Cochrane Library,Embase and CNKI,from January,2015 to January,2025.In ac-cordance with the PRISMA guidelines,the evidences about exercise on internet behavioral addiction,as well as the health benefits,were reported.Results Eleven English reviews were included,from China,Malaysia,Indonesia and Australia,involving 31 672 internet behavioral addiction aged ten to 30 years,covering internet addiction,mobile phone addiction and gaming addic-tion.The included literatures were all systematic reviews mainly from journals in psychology,psychiatry,public health,etc.Interventions included aerobic exercise,strength training,functional training,skill-based training and structured combination exercise,with programs ranging from 30 to 120 minutes per session,one to six times per week,for six to 24 weeks.Exercise significantly improved mental health,behavioral health,physical health and cognitive function.Moderate-intensity structured combination exercise(≥60 minutes persession,≥3 times per week,≥8 weeks)showed the best outcomes,especially for gaming addiction.Exercise combined with psycholog-ical therapy was more effective for severe addiction.Conclusion Exercise is effective on internet behavioral addictions,and moderate-intensity structured combination exer-cise is the most effective.It is recommended to use structured combination exercise for gaming addiction and combined exercise-psychological therapy for severe addiction.

Objective To compare six existing Chinese standards related to visual disability,including Disability Assessment and Code for Life Insurance(Insurance Standard),Specification for Ability Assessment of Older Adults(Elderly Stan-dard),Grading of Disability due to Human Body Injury(Judicial Standard),Standard for Identify Work Ability—Gradation of Disability Caused by Work-related Injuries and Occupational Diseases(Work Injury Standard),Standard for Assessment of Disability Grades of Military Personnel(Military Standard),and Classification and Grading Criteria of Disability(Disability Classification Standard).Methods Based on the theoretical framework of International Classification of Functioning,Disability and Health(ICF)and International Classification of Diseases,the 11th Revision(ICD-11),and with reference to World Report on Vision(WRV),this study analyzed and compared five key dimensions of visual disability across the six stan-dards:definition,classification,grading,assessment methods and coding systems.Results In terms of definition,the insurance,work injury,military,and disability classification standards emphasized vi-sual structure and function,focusing on visual acuity and visual field;the insurance and elderly standards incor-porated activities and participation,reflecting the concept of functional vision;the judicial standard lacked a dedi-cated definition of visual disability.In terms of grading,each standard graded visual disability into different lev-els acoording to different functional indicators.In terms of coding,only the insurance standard adopted the ICF framework,while others used non-ICF numeric codes or lacked standardized coding.In terms of assessment tools,the elderly standard employed a customized perceptual and participation scoring system,while others re-lied primarily on vision charts.Conclusion Most current Chinese standards focus on impairments in visual function,with limited attention to activity limitations and participation restrictions.It is needed for incorporating the concept of functional vision,aligned with ICF and WRV,to establish a unified conceptual framework,terminology,coding system for visual disability,and comprehensive assessments that reflect not only impairments but also the impact on daily functioning and en-vironmental interaction.

Objective To review cognitive neuroscience paradigms and advances in physical activity and brain health in children.Methods A systematic search of PubMed,Web of Science,Scopus,Cochrane Library,CNKI and Wanfang Data was con-ducted for randomized controlled trials,systematic review and meta-analysis investigating physical activity inter-vention for children's brain health,with publication during from inception to May,2024.Data extraction and scoping review were performed,with literature quality assessed using PEDro scale and AMSTAR 2.Results A total of six studies were included,involving 1 363 healthy children aged five to 16.8 years from China,the United States,New Zealand and Australia.The primary outcome measures included brain structure,brain func-tion and neural network patterns assessed by magnetic resonance imaging(MRI),functional MRI,diffusion ten-sor imaging,and functional near-infrared spectroscopy.Long-term structured physical activity was effective on children's brain health,including enhancing the integrity of white matter microstructure,optimizing task-related activation patterns in brain regions and improving the organizational properties of functional brain networks.Children who received physical activity interventions exhibited more refined and optimized developmental trends in their cortical neural circuit patterns.Conclusion Physical activity can improve structure and function of the brains of children.

Objective:To investigate the nutritional risk status of children in PICU and analyze its influencing factors.Methods:From July 2021 to February 2023,all children aged 1 to 18 years admitted to PICU of Beijing Children's Hospital were investigated by using the pediatric Yorkhill Malnutrition Scoring tool(PYMS)and the clinical data questionnaire.Results:A total of 492 children in PICU were enrolled.The first nutritional risk screening results showed that there were 32 cases of no/low nutritional risk(6.5%),76 cases of medium risk(15.4%),and 384 cases of high risk(78.1%).The incidence of medium/high nutritional risk was as high as 93.5%.The PYMS score of nutritional risk in PICU was(2.61±1.42).The results of multiple linear regression analysis showed that weight,fever time before admission,white blood cells,body mass index,primary diagnosis,father's education,and diet before illness were the main influencing factors of nutritional risk of children in PICU(P<0.05).Conclusion:Children in PICU are in a state of high nutritional risk.It is suggested that children in PICU should carry out nutritional screening in a standardized manner,identify children with high nutritional risk and its influencing factors early.To actively conduct nutritional assessment and nutritional intervention could improve the clinical outcome of children in PICU.

