Castleman disease(CD)is a rare lymphoproliferative disorder with an unclear etiology and pathogenesis.This article reports a case of unicentric Castleman disease(UCD)occurring in the submandibular region.The patient presented with a painless submandibular mass.Imaging studies revealed a well-defined,hypervascular lesion,and histopathological examination confirmed the diagnosis of plasma cell-type CD.Submandibular CD is exceptionally rare and can be easily misdiagnosed as lymphadenitis or lymphoma,necessitating a com-bination of imaging and pathological examinations for differential diagnosis.This case report provides valuable insights into diagnosis and management of CD.

Objective:To evaluate the effect of mucogingival surgery on aesthetic restoration during the resection of anterio tooth epulis.Methods:A total of 60 patients with gingival tumors in the anterior tooth area were collected,and a control group of17 cases were treated with traditional surgical resection.After tumor resection,the study group of 43 cases underwent simultaneous repair with gingival membrane surgery.Group A underwent coronal reduction flap surgery,group B underwent lateral transposition flap sur-gery,and group C underwent connective tissue graft and coronal reduction flap surgery.Follow up examinations were conducted at 2 month,6 months,and 1 year after surgery to record the distance of gingival recession,the difference between the width of the atta-ched gingiva and the corresponding tooth on the opposite side,the red aesthetic index,patient satisfaction VAS,and postoperative recurrence.Results:The postoperative gingival recession distance in the study group was lower than that in the control group,and the difference between the attached gingival width and the opposite homonymous tooth in the study group was lower than that in the control group.Conclusion:The use of gingival membrane surgery in the anterior tooth area for aesthetic restoration after gingival tumor resection is effective and worthy of promotion.

The core pathological feature of Parkinson's disease(PD)is the abnormal aggregation of α-synuclein and the result ing neuronal damage.α-Synuclein exhibits toxic effects when it forms oligomers or fibrils,leading to neuronal death via multiple pathways,including mitochondrial dysfunction,impaired vesicular trafficking,dopamine auto-oxidation,and neuroinflammation.In addition,α-synuclein can propagate between cells via exosomes,endocytosis/exocytosis,tunneling nanotubes,or vagal nerve axonal transport,creating a cascade of pathological effects.Animal models of PD that recapitulate the key pathological hallmark of α-synuclein accumulation are indispensable tools for elucidating disease mechanisms and developing novel therapeutic interventions.To date,various strategies,including transgenic techniques,bacterial artificial chromosome(BAC)-mediated expression,viral vector-mediated overexpression,and gene editing,have been employed to develop α-synuclein overexpression animal models.These models have significantly advanced our exploration of the relationship between PD and α-synuclein.This systematic review considers the structure and function of α-synuclein,its mechanisms of toxicity,intercellular propagation pathways,animal models of overexpression,and potential therapeutic targets based on its pathogenic mechanisms.

Connective tissue disease(CTD)is based on chronic inflammation of blood vessels and connective tissue,often involving multiple systems.The basic pathological changes are necrotizing vasculitis,myxedema,fibrin like deformation,etc.It belongs to systemic autoimmune disease.Due to the complex pathogenesis and heterogeneity of CTD,developing personalized manage-ment strategies remains extremely challenging.Therefore,exploring the new mechanisms and treatment targets of CTD is the focus of CTD research work.In recent years,with the continuous deepening of research on CTD,it has been discovered that there is a new form of cell death in the pathological process of CTD,namely copper death.Similar to ferroptosis,copper induces cytotoxicity mediated cell death through increased mitochondrial dependent energy metabolism and accumulation of reactive oxygen species.This article mainly attempts to explore the relationship between copper death and the pathological mechanism of confirmed CTD,as well as its impact on various immune cells,as well as the opportunities and challenges faced by therapeutic targets and clinical drugs.

N6-methyladenosine(m6A)methylation modification is the most common post-transcriptional modification in eukaryotic RNA and plays an important role in RNA metabolism,immune cell stability,and immunomodulation.Systemic lupus erythematosus(SLE)is a diffuse,systemic autoimmune disease caused by the binding of autoantibodies to corresponding autoimmune antigens to form immune complex deposits.The pathogenesis of SLE is complex.With the continuous deepening of research,it has been discovered in recent years that m6A methylation modification can participate in the occurrence of SLE by regulating immune cells and promote the development of SLE from aspects such as oxidative stress and inflammatory response.This article reviews the research progress on the three proteins modified by m6A methylation and their relationship with the pathogenesis of SLE.

