Staphylococcus aureus is a Gram-positive bacterium with strong pathogenicity. With the widespread use of antibiotics， its multi-drug resistance has gradually increased. Among them， methicillin-resistant S. aureus （MRSA） is one of the main pathogens of hospital and community infections. Antimicrobial peptides are short-chain peptides with good antibacterial effects and low drug resistance， which have been widely studied in recent years. This study summarizes the mechanism of action of antimicrobial peptides and related study on antimicrobial peptides against MRSA from different sources. It is found that the mechanisms of action of antimicrobial peptides include targeting bacterial cell membranes， bacterial cells， and bacterial cell walls， etc. Besides isolating antimicrobial peptides with anti-MRSA activity from animals， plants， and microorganisms， antimicrobial peptides can also be obtained through synthetic methods. Among them， GHa-derived peptides from animal sources， Ib-AMP4 from plant sources， Ph-SA from microbial sources， the synthetic peptide LLKLLLKLL-NH2， and so on， due to their effective antibacterial activity， rapid bactericidal speed， and low toxicity， are promising candidates for anti-MRSA drugs.

In line with the rising global incidence of cancer,tumor metastasis has become the leading cause of mortality among cancer patients.Formation of the pre-metastatic niche(PMN)creates an optimal microenvironment for tumor cell colonization and metastasis,thus facilitating tumor dissemination.In this context,cancer-associated fibroblasts(CAFs)have garnered significant attention as a result of their multifaceted roles in tumor progression.CAFs enhance the formation of the PMN and promote the invasive behavior of tumor cells by remodeling the extracellular matrix,inducing epithelial-mesenchymal transition,stimulating angiogenesis and modulating the tumor immune microenvironment.These processes not only expedite metastasis but also enable tumor immune evasion.This paper reviews the fundamental mechanisms and functions of CAFs in tumor metastasis,examines their potential applications in cancer research and therapy,and offers new perspectives and directions for the development of anti-tumor metastasis strategies.

In line with the rising global incidence of cancer,tumor metastasis has become the leading cause of mortality among cancer patients.Formation of the pre-metastatic niche(PMN)creates an optimal microenvironment for tumor cell colonization and metastasis,thus facilitating tumor dissemination.In this context,cancer-associated fibroblasts(CAFs)have garnered significant attention as a result of their multifaceted roles in tumor progression.CAFs enhance the formation of the PMN and promote the invasive behavior of tumor cells by remodeling the extracellular matrix,inducing epithelial-mesenchymal transition,stimulating angiogenesis and modulating the tumor immune microenvironment.These processes not only expedite metastasis but also enable tumor immune evasion.This paper reviews the fundamental mechanisms and functions of CAFs in tumor metastasis,examines their potential applications in cancer research and therapy,and offers new perspectives and directions for the development of anti-tumor metastasis strategies.

OBJECTIVE To explore the distribution of pathogens isolated from the thoracoscopic lobectomy patients with postoperative pulmonary infections and observe the expressions of maternal expression gene 3(MEG3)/microribonucleic acid-223(miR-223)/nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor protein 3(NLRP3)axis in peripheral blood.METHODS Totally 48 lung cancer patients who underwent thoracoscopic lobec-tomy and had postoperative pulmonary infections in the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chi-nese Medicine from Jun.2021 to Jun.2024 were assigned as the infection group,meanwhile,31 lung cancer pa-tients who underwent thoracoscopic lobectomy but did not have postoperative infections were chosen as the no in-fection group.The sputum specimens were collected from the infection group,the distribution of isolated patho-gens was analyzed.The clinical data and the expression MEG3,miR-223 and NLRP3 were observed and compared between the two groups.The values of MEG3,miR-223 and NLRP3 in prediction of the postoperative infections were analyzed by receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curves.RESULTS Totally 63 strains of pathogens were i-solated from the 48 thoracoscopic lobectomy patients with postoperative pulmonary infections,33(52.38％)of which were gram-negative bacteria,25(39.68％)were gram-positive bacteria,and 5(7.94％)were fungi.There were significant differences in age,diabetes mellitus,chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD),operation duration,and expression levels of MEG3,miR-223 and NLRP3 between the infection group and the no infection group(P＜0.05).ROC curve analysis showed that the areas under the curves of MEG3,miR-223 and NLRP3 and the joint detection of the three indexes were 0.861,0.760,0.912 and 0.968,respectively,in prediction of the post-operative pulmonary infections,and the predictive efficiency of the joint detection was highest(P＜0.05).CONCLUSIONS The gram-negative bacteria are dominant among the pathogens isolated from the thoracoscopic lo-bectomy patients with postoperative pulmonary infections,the occurrence and progression of the infections may be closely associated with the activation of MEG3/miR-223/NLRP3 axis.The joint detection of the three indexes can effectively predict the postoperative pulmonary infections in the thoracoscopic lobectomy patients.

