Abstract To improve adolescent health behavior, the study summarizes and analyzes the performance, pathways of transmission, and influencing factors of the intergenerational transmission of adolescent health behaviors from the perspective of intergenerational transmission. The study emphasizes the need to deepen research on the intergenerational transmission of adolescent health behaviors, promote multidisciplinary and cross team collaboration, and shift adolescent health care from individual focused care to a holistic approach that prioritizes family and community culture. Simultaneously, an action framework should be established to block the intergenerational transmission of health risk behaviors, with a focus on childhood and adolescence. Additionally, parent-child participatory health education and health promotion activities should be carried out under a tripartite coordinated intervention model involving the community, school, and family, collectively fostering the development of healthy behaviors among adolescents.

Humans ; Tenofovir/therapeutic use* ; Emtricitabine/therapeutic use* ; HIV Infections/drug therapy* ; Anti-HIV Agents/therapeutic use*

Cohort study is one of the important research methods in analytical epidemiology because of its clear time sequence relationship, which is better than other observational studies in demonstrating causal association. However, screening diagnosis or other methods are often used to exclude the individuals with outcome events during the enrollment process of the subjects in cohort studies. The accuracy of screening diagnosis and the effectiveness of exclusion will affect the accuracy of the baseline status assessment of the subjects included in the study, which may lead to the causal time sequence reversal of exposure-outcome in the estimation of causal effect. Landmark analysis can be used to control reverse causality by excluding subjects with potentially unknown expose-outcome timing. In this paper, we describe the basic principles and analytical steps of landmark analysis, and use data from the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey to explore the relationship between physical activity and frailty, and introduce the specific application of landmark analysis for the purpose of facilitating its application and inferring causal effects more accurately in cohort studies.

With completing a baseline survey of a large natural population cohort, conducting regular follow-up has become a key factor in further improving the quality of cohort construction and ensuring its sustainable development. Typical cohort follow-up methods include repeat surveys, routine monitoring, and community-oriented surveillance. However, in practical applications, there are often issues such as high costs, difficulty, and high error rates. Telephone follow-up is an important supplementary method to the methods mentioned above, as it has the characteristics of low cost, fast response, and high quality. However, the with difficult organization, quality control is challenging, response rates are low, and management levels vary widely, which limits its widespread use in large-scale population cohort studies. Given the above problems, this study draws on customer relationship management based on the actual needs of the China Northwest Cohort follow-up. It relies on the REDCap electronic data collection platform to build a telephone follow-up management and quality control system. Targeted solutions are provided for key issues in telephone follow-up implementation, including organizational structure, project management, data collection, and process quality control, to improve the quality control level of telephone follow-up comprehensively and thereby enhance the quality and efficiency of follow-up. We hope to provide standardized follow-up programs and efficient quality control tools for newly established and existing cohort studies.

Objective:To explore the therapeutic effect of intra-articular injection of triptolide nanomaterials on rabbit antigen-induced knee arthritis.Methods:Twenty-seven New Zealand white rabbits were randomly divided into 4 groups. After antigen-induced arthritis (AIA) model were induced, the knee joints of triptolide nanomaterials (TPNA) group, triptolide (TP) group and betamethasone (BS) group were injected intra-articularly under ultrasound guidance with triptolide nanomaterials, triptolide and betamethasone respectively, 7 rabbits in each group. And the other 6 rabbits were punctured but not injected with any drugs as the control group. The pathological changes of joint swelling, synovitis and bone erosion were examined. Student's test, repeated measure data of analysis of variance (ANOVA), Mann-Whitney U test and Kruskal- Wallis test were used for statistical analysis. Results:① Before treatment, the knee joint diameters of the TPNA group, TP group, BS group and control group were (2.02±0.08) cm, (2.08±0.06) cm, (2.10±0.06) cm and (2.18±0.07) cm, respectively. After one week of administration, the knee joint diameters of the above groups were (1.85±0.06) cm, (1.89±0.07) cm, (1.93±0.08) cm and (2.15±0.08) cm, respectively. Knee joint swelling was significantly reduced in each treated group after a week of intra-articular injection. With the extension of treatment, the diameter of rabbit knee joints in each experimental group gradually decreased gradually ( F=58.83, P<0.01; F=53.78, P<0.01; F=68.24, P<0.01), and the diameter of rabbit knee joints in the TP group, TPNA group and BS group was significantly smaller than that of the control group ( F=63.83, P<0.01; F=71.94, P<0.01; F=140.79, P<0.01). ② The synovitis score of TP group was lower than that of the control group ( Z=-2.082, P<0.05), which was mainly mild synovitis. While the synovitis scores of TPNA group and BS group were lower than that of TP group ( Z=-2.082, P<0.05; Z=-2.687, P<0.05), most of which were free from synovitis. There was no statistical significant difference between BS group and TPNA group ( Z=-1.000, P>0.05). ③ The pathological scores of bone destruction in the TPNA group, TP group and BS group were all reduced compared with the control group ( Z=-2.505, P<0.05; Z=-2.216, P<0.05; Z=-2.505, P<0.05). There was no statistical significant difference between the TPNA group, TP group and BS group ( χ2=0.588, P>0.05). Conclusion:Intra-articular injection of triptolide nanomaterials can relieve joint swelling, reduce synovitis, and delay bone erosion. Its effect is similiar to glucocorticoid, better than simple triptolide. Triptolide nanomaterials have the potential to be an effective drug for arthritis by intra-articular injection.

