Objective:To investigate the survival outcomes and prognostic factors in patients undergoing radical resection for pancreatic body and tail cancer.Methods:A retrospective case series study was conducted on 992 patients who underwent radical resection for pancreatic body and tail cancer at the Pancreatic Center of the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University from January 2016 to June 2024. In this study, 577 (58.2%) were male and 415 (41.8%) were female,with an age of (65±9) years (range: 26 to 86 years). Follow-up continued until June 2024. Survival rates were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method,and prognostic factors were identified using univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards models.Results:Among 992 patients,open surgery was the predominant approach (89.1%, 884/992), and radical antegrade modular pancreatosplenectomy (RAMPS) was performed in 317 patients (32.0%). Combined organ resection,venous resection,and arterial resection were performed in 23.5%, 9.3%,and 11.2% of patients,respectively. The rates of R0, R1-1 mm, and R1-direct resections were 49.8% (494/992),41.5% (412/992), and 8.7% (86/992),respectively. Stage ⅡB was the most common TNM stage (32.2%,319/992). A total of 801 patients (80.8%) received adjuvant chemotherapy. The median follow-up period was 32.0(8.8) months(range:3.2 to 105.3 months),during which 508 patients (51.2%) died. The overall median survival (OS) was 26.4 months,with 1-,3-, and 5-year survival rates of 79.0%,40.0%, and 29.0%, respectively. In the recent five years (from 2020 to 2024), the median OS improved significantly to 34.1 months compared to 20.0 months from 2016 to 2019 ( P<0.01). Histological subtype analysis showed that the median OS time was 26.7 months for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC, n=855),58.9 months for invasive intraductal papillary mucinous carcinoma (IPMC, n=32),and 15.7 months for adenosquamous carcinoma of pancreas (ASCP, n=73) ( P=0.001). Among PDAC patients, adjuvant chemotherapy significantly improved survival (29.1 months vs. 14.4 months, P<0.01);in IPMC patients, adjuvant chemotherapy also extended survival (65.7 months vs. 58.9 months, P=0.047). Although ASCP patients receiving chemotherapy had a longer median OS time than those without (18.8 months vs. 8.9 months),the difference was not statistically significant ( P=0.151). Multivariate Cox regression analysis in PDAC patients indicated that adjuvant chemotherapy, R0 resection, T stage,N stage,and tumor differentiation were independent prognostic factors ( P<0.01). The median OS time by TNM stage was:not reached for stage ⅠA, 51.6 months for ⅠB, 25.5 months for ⅡA, 23.7 months for ⅡB, 23.0 months for Ⅲ, and 14.4 months for Ⅳ. The median OS time for R0,R1-1 mm,and R1-direct resections was 34.1,24.7,and 15.7 months,respectively ( P<0.01). Conclusion:Adjuvant chemotherapy,R0 resection,tumor stage,and differentiation are independent prognostic factors for pancreatic body and tail cancer.

