BACKGROUND:The extracellular-regulated protein kinase 5(ERK5)signaling protein is essential for the survival of organisms,and resveratrol can promote osteoblast proliferation through various pathways.However,whether resveratrol can regulate osteoblast function through the ERK5 signaling protein needs further verification. OBJECTIVE:To explore the regulatory effect of ERK5 on the proliferation of MC3T3-E1 cells and related secreted proteins,and to further verify whether resveratrol can complete the above process by activating ERK5. METHODS:Mouse MC3T3-E1 preosteoblasts were treated with complete culture medium,XMD8-92(an ERK5 inhibitor),epidermal growth factor(an ERK5 activator),resveratrol alone,XMD8-92+EGF,and resveratrol+XMD8-92,respectively.Western blot assay was used to detect the expression of ERK5 and p-ERK5 proteins,proliferation-related proteins Cyclin D1,CDK4 and PCNA,and osteoblast-secreted proteins osteoprotegerin and receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand in MC3T3-E1 cells of each group.The fluorescence intensity of ERK5,osteoprotegerin and receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand in each group was detected by cell immunofluorescence staining,and cell proliferation was detected by EdU staining,respectively.The appropriate concentration and time of resveratrol intervention in MC3T3-E1 cells were determined by cell morphology observation and cell counting kit-8 assay. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:The activation of ERK5 signaling protein could effectively promote the proliferation of MC3T3-E1 cells,up-regulate the osteoprotegerin/receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand ratio.The appropriate concentration and time for resveratrol intervention in MC3T3-E1 cells was 5 μmol/L and 24 hours,respectively.Resveratrol could activate ERK5 signaling protein,thereby promoting osteoblast proliferation and up-regulating the osteoprotegerin/RANKL ratio.All these results indicate that resveratrol can promote the proliferation of MC3T3-E1 cells and up-regulate the osteoprotegerin/RANKL ratio by activating the ERK5 signaling protein.

BACKGROUND:The imbalance between bone resorption and bone formation in microgravity environments leads to significant bone loss in astronauts.Current research indicates that bone loss under microgravity conditions is the result of the combined effects of various cells,tissues,and systems. OBJECTIVE:To review different biological effects of microgravity on various cells,tissues,or systems,and summarize the mechanisms by which microgravity leads to the development of osteoporosis. METHODS:Databases such as PubMed,Web of Science,and the Cochrane Database were searched for relevant literature from 2000 to 2023.The inclusion criteria were all articles related to tissue engineering studies and basic research on osteoporosis caused by microgravity.Ultimately,85 articles were included for review. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)In microgravity environment,bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells tend to differentiate more into adipocytes rather than osteoblasts,and hematopoietic stem cells in this environment are more inclined to differentiate into osteoclasts,reducing differentiation into the erythroid lineage.At the same time,microgravity inhibits the proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts,promotes apoptosis of osteoblasts,alters cell morphology,and reduces the mineralization capacity of osteoblasts.Microgravity significantly increases the number and activity of osteoclasts.Microgravity also hinders the differentiation of osteoblasts into osteocytes and promotes the apoptosis of osteocytes.(2)In a microgravity environment,the body experiences changes such as skeletal muscle atrophy,microvascular remodeling,bone microcirculation disorders,and endocrine disruption.These changes lead to mechanical unloading in the bone microenvironment,insufficient blood perfusion,and calcium cycle disorders,which significantly impact the development of osteoporosis.(3)At present,the mechanism by which microgravity causes osteoporosis is relatively complex.A deeper study of these physiological mechanisms is crucial to ensuring the health of astronauts during long-term space missions,and provides a theoretical basis for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.