OBJECTIVE To explore the distribution of pathogens isolated from the thoracoscopic lobectomy patients with postoperative pulmonary infections and observe the expressions of maternal expression gene 3(MEG3)/microribonucleic acid-223(miR-223)/nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor protein 3(NLRP3)axis in peripheral blood.METHODS Totally 48 lung cancer patients who underwent thoracoscopic lobec-tomy and had postoperative pulmonary infections in the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chi-nese Medicine from Jun.2021 to Jun.2024 were assigned as the infection group,meanwhile,31 lung cancer pa-tients who underwent thoracoscopic lobectomy but did not have postoperative infections were chosen as the no in-fection group.The sputum specimens were collected from the infection group,the distribution of isolated patho-gens was analyzed.The clinical data and the expression MEG3,miR-223 and NLRP3 were observed and compared between the two groups.The values of MEG3,miR-223 and NLRP3 in prediction of the postoperative infections were analyzed by receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curves.RESULTS Totally 63 strains of pathogens were i-solated from the 48 thoracoscopic lobectomy patients with postoperative pulmonary infections,33(52.38％)of which were gram-negative bacteria,25(39.68％)were gram-positive bacteria,and 5(7.94％)were fungi.There were significant differences in age,diabetes mellitus,chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD),operation duration,and expression levels of MEG3,miR-223 and NLRP3 between the infection group and the no infection group(P＜0.05).ROC curve analysis showed that the areas under the curves of MEG3,miR-223 and NLRP3 and the joint detection of the three indexes were 0.861,0.760,0.912 and 0.968,respectively,in prediction of the post-operative pulmonary infections,and the predictive efficiency of the joint detection was highest(P＜0.05).CONCLUSIONS The gram-negative bacteria are dominant among the pathogens isolated from the thoracoscopic lo-bectomy patients with postoperative pulmonary infections,the occurrence and progression of the infections may be closely associated with the activation of MEG3/miR-223/NLRP3 axis.The joint detection of the three indexes can effectively predict the postoperative pulmonary infections in the thoracoscopic lobectomy patients.

Objective:To evaluate the efficacy of self-made Xiaogan Tiaopi Kaiwei Decoction combined with conventional western medicine therapy in the treatment of infantile anorexia of spleen-stomach weakness.Methods:Randomized controlled trial. A total of 100 children with anorexia of spleen-stomach weakness ,who were treated in the First Clinical Medical College of Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine between April 2020 and September 2021, were selected as the observation subjects in a prospective cohort study, and they were divided into two groups by the random number table method, with 50 in each group. The control group was given routine treatment, and the Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) group was given self-made Xiaogan Tiaopi Kaiwei Decoction on the basis of the control group. The TCM syndromes were scored before and after treatment. The levels of trace elements such as iron, zinc and calcium were detected by atomic spectrometer, the absorptivity of D-xylose was measured by colorimetry. The adverse events during treatment were recorded. After 6 months of follow-up, the height, weight and BMI were measured and recorded, and the clinical efficacy was assessed.Results:The total response rate was 96.0% (48/50) in the TCM group and that in the control group was 84.0% (42/50) ( χ2=4.00, P=0.046). The scores of decreased appetite, anorexia, sallow complexion, abdominal fullness and distention and shortness of breath and laziness to speak and total score in the TCM group after treatment were significantly lower than those in the control group ( t=12.47, 13.42, 14.19, 16.39, 9.15, 17.72, P<0.01). The levels of blood trace elements such as iron [(414.58 ± 57.52) mg/L vs. (350.85 ± 53.33) mg/L, t=5.75 ], zinc [(8.26 ± 1.55) mg/L vs. (7.64 ± 1.37) mg/L, t=2.12 ] and calcium [(77.26 ± 15.30) mg/L vs. (71.05±14.26) mg/L, t=2.10] and urine D-xylose absorption rate [(31.76±5.28) % vs. (27.97 ± 4.61) %, t=3.82 ] in the TCM group were significantly higher than those in the control group ( P<0.01 or P<0.05). During treatment, there was no serious adverse reaction in the TCM group and 1 case of nausea in the control group. There was no statistical significance in the incidence rate of adverse reactions between the two groups ( χ2=1.01, P=0.315). After follow-up, the weight in the TCM group was significantly higher than that of the control group ( t=2.17, P=0.032). Conclusion:Self-made Xiaogan Tiaopi Kaiwei Decoction combined with conventional western medicine therapy can relieve the clinical symptoms, promote the absorption of trace elements and improvement of spleen-stomach function, and enhance the long-term efficacy in the treatment of children with anorexia of spleen-stomach weakness, and it has no adverse reactions.