Objective:To investigate the survival outcomes and prognostic factors in patients undergoing radical resection for pancreatic body and tail cancer.Methods:A retrospective case series study was conducted on 992 patients who underwent radical resection for pancreatic body and tail cancer at the Pancreatic Center of the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University from January 2016 to June 2024. In this study, 577 (58.2%) were male and 415 (41.8%) were female,with an age of (65±9) years (range: 26 to 86 years). Follow-up continued until June 2024. Survival rates were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method,and prognostic factors were identified using univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards models.Results:Among 992 patients,open surgery was the predominant approach (89.1%, 884/992), and radical antegrade modular pancreatosplenectomy (RAMPS) was performed in 317 patients (32.0%). Combined organ resection,venous resection,and arterial resection were performed in 23.5%, 9.3%,and 11.2% of patients,respectively. The rates of R0, R1-1 mm, and R1-direct resections were 49.8% (494/992),41.5% (412/992), and 8.7% (86/992),respectively. Stage ⅡB was the most common TNM stage (32.2%,319/992). A total of 801 patients (80.8%) received adjuvant chemotherapy. The median follow-up period was 32.0(8.8) months(range:3.2 to 105.3 months),during which 508 patients (51.2%) died. The overall median survival (OS) was 26.4 months,with 1-,3-, and 5-year survival rates of 79.0%,40.0%, and 29.0%, respectively. In the recent five years (from 2020 to 2024), the median OS improved significantly to 34.1 months compared to 20.0 months from 2016 to 2019 ( P<0.01). Histological subtype analysis showed that the median OS time was 26.7 months for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC, n=855),58.9 months for invasive intraductal papillary mucinous carcinoma (IPMC, n=32),and 15.7 months for adenosquamous carcinoma of pancreas (ASCP, n=73) ( P=0.001). Among PDAC patients, adjuvant chemotherapy significantly improved survival (29.1 months vs. 14.4 months, P<0.01);in IPMC patients, adjuvant chemotherapy also extended survival (65.7 months vs. 58.9 months, P=0.047). Although ASCP patients receiving chemotherapy had a longer median OS time than those without (18.8 months vs. 8.9 months),the difference was not statistically significant ( P=0.151). Multivariate Cox regression analysis in PDAC patients indicated that adjuvant chemotherapy, R0 resection, T stage,N stage,and tumor differentiation were independent prognostic factors ( P<0.01). The median OS time by TNM stage was:not reached for stage ⅠA, 51.6 months for ⅠB, 25.5 months for ⅡA, 23.7 months for ⅡB, 23.0 months for Ⅲ, and 14.4 months for Ⅳ. The median OS time for R0,R1-1 mm,and R1-direct resections was 34.1,24.7,and 15.7 months,respectively ( P<0.01). Conclusion:Adjuvant chemotherapy,R0 resection,tumor stage,and differentiation are independent prognostic factors for pancreatic body and tail cancer.

Objective To observe the value of CT radiomics machine learning(ML)model for predicting stone free rate(SFR)of urinary calculi after retrograde intrarenal surgery(RIRS).Methods Totally 216 patients with urinary calculi who underwent RIRS were retrospectively enrolled and divided into residual group(n=73)and non-residual group(n=143).Univariate and multivariate logistic regression(LR)were performed to analyze clinical data and CT manifestations of stones to screen independent predictors of SFR after RIRS.Window width and window level normalization combined with max-min normalization(denoted as method a),max-min normalization(denoted as method b),window width and window level normalization(denoted as method c)and non-normalization(denoted as method d)of pre-RIRS abdominal CT were performed,respectively,and the best radiomics features of stones were extracted and screened to establish ML models,including support vector machine(SVM),LR and stochastic gradient descent(SGD)models,and the best ML model was screened.RUSS and modified S.T.O.N.E scores were evaluated based on pre-RIRS CT for predicting SFR of urinary calculi after RIRS.A combined model was then constructed with the independent predictors and the best ML model.The predictive efficacy of each model and scoring system were assessed.Results The number of stones,CT value and volume of the maximum stone were all independent predictors of SFR after RIRS(all P＜0.05).The area under the curve(AUC)of SVM model constructed with images preprocessed by method b was the highest(0.861),higher than that of the total scores of RUSS and modified S.T.O.N.E(AUC=0.750,0.759,both P＜0.05)but not different from that of combined model(AUC=0.853,P=0.775).Conclusion Radiomics SVM model based on max-min normalization preprocessed CT could effectively predict SFR of urinary calculi after RIRS.

Objective To explore the efficacy,safety and clinical application value of CT-guided percutaneous needle biopsy(PTNB)of extrapulmonary metastases in the diagnosis of lung cancer.Methods The clinical and imaging data of 62 patients with extrapulmonary metastases of lung cancer underwent CT-guided PTNB were analyzed retrospectively.The safety,success rate,accuracy and clinical value of PTNB of extrapulmonary metastases were summarized.Results Puncture biopsy was successfully completed in all 62 cases(62/62,100％).The accuracy was 91.9％(57/62),and none occurred serious complications.Conclusion The CT-guided PTNB of extrapulmonary metastases is safe,effective and reliable.It is an effective supplement for lung biopsy and is worthy of clinical application and promotion.