Objective:To explore the clinical application value of routine indicators such as blood routine and liver and kidney function in auxiliary diagnosis and prognosis of COVID-19 patients.Methods:SNK-q and other methods were used to retrospectively analyzed the differences of blood routine test, liver and kidney function and other inflammatory indexes of 30 patients with covid-19, 29 patients with other viral pneumonia, 35 patients with influenza A/B and 25 healthy persons from January 28 to February 14, 2020 in Xiangya Hospital of Central South University.Results:The neutrophils count increased gradually in COVID-19 group, influenza A/B group and other types of viral pneumonia group, and the difference between COVID-19 group and other viral pneumonia groups was statistically significant( H=-19.064, P<0.05); The lymphocyte count decreased gradually in the control group, influenza A/B group, other viral pneumonia group and COVID-19 group. In addition, DB, UA and GLU were also different among groups. Subgroup analysis showed that there were statistically significant differences in N( F=9.581, t=-0.152, P<0.05), N%( F=5.723, t=-0.600, P<0.05), NLR( F=4.773, t=-1.161, P<0.05), PCT( F=17.464, t=-1.477, P<0.05)and CRP( F=7.656, t=-1.973, P<0.05) between patients with lung involvement +-++ and patients with lung involvement +++-++++. There were statistically significant differences in NLR( F=63.931, t=-2.815, P<0.01), AST( F=15.704, t=-1.930, P<0.01), ALT( F=35.551, t=-2.199, P<0.01), LDH( F=7.715, t=-2.703, P<0.05) and GLU( F=6.306, t=-5.116, P<0.05) between the light+common subgroup and the heavy+critical subgroup of COVID-19 clinical classification. Correlation analysis showed that clinical stage and imaging credit period were significantly correlated with NLR ( r=0.406 , P=0.026; r=0.397 , P=0.030), ALT ( r=0.403 , P=0.049; r=0.418 , P=0.047), LDH ( r=0.543 , P<0.01; r=0.643 , P<0.01) and GLU( r=0.750 , P<0.01; r=0.471 , P=0.042). A total of 5 principal components were extracted from all the included indicators, and the comprehensive information extraction rate was 82.86%. Indicators of a large load included Ur, PCT and CRP in PC1; ALT, AST and GLU in PC2; N%, L%, L and NLR in PC3. It indicated that the indicators of acute infection, liver function and blood routine had certein warning effect on disease surveillance. The results of ROC curve analysis showed that the combined detection of N+TB+Urea was the best practice to distinguish COVID-19 and other viral pneumonia, while the combined detection of N+L+UA was the most effective solution to make a distinction between COVID-19 and influenza A/B patients. In the aspect of disease evaluation, NL+LDH+GLU+ALT combined detection represent the best diagnostic performance to distinguish the clinical stage of light+common type and heavy+critical type, achieving the AUC (ROC) to 0.904, with the sensitivity 75% and the specificity 100% at the cut-off value of 0.477. Conclusion:In addition to etiology and imaging examination, doctors can also improve the routine laboratory tests such as blood routine test, liver and kidney function to assist diagnosis and disease prediction of patients with respiratory tract infection.

42 cases with gastroesophageal varices were prospectively included. The groups were treated with endoscopic band ligation or combined with tissue adhesive. The results showed that the left gastric vein internal diameter, average blood flow velocity and blood flow volume after the treatment of band ligation combined with tissue adhesive were significantly lower than that of the treatment of band ligation alone, and the differences were statistically significant ( P < 0.05). Spleen and portal vein internal diameter, blood flow and average velocity, the liver and spleen size, shear wave velocity and liver function grade of the two groups after treatment did not change significantly ( P > 0.05). The effective rate of band ligation combined with tissue adhesive in the treatment of esophageal and gastric varices (66.67%, 52.38%) were higher than that of band ligation alone (42.85%, 23.81%) ( P > 0.05), and the re-bleeding rate of the latter was higher (9.52% and 19.05%, P > 0.05). Hence, it is suggested that the combined therapy is safe and more effective, and has no apparent effect on liver function and portal hypertension.

