Animal experimentation constitutes a critical link between basic research and clinical application, making its research quality and translational efficiency paramount. Although considerable progress has been made in standardizing operational procedures and ethical guidelines, the standardization of outcome evaluation systems has significantly lagged, creating a key bottleneck that constrains the quality of biomedical research and evidence synthesis. This deficiency is manifested by pronounced heterogeneity in outcome selection across similar studies, incomplete methodological reporting, and disparate criteria for result interpretation, which severely impairs the comparability of findings and the evidence integration. To cope with this challenge, this paper systematically introduces a mature methodological tool from clinical research–the core outcome set (COS)–and explores its construction strategies and application potential in the field of animal experimentation. Given the extensive diversity of animal experiments, a pragmatic strategy of "focusing on key areas, implementing phased pilots, and promoting gradual expansion" should be adopted. This approach prioritizes the development of domain-specific COS for disease areas characterized by high research volume, urgent translational needs, and well-established animal models. A multi-source integration pathway for COS development is detailed, comprising systematic literature searches, methodological appraisals, and expert consensus, with the feasibility of leveraging artificial intelligence (AI) to enhance efficiency also being examined. The development and promotion of such COS are not intended to restrict scientific exploration; rather, they aim to establish a new, tiered evaluation paradigm consisting of "core outcomes" (mandatory), "recommended outcomes" (encouraged), and "exploratory outcomes" (optional). This framework is expected not only to enhance research quality through standardization and to adhere to the "3R" principles but also to accelerate the accumulation of high-quality evidence. This, in turn, provides a solid foundation for higher-level evidence synthesis, ultimately facilitating the effective translation of basic research findings into clinical practice and providing an essential methodological framework for scientific advancement in relevant disciplines.

Objective To establish a rapid on-site detection method for methamphetamine(MA)based on surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy(SERS).Methods Laboratory-synthesized colloidal silver nanoparticles(AgNPs)were employed as SERS substrates to rapidly detect methamphetamine in typical crime scene matrices,including beer,cigarette ash,and plastic containers.Results The method requires no sample pretreatment,is simple to operate,and offers high sensitivity with fast detection speed.The limit of detection(LOD)reached 10 ppb(signal-to-noise ratio,S/N＞3).The qualitative results of methamphetamine analysis from forensic case samples were highly consistent with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS)findings.Conclusion Methamphetamine is frequently encountered in illicit settings and criminal activities.This study achieved rapid detection of methamphetamine in complex matrices(beer,cigarette ash,and plastic containers),demonstrating good application prospects in practice and providing important value for law enforcement,public safety,and criminal investigation.

Objective:To explore the ideological and political education elements and methods in the introduction to nursing course, so as to enhance its ideological educational effectiveness. Methods:In February 2024, based on a "three-stage" teaching model (pre-class, in-class, and post-class), this study reformed the ideological and political education plan for the introduction to nursing course by integrating online and offline case studies and resources, expanding educational materials, and organizing teaching assessments and effectiveness surveys. A semester-long ideological and political education practice was implemented for 237 first-year nursing students from four classes in Medical College of Xinjiang University of Science and Technology. The effectiveness was evaluated by exam scores and a self-designed Introduction to Nursing Teaching Effectiveness Evaluation Scale under the ideological and political education framework. Results:Among the 237 students, there were 107 males and 130 females, aged (18.50 ± 1.12) years old, 63 achieved a passing grade, 149 achieved a good grade, and 18 achieved an excellent grade, with a pass rate of 97.05% (230/237). The scores of the six dimensions of interest stimulation in teaching methods, acceptance of teaching methods, knowledge review and application, knowledge comprehension and retention, self-challenge and improvement, and satisfaction with learning outcomes within 1 week after the end of the course scores were (3.92 ± 1.11), (4.21 ± 0.82), (4.05 ± 0.97), (4.05 ± 0.89), (4.11 ± 0.94), (4.03 ± 0.90) points, which were significantly higher than 1 week before the start of the course (3.43 ± 1.00), (3.54 ± 1.03), (3.48 ± 1.08), (3.47 ± 1.04), (3.52 ± 1.05), (3.47 ± 1.01) points. The differences were statistically significant ( t values were -19.38- -13.22, all P < 0.01). Conclusions:The "three-stage" teaching model in the introduction to nursing course effectively integrates professional education with ideological and political education, improves students′ academic performance, enhances learning effectiveness in nursing practice, and strengthens the overall impact of ideological and political education.