Objective To establish a rapid analysis method for cyanide based on a ratiometric fluores-cent probe,providing a quantitative strategy for on-site visual and rapid detection of cyanide.Methods A dual-emission ratiometric fluorescent probe(AuNCs-FL)was constructed by using bovine serum al-bumin(BSA)-stabilized gold nanoclusters(AuNCs,fluorescence emission at 660 nm)as the responsive signal unit and fluorescein(FL,emission at 515 nm)as the internal reference.Results The etching effect of cyanide on AuNCs resulted in fluorescence quenching at 660 nm,while the fluorescence inten-sity of FL at 515 nm remained unchanged,enabling a rapid response analysis of cyanide shift from red to green fluorescence.The developed probe enabled rapid analysis of cyanide within 3 min,with a limit of detection(LOD)of 3.4 mg/L and a visual detection range of 10-100 mg/L.Conclusion The AuNCs-FL fluorescent probe is structurally simple,low-cost,and easy to operate,delivering rapid and accurate results.It also avoids the interference from sulfides encountered in commercial cyanide test kits,making it suitable for the on-site rapid detection of suspected powder samples in cyanide poisoning cases.

Objective To systematically review the evidence from systematic reviews on the effect of exercise on internet behavioral addictions.Methods Systematic reviews on exercise for internet behavioral addictions were searched in Web of Science,Scopus,EBSCO,PsycINFO,PubMed,Cochrane Library,Embase and CNKI,from January,2015 to January,2025.In ac-cordance with the PRISMA guidelines,the evidences about exercise on internet behavioral addiction,as well as the health benefits,were reported.Results Eleven English reviews were included,from China,Malaysia,Indonesia and Australia,involving 31 672 internet behavioral addiction aged ten to 30 years,covering internet addiction,mobile phone addiction and gaming addic-tion.The included literatures were all systematic reviews mainly from journals in psychology,psychiatry,public health,etc.Interventions included aerobic exercise,strength training,functional training,skill-based training and structured combination exercise,with programs ranging from 30 to 120 minutes per session,one to six times per week,for six to 24 weeks.Exercise significantly improved mental health,behavioral health,physical health and cognitive function.Moderate-intensity structured combination exercise(≥60 minutes persession,≥3 times per week,≥8 weeks)showed the best outcomes,especially for gaming addiction.Exercise combined with psycholog-ical therapy was more effective for severe addiction.Conclusion Exercise is effective on internet behavioral addictions,and moderate-intensity structured combination exer-cise is the most effective.It is recommended to use structured combination exercise for gaming addiction and combined exercise-psychological therapy for severe addiction.

Objective:To explore the clinical application value of metagenomic next-generation sequencing(mNGS)in pathogen detection of bloodstream infection secondary to hematologic diseases in children.Methods:42 children with bloodstream infections secondary to hematologic diseases admitted to the Children's Hematology and Tumor Center of the Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University from November 2021 to May 2023 were included in the study,and their clinical data,results of peripheral blood mNGS and traditional blood culture,pathogen distribution characteristics,and diagnostic efficacy of mNGS were retrospectively analyzed.Results:Among the 42 children included,there were 2 cases(4.8％)of aplastic anemia(AA),27 cases(64.3％)of acute lymphoblastic leukemia(ALL),7 cases(16.7％)of acute myeloid leukemia(AML),1 case(2.4％)of chronic myeloid leukemia(CML),2 cases(4.8％)of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis(HLH),2 cases(4.8％)of non-Hodgkin lymphoma(NHL),and 1 case(2.4％)of Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome(WAS).In mNGS testing,pathogens were detected in 31 peripheral blood samples,with a positive rate of 73.8％(31/42),significantly higher than the pathogen positive rate of 16.7％(7/42)detected by traditional blood culture,and the difference was statistically significant(P＜0.05).Among the pathogen-positive cases detected by mNGS,23 cases(74.2％)were positive for bacteria,12 cases(38.7％)were positive for viruses,and 9 cases(29.0％)were positive for fungi.32.2％(10/31)of the pathogen-positive samples detected by mNGS were mixed pathogens,which could not be effectively detected by traditional blood culture.Conclusion:Peripheral blood mNGS has advantages in the detection of pathogens of bloodstream infection secondary to hematologic diseases,with a higher detection rate of pathogen positivity than traditional blood cultures.It can detect viruses,rare pathogens and mixed pathogens,and has good clinical application value.

Purpose Focusing on the characteristics of for-malin fixed paraffin embedded(FFPE)samples,explored nano-magnetic bead nucleic acid extraction solutions with higher qual-ity/yield and continued to improve molecular pathology technolo-gy.Methods Alternative magnetic beads were synthesised in four major categories and 15 sub-categories and we screened to obtain high-quality/yield magnetic beads centred on FFPE samples.Simulated conventional tissues,simulated coarse needle punctures(liver),and simulated fiberoptic bronchoscopy sam-ples(lungs)were sectioned with the same number of serial slices in tubes.The nucleic acids of slices were extracted using the best magnetic beads screened in this study and common com-mercially available kits,and then perform comparison and purifi-cation quality parameters such as total amount and fragment size.The downstream applications of nucleic acids were validated by PCR and Sanger sequencing.Results Screening all homemade nanomagnetic beads centered on the DNA of FFPE samples,the total recoveries of the best performance nanomagnetic beads were obtained to be 58.5％±1.58％,and the total recoveries of five commercially available commercial magnetic beads and three do-mestic kit magnetic beads ranged from 18.68％to 40.71％.The total amount of DNA(ng)extracted from the same amount of tis-sue(serial slices),the nucleic acid yield of this study in simu-lated conventional tissues,simulated coarse needle punctures,and simulated fiberoptic bronchoscopy samples were increased by 39.49％-181.72％compared with those of the commercially a-vailable kits(P＜0.05).The total amount of extracted nucleic acid from simulated fiberoptic bronchoscopy tissue sections can be more than 100 ng for 1 slice(4 μm)and more than 400 ng for 5 slices.Conclusion The DNA purification nanomagnetic beads screened with DNA from FFPE samples have a significant enhancement comparing to the existing commercial bead proto-cols,and provide space for quality assurance,automated testing,and program expansion for clinical molecular pathology testing.