Artificial intelligence methods are developing rapidly in the medical field.However,the effectiveness of model training relies heavily on the support of sufficient sample sizes.Due to various constraints such as privacy,security,ethics,and costs in the medical field,it is rather difficult to obtain a large number of labeled training samples.Problems like the scarcity of rare disease cases,the lack of biological data for drug molecule mining,and the shortage of high-quality annotations for medical images significantly reduce the ability of models to learn from observed data,which in turn leads to poor prediction performance.In this context,constructing efficient learning artificial intelligence models for small sample data is of far-reaching significance both theoretically and practically.On the one hand,it can help to explore potential patterns when samples are insufficient in the early stage of new research.On the other hand,high-quality models can effectively reduce the cost of manual annotation,shorten the research cycle,and provide opportunities for solving challenging problems in medical research where it is difficult to collect a sufficient number of samples.Driven by both the expected advantages and actual needs,the research on artificial intelligence for small sample data has gradually become a highly anticipated and important research direction.This review systematically collates and summarizes the principles,advantages,disadvantages,applicable scenarios,and principal challenges associated with six artificial intelligence methods currently employed in the context of small-sample medical data,namely generative adversarial networks,graph neural networks,transfer learning,reinforcement learning,and Meta-learning.Furthermore,the review provides an extensive outlook and in-depth contemplation on the future trajectory of artificial intelligence methodologies in the realm of small sample data in medicine.

Objective:To investigate the association of regulatory T cell (Treg) levels in peripheral blood with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) in preterm infants and its predictive value for BPD.Methods:In this case-control study, a total of 102 infants with gestational age ≤32 weeks who were hospitalized in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit of the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University from April 2022 to April 2024 were included.They were divided into a BPD group (31 cases) and a non-BPD group (71 cases) based on the diagnostic criteria of BPD.Peripheral blood samples were collected on 0 day, 7 days, 14 days, 21 days and 28 days after birth.Differences in Treg levels between the 2 groups and the relationship between Treg levels and BPD were analyzed.The independent sample t test or χ2 test was used to analyze differences between the 2 groups.One-Way ANOVA was used to compare data between groups.Multivariate Logistic regression was used to analyze the risk factors of BPD.The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to evaluate the predictive value of Treg levels on 7 days after birth for early diagnosis of BPD. Results:Gestational age[(28.1±1.4) weeks vs.(30.9±1.0) weeks], birth weight[(1 024±243) g vs.(1 301±188) g], Apgar score at 1 minute after birth[(4.3±1.9) points vs.(7.8±1.9) points], Apgar score at 5 minutes after birth[(7.2±1.7) points vs.(9.1±1.3) points], proportion of invasive mechanical ventilation time ≥7 days [87.1%(27/31) vs.45.1%(32/71)] and oxygen inhalation time[(45.1±11.7) days vs.(19.7±7.3) days] were statistically significantly different between BPD and non-BPD groups (all P<0.05).The Treg level in the peripheral blood of preterm infants increased first and then decreased after birth, with the peak observed on 7 days after birth.On 7 days after birth, the BPD group had a significantly higher Treg level than the non-BPD group[(10.4±1.2)% vs.(8.7±1.7)%] ( P<0.05).The multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed increased Treg levels in peripheral blood on 7 days after birth ( OR=3.320, 95% CI: 1.057-10.427, P=0.040), gestational age ( OR=0.040, 95% CI: 0.003-0.446, P=0.009), invasive mechanical ventilation time ≥7 days ( OR=4.126, 95% CI: 1.301-14.125, P=0.002), and oxygen inhalation time ( OR=1.716, 95% CI: 1.317-3.933, P=0.041) were risk factors of BPD in preterm infants.The ROC curve analysis showed that the area under the curve of Treg levels on 7 days after birth for BPD prediction was 0.794, the best cut-off value was 9.35%, the sensitivity was 90.3%, and the specificity was 66.2%. Conclusions:Treg levels in the peripheral blood of preterm infants increase first and then decrease in the early stage after birth, peaking at 7 days after birth.Elevated Treg levels at 7 days after birth may have early predictive value for the occurrence of BPD in preterm infants.