Objective To analyze the short-term prognosis value of middle ear risk index(MERI)in predicting the poor hearing recovery 6 months after transcanal endoscopic ear surgery(TEES)for children with cholesteatoma-type middle ear infection and the related factors affecting poor hearing recovery after TEES surgery.Methods A total of 70 children with cholesteatoma-type middle ear infection who underwent TEES were selected as the research subjects,and their outcomes were followed up for 6 months postoperatively.Pure tone audiometry was performed to collect the air-bone-gap(ABG)values of children,and they were divided into two groups according to ABG values:the group with good prognosis(ABG≤20 dBHL,n=49)and the group with poor prognosis(ABG>20 dBHL,n=21).The general information and the postoperative outcomes of MERI,ABG and quality of life improvement(Otitis Media-6,OM-6 score)of the two groups were compared.The independent risk factors for poor hearing recovery of TEES for children with cholesteatoma-type middle ear infection were analyzed by multivariate Logistic regression analysis.Receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve was developed to study the predictive value of MERI in patients with cholestatomatous otitis media with TEES.Results Compared with the good prognosis group,the disease course of children in the poor prognosis group was longer,the scores of MERI,ABG and OM-6 before and after surgery were higher,the proportion of high-risk was higher(P＜0.05).The multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that longer course of illness,higher MERI,higher preoperative ABG values and higher preoperative OM-6 scores were independent risk factors for poor hearing recovery of TEES for children with cholesteatoma-type middle ear infection.The ROC curve showed that the AUC(95%CI)of MERI predicting poor hearing recovery at 6 months post-TEES in cholesteatoma otitis media children was 0.828(95%CI:0.718-0.907),sensitivity was 81.0%and specificity was 75.5%.Conclusion MERI can be used as an effective tool to predict the short-term hearing recovery of children with cholestatoma otitis media undergoing tympanoplasty.The longer the course of disease,the higher the MERI.The higher the preoperative ABG,the higher the preoperative OM-6 score.The higher the risk of poor hearing recovery after TEES operation in children with cholestatoma otitis media,which needs clinical attention.

Objective To verify the accuracy of Youssef's formula and evaluate whether fetal biacromial diameter(BA)and other fetal biological diameters estimated by ultrasound can be used to predict macrosomia and shoulder dystocia,so as to provide the possibility for clinical prediction of shoulder dystocia.Methods A total of 200 pregnant women with a gestational period of 37-42 weeks were examined with ultrasound within 3 days before delivery for collecting biparietal diameter(BPD),head circumference(HC),abdominal circumference(AC),humerus length(HL),femur length(FL),thoracic transverse diameter and midpoint diameter of upper arm;and the fetal BA was estimated by Youssef's formula.Neonatal BA,body mass and body length were measured within 1 day after delivery.The above data were analyzed for correlation.Newborns were grouped according to their body mass(macrosomia vs non-macrosomia)and whether they had shoulder dystocia or not(shoulder dystocia vs non-shoulder dystocia).Results(1)The fetal BA estimated by Youssef's formula was consistent with neonatal BA(P>0.05),and the estimated BA was positively correlated with BPD,HC,AC and neonatal body mass(P<0.001).(2)The BA,BA/AC and BA/HC in macrosomia group were different from those in non-macrosomia group(P<0.05).ROC curve showed that the sensitivity and specificity were 92.3%and 88.2%for macrosomia prediction when the estimated BA threshold was 16.05 cm,and those were 61.5%and 77.0%when BA/AC threshold was 0.455,and 76.9%and 72.7%when BA/HC threshold was 0.465.(3)Shoulder dystocia group had neonatal weight close to non-shoulder dystocia group(P>0.05),but higher BA/BPD,BA/HC and BA-BPD(P<0.05).ROC curve showed that the sensitivity and specificity were 100.0%and 66.8%for shoulder dystocia when BA threshold was 15.45 cm,100.0%and 80.6%when BA/BPD threshold was 1.695,100.0%and 81.6%when BA/HC threshold was 0.475,and 100.0%and 76.0%when the threshold difference between BA and BPD was 6.35 cm.Conclusion Fetal BA,BA/BPD,BA/HC,BA/AC and BA-BPD may be effective predictors of shoulder dystocia and macrosomia.