Background::Substantial progress in air pollution control has brought considerable health benefits in China, but little is known about the spatio-temporal trends of economic burden from air pollution. This study aimed to explore their spatio-temporal features of disease burden from air pollution in China to provide policy recommendations for efficiently reducing the air pollution and related disease burden in an era of a growing economy.Methods::Using the Global Burden of Disease method and willingness to pay method, we estimated fine particulate matter (PM 2.5) and/or ozone (O 3) related premature mortality and its economic burden across China, and explored their spatio-temporal trends between 2005 and 2017. Results::In 2017, we estimated that the premature mortality and economic burden related to the two pollutants were RMB 0.94 million (68.49 per 100,000) and 1170.31 billion yuan (1.41% of the national gross domestic product [GDP]), respectively. From 2005 to 2017, the total premature mortality was decreasing with the air quality improvement, but the economic burden was increasing along with the economic growth. And the economic growth has contributed more to the growth of economic costs than the economic burden decrease brought by the air quality improvement. The premature mortality and economic burden from O 3 in the total loss from the two pollutants was substantially lower than that of PM 2.5, but it was rapidly growing. The O 3-contribution was highest in the Yangtze River Delta region, the Fen-Wei Plain region, and some western regions. The proportion of economic burden from PM 2.5 and O 3 to GDP significantly declined from 2005 to 2017 and showed a decreasing trend pattern from northeast to southwest. Conclusion::The disease burden from O 3 is lower than that of PM 2.5, the O 3-contribution has a significantly increasing trend with the growth of economy and O 3 concentration.

Objective:To study the spatiotemporal heterogeneity of the incidence rate of pulmonary tuberculosis and its macro influencing factors in China, so as to provide a reference for the relevant departments to formulate prevention and control policies.Methods:In virtue of the complexity of influencing factors, a new method combining principal component analysis (PCA) with geographically and temporally weighted regression (GTWR) was proposed to analyze the spatiotemporal heterogeneity of influencing factors for pulmonary tuberculosis. Using the data of incidence rate of pulmonary tuberculosis and gross regional product (secondary indicators) of 31 provinces (excluding Hong Kong, Macao, and Taiwan) in China from 2010 to 2019, a macro influencing factor indicator system was established by the PCA scores of 21 secondary indicators quantified to determine four primary indicators: comprehensive economy, medical security, cultural and educational transportation, and resources and environment. Based on the indicator system, PCA-ordinary least squares (PCA-OLS) model, PCA-geographically weighted regression (PCA-GWR) model, and PCA-GTWR model were constructed.Results:Three models passed F-test with F-values of 58.74, 196.62, and 1 202.90 respectively (all P < 0.05), indicating that the impact of the primary indicators on the incidence of tuberculosis is statistically significant. The mean squared error (0.01), the mean absolute error (0.08), the mean absolute percentage error (0.02), and the corrected Akaike information criterion (-358.76) of PCA-GTWR were lower than those of PCA-OLS (0.13, 0.28, 0.07, 258.38) and PCA-GWR (0.06, 0.15, 0.03, 23.41). Meanwhile, the determination coefficient (0.95) of PCA-GTWR was higher than that of PCA-OLS (0.44) and PCA-GWR (0.77), indicating the goodness of fit of the model is the best. And the PCA-GTWR model showed that the comprehensive economy, medical security, cultural and educational transportation, and resources and environment had significant spatiotemporal heterogeneity on the incidence rate of pulmonary tuberculosis according to the distribution of regression coefficients. Conclusion:It is necessary to comprehensively consider various factors and formulate detailed and overall prevention and control measures for pulmonary tuberculosis according to local conditions.

This study was performed to investigate the therapeutic effect of oroxylin A(OA)on chicken type Ⅱcollagen-induced arthritis(CIA)in mice and observe the changes of immune cells.The CIA model was established,and 40 mg/kg OA was intraperitoneally injected for 10 consecutive days from the 28th day.The mice were sacrificed at three different times during the administration period,and the joints were scored at each time point.HE staining was used to observe the pathology of the mouse ankle joint;flow cytometry was used to detect the changes of Th17,Treg and macrophages in spleen and inguinal lymph nodes;ELISA was employed to detect the expression levels of IL-1β,IL-18 and IL-6 in serum;and qRT-PCR was used to detect the expression levels of IL-1β,IL-18,IL-6 and TNF-β in spleen of mice.Data showed that on the 34th day after OA administration,the joint swelling of CIA mice was significantly relieved,the pathological score was decreased,and the inflammatory cell infiltration was decreased.Flow cytometry results showed that the proportion of Th17 cells and macrophages in the spleen and inguinal lymph nodes of CIA mice in OA group decreased,while the proportion of Treg cells increased.The results of ELISA and qRT-PCR showed that OA could inhibit the level of inflammation in CIA mice.In conclusion,OA can regulate the proportion of immune cells,inhibit the level of inflammation in CIA mice,and then relieve the symptoms of CIA mice.