In order to adapt to the development of higher medical education, it is imperative to carry out a student-centered teaching reform of pathophysiology guided by the cultivation of "clinical competence". The main contents of this teaching reform of pathophysiology include: the teaching content layout has been reconstructed to promote classroom teaching with clinical manifestation, new media means such as blackboard online teaching system, WeChat public platform and Chaoxing virtual classroom have been applied to assist students in their learning, and students are encouraged to conduct literature retrieval and reading, and then make presentation PPT for a literature of interest and report to all students to cultivate students' independent learning and sustainable development ability via flipped classroom. The practice shows that the student-centered teaching reform of pathophysiology guided by the cultivation of "clinical competence" has gained successful results.

AIM: To investigate the role of post-hemorrhagic shock mesenteric lymph (PHSML) in the enhancementof vascular permeability .METHODS: Eighteen Wistar rats were randomized into sham group , shock group,and shock plus mesenteric lymph drainage (shock +drainage) group.The rats in shock group and shock +drainagegroup were routinely subjected to hemorrhagic shock and hypotension [(40 ±2) mmHg] was maintained for 90 min, andthen the fluid resuscitation was performed.Mesenteric lymph was drained in the rats in shock +drainage group from resuscitationfinished to 6 h, for the observation of PHSML drainage on the vascular permeability in multiple tissues of hemorrhagicshock rats.Afterwards, human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were incubated with the PHSML in vitro to observethe effects of PHSML on the morphology and permeability of HUVECs .RESULTS: The degree of blue color and concentrationsof Evens blue in the lung, myocardium, kidney, liver, spleen and small intestine were significantly increased inthe shocked rats than that in sham group, while the ratios of the dry weight to the wet weight were decreased .The mesentericlymph drainage reversed these changes .Meanwhile, 4% and 10% of PHSML at 0 ~3 h and 3 ~6 h after resuscitation,and lipopolysaccharide (10 mg/L) all caused the damage of HUVECs, decreased the viability and trans-endothelial electricalresistance of HUVECs, and increased the permeability of HUVECs to fluorescein isothiocyanate -labeled albumin. CONCLUSION: PHSML is a vital factor in the enhancement of vascular permeability .

Objective To investigate the effect of secondary transurethral electrocision for recurrent superficial bladder cancer.Methods One hundred and twenty patients with recurrent superficial bladder cancer were divided into experiment group and control group by random mechanical sampling method with 60 cases of each.Experiment group underwent secondary transurethral electrocision at 4 weeks after initial transurethral electrocision and received mitomycin bladder perfusion chemotherapy,control group patients underwent initial transurethral electrocision and received mitomycin bladder perfusion chemotherapy.The two groups' follow-up cystoscopy at 3-month intervals,the follow-up time was 6-34 (18.6 ± 6.5) months,the recurrence was compared between each other.Results Within the follow-up period,the recurrence rate in experiment group was significantly lower than that in control group [21.7％(13/60) vs.63.3％(38/60),P＜0.01].Of all the recurrent patients,high grade rumor (G2 and G3 grade) was mainly,the recurrence rate of high grade tumor in experiment group was significantly lower than that in control group [26.2％ (11/42) vs.70.0％(35/50),P ＜ 0.01].Conclusions Secondary transurethral electrocision can reduce the recurrence rate of superficial bladder cancer (especially for the high grade tumor),it can exactly make the classification of malignant tumors and find residual tumor.So it is valuable in the clinical treatment.

Objective To investigate fracture resistance and fracture patterns of maxillary anterior endodontically treated teeth restored with two different shapes of glass fiber post systems.Methods Twenty-four human sound maxillary anterior teeth of similar size were collected,and randomly divided into 3 groups,8 teeth each.After endodontical treatment,they were given the following treatments:Group A:parallel glass fiber posts (coltene parapost fiber lux) and composite core;Group B:taper glass fiber posts (coltene parapost taper lux) and composite core; Group C (control group):intact endodontically treated teeth.Teeth in Groups A and B reserved 2 mm dentin ferrule.Then the teeth were prepared and restored with IPS e.max Press all ceramic crowns.All the teeth were embedded in acrylic resin 2 mm below the cementoenamel junction (CEJ),with the silicon impression material stimulating periodontal membrane.All the specimen were loaded under a universal testing machine,at the palatal junction of incisor third and middle third,with an angle of 135 degree to the longitudinal axis of the tooth until fracture occurred,at a cross-head speed of 1.0 mm/min.Fracture loads and patterns were recorded.Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software.Results The mean fracture loads in the three groups were as follows:(468.8±142.5) N,(440.2±202.7) N,and (459.0±147.6) N,respectively.There was no significant difference in fracture loads among groups (P＞0.05).The incidence of unfavorable fracture in Group A was higher than Groups B and C.Conclusions There is no significant difference in fracture strength between parallel and taper fiber post groups.However,the group with parallel fiber posts demonstrates a higher risk of unfavorable fracture than the group with taper fiber posts,which indicates that taper fiber posts are more favorable to preserve the remaining tooth structure.