AIM:To observe the neuroprotective effects of total saponins of Trillium tschonoskii Maxim(TST)on rats with vascular dementia(VD)and explore the drug's impact on astrocytes and the Sonic Hedgehog(Shh)pathway as well as its mechanisms of action.METHODS:A rat model of vascular dementia was established by bilateral common carotid artery occlusion.Subsequently,the rats were randomly divided into four groups:donepezil hydrochloride group,TST group,model group,and sham group,with 18 rats in each group.After 5 weeks of gavage,samples were collected.Cognitive function was evaluated by the water maze test.Histopathological changes in brain tissue were examined with HE and Nissl staining.The ultrastructure of astrocytes was analyzed by transmission electron microscopy.The localization and expression of the neuronal nuclear antigen(NeuN),glial fibrillary acidic protein(GFAP),Shh,and glioma-associated oncogene homolog 1(Gli1)were identified using immunohistochemistry.Immunofluorescence was also employed to exam-ine the expression of NeuN and GFAP.Finally,Western blot analysis was used to measure the protein levels of NeuN,GFAP,Shh,Patched 1(Ptch1),Gli1,Bax,Bcl-2,tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α),and interleukin-10(IL-10)in the hippocampus.RESULTS:Compared to the sham group,the model rats demonstrated prolonged escape latency,disorga-nized and loosened neuronal arrangement in the hippocampus and cortex,reduced Nissl bodies,and significant neuronal damage.Astrocytes displayed chromatin aggregation,swollen mitochondria with disrupted cristae structures,and swollen endoplasmic reticulum regions.The expression of NeuN,Shh,and Gli1 positive cells significantly decreased,while GFAP positive cells significantly increased.Additionally,the protein levels of NeuN,Shh,Ptch1,Gli1,IL-10,and Bcl-2 in the hippocampus were reduced(P＜0.05),whereas those of GFAP,Bax,and TNF-α were elevated(P＜0.01).Com-pared to the model group,the donepezil hydrochloride and TST groups effectively improved the aforementioned indicators.CONCLUSION:Total saponins of trillium tschonoskii maxim can effectively alleviate pathological damage to neurons in VD rats,thereby improving learning and memory abilities.The underlying mechanisms may involve inhibiting the overacti-vation of astrocytes,activate the Shh/Ptch1/Gli1 signaling pathway,suppress neuroinflammation,and reduce neuronal apoptosis.

Castleman disease(CD)is a rare lymphoproliferative disorder with an unclear etiology and pathogenesis.This article reports a case of unicentric Castleman disease(UCD)occurring in the submandibular region.The patient presented with a painless submandibular mass.Imaging studies revealed a well-defined,hypervascular lesion,and histopathological examination confirmed the diagnosis of plasma cell-type CD.Submandibular CD is exceptionally rare and can be easily misdiagnosed as lymphadenitis or lymphoma,necessitating a com-bination of imaging and pathological examinations for differential diagnosis.This case report provides valuable insights into diagnosis and management of CD.

Objective:To evaluate the effect of mucogingival surgery on aesthetic restoration during the resection of anterio tooth epulis.Methods:A total of 60 patients with gingival tumors in the anterior tooth area were collected,and a control group of17 cases were treated with traditional surgical resection.After tumor resection,the study group of 43 cases underwent simultaneous repair with gingival membrane surgery.Group A underwent coronal reduction flap surgery,group B underwent lateral transposition flap sur-gery,and group C underwent connective tissue graft and coronal reduction flap surgery.Follow up examinations were conducted at 2 month,6 months,and 1 year after surgery to record the distance of gingival recession,the difference between the width of the atta-ched gingiva and the corresponding tooth on the opposite side,the red aesthetic index,patient satisfaction VAS,and postoperative recurrence.Results:The postoperative gingival recession distance in the study group was lower than that in the control group,and the difference between the attached gingival width and the opposite homonymous tooth in the study group was lower than that in the control group.Conclusion:The use of gingival membrane surgery in the anterior tooth area for aesthetic restoration after gingival tumor resection is effective and worthy of promotion.

Plant-derived bioactive peptides have become a research hotspot in the fields of food and medicine due to their high source safety,easy absorption and utilization by the human body,and potential edible and medicinal value.Bioactive peptides can be classified into antihypertensive,hypoglycemic,hypolipidemic,anticancer,antioxidant,antimicrobial,and anti-inflammatory peptides according to their functions.Among these,antihypertensive,hypoglycemic,and hypolipidemic peptides are collectively referred to as cardiovascular active peptides,which can be used for the treatment and prevention of cardiovascular diseases and have an important role in the development of modem biomedicine.This review focused on the preparation methods,separation,purification,and identification techniques of bioactive peptides,as well as their mechanisms of action and applications in regulating cardiovascular diseases,aiming to provide a reference for further development and application of plant-derived cardiovascular peptides.

N6-methyladenosine(m6A)methylation modification is the most common post-transcriptional modification in eukaryotic RNA and plays an important role in RNA metabolism,immune cell stability,and immunomodulation.Systemic lupus erythematosus(SLE)is a diffuse,systemic autoimmune disease caused by the binding of autoantibodies to corresponding autoimmune antigens to form immune complex deposits.The pathogenesis of SLE is complex.With the continuous deepening of research,it has been discovered in recent years that m6A methylation modification can participate in the occurrence of SLE by regulating immune cells and promote the development of SLE from aspects such as oxidative stress and inflammatory response.This article reviews the research progress on the three proteins modified by m6A methylation and their relationship with the pathogenesis of SLE.