Objective To analyze the short-term prognosis value of middle ear risk index(MERI)in predicting the poor hearing recovery 6 months after transcanal endoscopic ear surgery(TEES)for children with cholesteatoma-type middle ear infection and the related factors affecting poor hearing recovery after TEES surgery.Methods A total of 70 children with cholesteatoma-type middle ear infection who underwent TEES were selected as the research subjects,and their outcomes were followed up for 6 months postoperatively.Pure tone audiometry was performed to collect the air-bone-gap(ABG)values of children,and they were divided into two groups according to ABG values:the group with good prognosis(ABG≤20 dBHL,n=49)and the group with poor prognosis(ABG>20 dBHL,n=21).The general information and the postoperative outcomes of MERI,ABG and quality of life improvement(Otitis Media-6,OM-6 score)of the two groups were compared.The independent risk factors for poor hearing recovery of TEES for children with cholesteatoma-type middle ear infection were analyzed by multivariate Logistic regression analysis.Receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve was developed to study the predictive value of MERI in patients with cholestatomatous otitis media with TEES.Results Compared with the good prognosis group,the disease course of children in the poor prognosis group was longer,the scores of MERI,ABG and OM-6 before and after surgery were higher,the proportion of high-risk was higher(P＜0.05).The multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that longer course of illness,higher MERI,higher preoperative ABG values and higher preoperative OM-6 scores were independent risk factors for poor hearing recovery of TEES for children with cholesteatoma-type middle ear infection.The ROC curve showed that the AUC(95%CI)of MERI predicting poor hearing recovery at 6 months post-TEES in cholesteatoma otitis media children was 0.828(95%CI:0.718-0.907),sensitivity was 81.0%and specificity was 75.5%.Conclusion MERI can be used as an effective tool to predict the short-term hearing recovery of children with cholestatoma otitis media undergoing tympanoplasty.The longer the course of disease,the higher the MERI.The higher the preoperative ABG,the higher the preoperative OM-6 score.The higher the risk of poor hearing recovery after TEES operation in children with cholestatoma otitis media,which needs clinical attention.

Objective:To analyze the influencing factors of low fall alertness in elderly inpatients,construct a risk prediction model and validate it,providing a reference for clinical medical staff to identify elderly inpatients with low fall alertness in the early stage.Methods:A total of 605 elderly inpatients treated in Yijishan Hospital affiliated to Wannan Medical College from Oct 2023 to Mar 2024 were enrolled and randomly divided into the training group(n=423)and validation group(n=182)at a ratio of 7∶3.The patients were evaluated using a general information questionnaire,the Social Frailty Screening Tool(HALFT),the Tilburg Frailty Indicator(TFI),and the Self-Awareness of Falls in Elderly scale(SAFE).Multivariate logistic analysis was used to determine the influencing factors of low fall alertness in elderly inpatients.RStudio was used to construct a risk prediction model of low fall alertness.The discrimination,calibration,and clinical net benefit of the model were verified using the receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curves,calibration plots,and decision curve analysis(DCA).Results:Multivariate logistic analysis showed that the history of falls,monthly income,previous physical activity time,social frailty score and TFI score were independent risk factors for low fall alertness in elderly inpatients.The Hosmer-Lemeshow χ2 test showed that χ2=8.863,P=0.354,indicating good calibration of the prediction model.The area under the ROC curve of the training group and the validation group were 0.860(95%CI:0.815-0.904)and 0.937(95%CI:0.888-0.986),respectively,and the maximum Youden indices of the model was 0.576 and 0.788,respectively,indicating good discrimination of the model.The DCA decision curve showed that the model had good clinical effectiveness.Conclusion:The constructed model has a good prediction effect and can help clinical medical staff quickly and effectively screen out elderly inpatients at risk of low fall alertness.