BACKGROUND:Fluid shear stress plays an important role in osteoblast proliferation and apoptosis.However,whether Caveolin-1 is involved in the process of fluid shear stress-induced proliferation and apoptosis in osteoblasts is unknown. OBJECTIVE:To explore the role of Caveolin-1 in fluid shear stress-regulated osteoblast proliferation and apoptosis. METHODS:The MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts in good growth status were selected and loaded with fluid shear stress at an intensity of 1.2 Pa for different times(0,30,60,90 minutes).The expression of Caveolin-1 protein was observed and conditions with a time of 60 minutes were screened for the experiment.MC3T3-E1 cells were divided into control group,fluid shear stress group,fluid shear stress+pcDNA 3.1 group(control),fluid shear stress+pcDNA Cav-1 group(plasmid overexpression),and intervened with fluid shear stress and overexpression of Cav-1,respectively.The expression of molecules related to proliferation and apoptosis in MC3T3-E1 cells was detected by qRT-PCR and western blot.In addition,the proliferative activity of MC3T3-E1 cells was detected by cell counting kit-8 and EdU assay;and cell apoptosis was detected by Hoechst 33258 and flow cytometry. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:The expression of Caveolin-1 in MC3T3-E1 cells was significantly down-regulated after loading fluid shear stress,and the expression level was lowest after 60 minutes.Overexpression of Caveolin-1 attenuated the proliferation-promoting and apoptosis-suppressing effects of fluid shear stress in MC3T3-E1 cells.In conclusion,Caveolin-1 has a vital role in fluid shear stress-regulated osteoblast proliferation and apoptosis,which may offer a potential therapeutic strategy for osteoporosis.

Objective To explore the role of miR-199a-3p in osteoblast proliferation induced by fluid shear stress (FSS) and the potential molecular mechanism. Methods Osteoblast MC3T3-E1 was treated with 1. 2 Pa FSS with time gradients of 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90 min, respectively. MC3T3-E1 cells were transfected with miR-199a-3p mimic or miR-199a-3p inhibitor. MC3T3-E1 cells were transfected with miR-199a-3p mimic and itsnegative control and then treated with 1. 2 Pa FSS for 45 min. The pc DNA NC, pc DNA-CABLES -1, si RNA NC and si RNA CABLES-1 were transfected into MC3T3-E1 cells. The pc DNA-CABLES-1 and mir-199a-3p mimic and SI NA-cables-1 and miR-199a-3p inhibitor were co-transfected, respectively. Cell activity was detected by CCK-8 assay. Real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) was used to detect expression levels of CABLES-1, miR-199a-3p, CDK 6, Cyclin D1 and PCNA. Luciferase reporting assay was used to detect targeting relationship between CABLES-1 and miR-199a-3p. Immunofluorescence was used to detect protein expression of CABLES-1.Western blot was used to detect protein expression of CABLES-1, CDK 6, PCNA and Cyclin D1. Results Mir- 199a-3p in MC3T3-E1 cells was significantly down-regulated by FSS. Over-expressed miR-199a-3p inhibitedosteoblast proliferation, and down-regulated miR-199a-3p expression promoted osteoblast proliferation. miR-199a- 3p could reverse the FSS-induced proliferation in osteoblasts. Dual luciferase assay showed that miR-199a-3p targeted to CABLES-1 and over-expressed miR-199a-3p inhibited expression of CBALES-1 protein. CABLES-1 could promote proliferation of osteoblasts. miR-199a-3p inhibited osteoblast proliferation induced by FSS through CABLES-1. Conclusions FSS-induced osteoblast proliferation can be realized by down-regulated miR-199a-3p expression via targeting CABLES-1. The findings in this study provide new direction for researches on mechanism of FSS-induced osteoblast proliferation, as well as new ideas for future research on clinical application of mechanical loading in the treatment of bone and joint diseases.