Objective To investigate the efficacy,safety and risk factors of complications of CT-guided coil and Hook-wire in preoperative thoracoscopy localization in pulmonary ground-glass nodule(GGN).Methods The clinical data of 53 patients with preoperative localization of pulmonary GGN were analyzed retrospectively.There were 23 cases in coil group and 30 cases in Hook-wire group.The clinical data,the puncture location and the risk factors of complications were compared between the two groups.The related influencing factors and independent risk factors of complications were analyzed by logistic regression analysis.Results All target nodules were successfully located and resected.No significant differences in sex,age,size of nodule,localization time and angle were found between the two groups(P＞0.05).The lung disease,the depth of puncture,localization time and the nodules size were the influential factors of complications(P＜0.05).The localization time and the nodule size were independent risk factors.Conclusion CT-guided coil and Hook-wire preoperative localization are safe and effective with high success rate,which can be selected according to specific circumstances.

In order to explore the application value of the suction connecting tube combined with gastroscope visual blood clot removal device in the blood clot removal surgery of patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding, the clinical data of 18 patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding treated with this device at the Department of Gastroenterology, General Hospital of Central Theater Command from January 2023 to June 2024 were retrospectively analyzed to observe its therapeutic effect. The results showed that the operation time of the device for 18 patients ranged 4-16 minutes (8.2±3.1 min). The total volume of blood clots and blood cleared ranged 120-500 mL (221.1±97.1 mL). Blood and blood clots were successfully removed in a single procedure in 17 patients, with a success rate of 94.4% (17/18). Hemostasis was unsuccessful in 1 patient with gastric cancer and bleeding under endoscopy, and subsequent surgical treatment was performed. No serious complication occurred. The suction connecting tube combined with gastroscope visual blood clot removal device can effectively remove blood and blood clots in the digestive tract, with high success rate, which is worth promotion and application.

A redox-responsive hyaluronic acid-vitamin E polyethylene glycol succinate nanoparticle loaded with paclitaxel (HA-SS-TPGS@PTX) was designed to investigate its mechanism for overcoming multidrug resistance (MDR) in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in vitro. HA-SS-TPGS@PTX nanoparticles were prepared using an emulsion-ultrasonication method. Techniques such as flow cytometry and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) were employed to study their effects on apoptosis induction, mitochondrial function, and the regulation of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) expression in PTX-resistant lung cancer cells (A549/T). Results showed that HA-SS-TPGS@PTX nanoparticles significantly inhibited the proliferation of A549/T cells in vitro, with an IC50 of 1.35 μg/mL. The nanoparticles entered the cells via CD44 receptor-mediated endocytosis. The high intracellular concentration of glutathione (GSH) triggered the release of PTX and TPGS, which subsequently induced a decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential, leading to apoptosis. Meanwhile, HA-SS-TPGS@PTX also inhibited P-gp expression and ATP consumption, thereby blocking drug efflux. The design of HA-SS-TPGS@PTX provides a new strategy for overcoming MDR in NSCLC.

Fifty whitespotted bamboo sharks (Chiloscyllium playgiosum) of both sexes were used to establish a large capacity variable domain of the new antigen receptor (VNAR) library with a total capacity of over 10⁹ colony-forming units (CFU). It was applied to screen VNARs against human serum albumin (HSA) and human transcription factor EB (TFEB), respectively. Meanwhile, VNAR libraries specific to HSA and TFEB with capacities above 10⁸ CFU were obtained following conventional immunization. These two approaches were systematically studied in terms of VNAR yield and composition. By comparing the VNAR sequences obtained from naïve and antigen-immunized libraries, we found that the complementary-determining region 3 (CDR3) of the former differs in composition from that of the latter. It shares a higher degree of homology with the naïve library. Meanwhile, the binding efficiency assessed by ELISA is also different between the naïve and antigen-immunized libraries. The binding of VNARs from the TFEB-immunized library appeared to surpass that observed with the naïve libraries, whereas the performance of VNARs from the HSA-immunized library indicated that both the immunized and naïve libraries for HSA had positive binding responses in polyclonal and monoclonal ELISA. The results are useful to develop novel diagnostic and therapeutic products based on shark VNARs.