Aim To explore the impact and mechanism of proprotein convertase subtilisin kexin 9(PCSK9)on the progression of abdominal aortic aneurysm(AAA).Methods 6～8 week old ApoE-/-mice were selected to estab-lish the AAA model.Angiotensin Ⅱ(Ang Ⅱ)was continuously infused through subcutaneous implantation of a micro-os-motic pump.The mice were fed with high-fat diet and killed after 28 days.The expression of PCSK9 in abdominal aor-tic smooth muscle cells was detected by immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence in normal abdominal aortic blood vessels and AAA samples in human and mice.Primary cultured murine vascular smooth muscle cells(mVSMC)of C57BL/6 mice were treated with different concentrations of AngⅡ for 24 h,and the expression of PCSK9 mRNA and pro-tein was detected.PCSK9 overexpression and knockdown cell models were established,and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species(mtROS),mitochondrial membrane potential(MMP),mitochondrial permeability transition pore(MPTP)open-ing,and Z-DNA binding protein 1(ZBP1)protein expression were detected.Bioinformatics was used to analyze the dif-ferential expression of multiple single-cell sequencing datasets to obtain the key differentially expressed genes,and to study their expression and role in AAA.Results Immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence results showed that PCSK9 expression in human and mouse AAA increased(P＜0.01),and co-localized with smooth muscle.Ang Ⅱ promoted PCSK9 expression in mVSMC in a concentration-dependent manner,the 2.0 μmol/L Ang Ⅱ group showed a 2.9-fold and 1.1-fold increase in the expression of PCSK9 mRNA and protein,respectively(P＜0.01),with the most significant effect observed.After successfully constructing PCSK9 overexpression and PCSK9 interference mVSMC models,PCSK9 overex-pression led to an increase in intracellular mtROS,a decrease in MMP,an increase in MPTP opening,and a decrease in cellular activity(P＜0.01);PCSK9 knockdown could reduce Ang Ⅱ induced increase in mtROS,decrease in MMP and MPTP opening;compared with the siNC+Ang Ⅱ group,the siPCSK9+Ang Ⅱ group showed a decrease in mtROS and an in-crease in the fluorescence brightness of MMP and MPTP(P＜0.05).Bioinformatics analysis revealed that ZBP1 was a core differentially expressed gene in AAA.Immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence results showed that ZBP1 ex-pression in human and mouse AAA tissues increased,and co-localized with smooth muscle.Western blot results showed that PCSK9 overexpression or treatment with 2.0 μmol/L Ang Ⅱ could increase ZBP1 protein expression(P＜0.01),while PCSK9 knockdown could alleviate the increased ZBP1 expression caused by AngⅡ(P＜0.05).Conclusion PCSK9 may induce mitochondrial damage in smooth muscle cells,activate downstream molecule ZBP1 to cause cell damage,and promote the development of AAA.