Objective:To carry out a scoping review on feeding decision aids in patients with advanced dementia, clarify the characteristics, functions, and application effects of the tools, so as to provide reference for further clinical research.Methods:The research on feeding decision aids for patients with advanced dementia was systematically searched on China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) , VIP, WanFang Data, and the China Biomedical Literature Library, PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and Cochrane Library. The search period was from database establishment to August 2022. Two researchers independently selected literature based on inclusion and exclusion criteria, extracted, summarized and analyzed data from the included literature.Results:A total of 8 decision aids were included. The main types included web-based decision aids, paper text decision support manuals, audio manual form decision aids, and a combination of various forms of decision aids. Decision aids provided dementia feeding related information to patients and surrogate decision-makers, analyzed the advantages and disadvantages of different feeding methods, helped clarify their value preferences, and assisted them in making feeding decisions. The evaluation of application effectiveness mainly included outcome indicators such as knowledge, decision conflict, decision regret, decision satisfaction, frequency of doctor-patient communication, and acceptability and effectiveness of decision aids.Conclusions:Decision aids have played a positive role in selecting feeding methods for dementia patients and surrogate decision-makers. Under the background of "Internet + nursing service", we can learn from the experience of foreign research and make full use of artificial intelligence technology to explore scientific and feasible personalized decision aids, so as to provide demand based decision support for patients and their surrogate decision-makers and improve the quality of decisions.

Anaerobic granular sludge (AnGS), a self-immobilized aggregate containing various functional microorganisms, is considered as a promising green process for wastewater treatment. AnGS has the advantages of high volume loading rate, simple process and low excess sludge generation, thus shows great technological and economical potentials. This review systematically summarizes the recent advances of the microbial community structure and function of anaerobic granular sludge, and discusses the factors affecting the formation and stability of anaerobic granular sludge from the perspective of microbiology. Moreover, future research directions of AnGS are prospected. This review is expected to facilitate the research and engineering application of AnGS.
Sewage/chemistry* ; Waste Disposal, Fluid ; Anaerobiosis ; Microbiota ; Water Purification ; Bioreactors/microbiology*

Objective To analyze the micronucleus levels of peripheral blood lymphocytes of medical radiation workers, and to provide a basis for radiation protection to reduce occupational hazards caused by ionizing radiation. Methods A total of 1072 medical radiation workers were selected into radiation group, and 329 healthy adults who underwent pre-employment occupational physical examination and intended to be radiation workers were selected into control group. The micronucleated lymphocyte frequency was determined by whole blood micro-culture. Results There were no significant differences in micronucleated cell frequency and micronucleus frequency between the radiation group and the control group (both P > 0.05). The detection rate of micronucleus abnormalities in the radiation group was significantly higher than that in the control group (P < 0.001). Female radiation workers had significantly higher micronucleated cell frequency, micronucleus frequency, and the detection rate of micronucleus abnormalities than male radiation workers (all P < 0.001). Between different types of work, significant differences were observed in micronucleated cell frequency and micronucleus frequency (both P < 0.05), but not in the detection rate of micronucleus abnormalities (P > 0.05). Radiation workers with different lengths of working showed significant differences in micronucleated cell frequency (P < 0.05), micronucleus frequency (P < 0.05), and the detection rate of micronucleus abnormalities (P < 0.001). Significant differences were observed in micronucleated cell frequency and micronucleus frequency between different age groups (both P < 0.05). The Spearman’s rank correlation analysis showed that micronucleated cell frequency and micronucleus frequency were positively correlated with the age of radiation workers (both P < 0.001). Conclusion The micronucleus frequency of radiation workers was related to the type and length of work, and had a positive correlation with age. Radiation protection should be enhanced for workers engaged in medical radiation for a long period, especially female workers and workers with a long length of service.