Objective:To analyze the short-term hospital-based transmission characteristics and gene variation of Carbapenem-Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP) by genome-wide technique to provide evidence for transmission control. Methods:The experimental strain was derived from all the CRKP isolated in Affiliated Hospital of North China University of Science and Technology from October 2022 to December 2023. Strain identification and drug susceptibility were tested with VITEK 2-Compact automatic bacterial identification drug susceptibility analyzer or disk method, and the results were interpreted through whole genome sequencing. The ST type, carbapenem resistance gene, virulence factor, and O serotype of the collected strains were analyzed.Results:Among the 115 strains of CRKP, 94 strains were isolated from the intensive care unit (ICU), accounting for 81.7%, and 21 strains were isolated from the non-intensive care unit (NICU), accounting for 18.3%. The 115 strains of CRKP can be divided into 11 ST types, of which ST11 type was the most (54.8%, 63/115), followed by ST15 type (22.6%, 26/115) and ST5492 type (15.7%, 18/115). Type ST5492 was a new clonal group in the region. The 115 strains of CRKP could be divided into 7 O serotypes, most of which were O2a type(32.2%,37/115), followed by O5 type(30.4%,35/115) and O1 type(27.8%,32/115). The resistance genes of carbapenem antibiotics showed that there were 107 strains carrying the blaKPC-2 gene, one strain with the blaNDM-1 gene, and one strain with both the blaKPC-2 and blaNDM-13 genes. Virulence genes were detected in 55 CRKP strains (47.8%, 55/115), among which six strains detected peg-344, iucA, iroB, rmpA, and rmpA2 virulence genes (5.2%, 6/115). Four virulence genes ( peg-344, iucA, rmpA, and rmpA2) were detected in 34 strains (29.6%, 34/115). Three virulence genes ( iucA, iroB and rmpA) were detected in two strains (1.7%, 2/115). Three virulence genes ( peg-344, iucA and rmpA) were detected in one strain (0.8%, 1/115). IucA and rmpA virulence genes were detected in 12 strains (10.4%, 12/115). KPC-2_ST11_O2a, KPC-2_ST15_O1 and KPC-2_ST5492_O5 were dominant clones, and their distribution was mainly in the intensive care unit. The whole genome sequence analysis showed that there were three dominant clones, among which ST11 clones were subdivided into three dominant O serotypes, all of which were mainly in the intensive care unit. Conclusion:The popular strain in the hospital of CRKP is a KPC-2_ST11 clone group carrying iucA, rmpA/rmpA2, with cross-department transmission and mutation. ST5492 is a newly-launched clone type. The intensive care unit of hvKP carrying five virulence genes, including peg-344, should be alert to the epidemic risk of CR-hvKP outbreak.

Objective:To analyze the carriage status, subtype distribution and flanking gene sequence characteristics of oxacillinases (OXA enzyme) in 241 clinical strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and assess their roles in the drug resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and ability to horizontally transfer across species. Methods:Clinical P. aeruginosa isolates were collected from four hospitals in Sanya, Tangshan, Zhangjiakou, and Beijing. The prevalence of oxacillinases and their flanking gene sequences was analyzed by whole-genome sequencing (NGS) and bioinformatic approaches. Results:A total of 241 isolates of P. aeruginosa were gathered, and 35 blaOXA subtypes were identified through screening of 252 blaOXA genes. These genes were classified into three subfamilies: blaOXA-50-like (241, 95.6%), blaOXA-1-like (9, 3.6%) and blaOXA-10-like (2, 0.8%). Among these, 11 subtypes (11, 31.4%) were novel blaOXA subtypes. Nine of these belonged to the blaOXA-50-like subfamily and were designated as blaOXA-1244, blaOXA-1245, blaOXA-1246, blaOXA-1250, blaOXA-1252, blaOXA-1253, blaOXA-1254, blaOXA-1255, and blaOXA-1256. The remaining two belonged to the blaOXA-10-like subfamily and were named blaOXA-1247 and blaOXA-1248. Compared to the amino acid sequence of OXA-10, the newly identified subtype OXA-1247 exhibited a mutation at position 117, where a valine was replaced by a leucine. This change was thought to improve the enzyme′s ability to hydrolyze carbapenems. In the analysis of the flanking sequences of the blaOXA genes, Class I integrons were identified in four bacterial strains. The variable regions of these integrons carried three distinct patterns of resistance gene cassettes: aac( 6′) -Ib-blaOXA-1247-ant( 3′′) -Ia, aac( 6′) -Ib-blaOXA-1248 and aac( 6′) -Ib- blaIMP-45-blaOXA-1-catB3. Among these, the strain BJ2326 carried a class I integron that was connected to the downstream IS CR1 element to form a composite class I integron structure, additionally carrying the resistance gene blaPER-1. Out of the 223 non-wild-type P. aeruginosa strains, 127 strains exhibited non-wild-type profiles to the four beta-lactam antibiotics MEM, CAZ, FEP, and TZP, with the combination of MEM+CAZ+FEP being the most prevalent, representing 57.0% of the total. Conclusions:The blaOXA genes in 241 clinical P. aeruginosa strains showed diversity. Some blaOXA genes had a co-transfer risk with the metallo-β-lactamase resistance gene blaIMP-45. Among the 11 newly discovered blaOXA subtypes, the new subtype OXA-1247 may have carbapenemase activity and potential for horizontal transfer.