Objective:To explore the clinical application value of routine indicators such as blood routine and liver and kidney function in auxiliary diagnosis and prognosis of COVID-19 patients.Methods:SNK-q and other methods were used to retrospectively analyzed the differences of blood routine test, liver and kidney function and other inflammatory indexes of 30 patients with covid-19, 29 patients with other viral pneumonia, 35 patients with influenza A/B and 25 healthy persons from January 28 to February 14, 2020 in Xiangya Hospital of Central South University.Results:The neutrophils count increased gradually in COVID-19 group, influenza A/B group and other types of viral pneumonia group, and the difference between COVID-19 group and other viral pneumonia groups was statistically significant( H=-19.064, P<0.05); The lymphocyte count decreased gradually in the control group, influenza A/B group, other viral pneumonia group and COVID-19 group. In addition, DB, UA and GLU were also different among groups. Subgroup analysis showed that there were statistically significant differences in N( F=9.581, t=-0.152, P<0.05), N%( F=5.723, t=-0.600, P<0.05), NLR( F=4.773, t=-1.161, P<0.05), PCT( F=17.464, t=-1.477, P<0.05)and CRP( F=7.656, t=-1.973, P<0.05) between patients with lung involvement +-++ and patients with lung involvement +++-++++. There were statistically significant differences in NLR( F=63.931, t=-2.815, P<0.01), AST( F=15.704, t=-1.930, P<0.01), ALT( F=35.551, t=-2.199, P<0.01), LDH( F=7.715, t=-2.703, P<0.05) and GLU( F=6.306, t=-5.116, P<0.05) between the light+common subgroup and the heavy+critical subgroup of COVID-19 clinical classification. Correlation analysis showed that clinical stage and imaging credit period were significantly correlated with NLR ( r=0.406 , P=0.026; r=0.397 , P=0.030), ALT ( r=0.403 , P=0.049; r=0.418 , P=0.047), LDH ( r=0.543 , P<0.01; r=0.643 , P<0.01) and GLU( r=0.750 , P<0.01; r=0.471 , P=0.042). A total of 5 principal components were extracted from all the included indicators, and the comprehensive information extraction rate was 82.86%. Indicators of a large load included Ur, PCT and CRP in PC1; ALT, AST and GLU in PC2; N%, L%, L and NLR in PC3. It indicated that the indicators of acute infection, liver function and blood routine had certein warning effect on disease surveillance. The results of ROC curve analysis showed that the combined detection of N+TB+Urea was the best practice to distinguish COVID-19 and other viral pneumonia, while the combined detection of N+L+UA was the most effective solution to make a distinction between COVID-19 and influenza A/B patients. In the aspect of disease evaluation, NL+LDH+GLU+ALT combined detection represent the best diagnostic performance to distinguish the clinical stage of light+common type and heavy+critical type, achieving the AUC (ROC) to 0.904, with the sensitivity 75% and the specificity 100% at the cut-off value of 0.477. Conclusion:In addition to etiology and imaging examination, doctors can also improve the routine laboratory tests such as blood routine test, liver and kidney function to assist diagnosis and disease prediction of patients with respiratory tract infection.

The human leukocyte antigen (HLA) molecules encoded within the human major histocompatibility complex are a group of highly conserved cell surface proteins, which are related to antigen recognition. HLA genes display a high degree of genetic polymorphism, which is the basis of individual differences in immunity. Specific HLA genotypes have been highly associated with typical adverse drug reactions. HLA-A*31:01 and HLA-B*15:02 are associated with carbamazepine-induced severe cutaneous adverse reactions, HLA-B*57:01 is related to abacavir-induced drug-induced hypersensitivity syndrome and flucloxacillin/pazopanib-induced drug-induced liver injury, while HLA-B*35:01 is a potential biomarker for predicting polygonum multiflorum-induced liver injury. It is not clear how small drug molecules to interact with HLA molecules and T cell receptors (TCR). There are four mechanistic hypotheses, including the hapten/prohapten theory, the pharmacological interaction concept, the altered peptide repertoire model, and the altered TCR repertoire model.
Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions/genetics* ; Genotype ; HLA Antigens/genetics* ; Humans ; Polymorphism, Genetic

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a common, preventable and treatable disease that is characterized by persistent respiratory symptoms and airflow limitation due to airway and/or alveolar abnormalities usually caused by significant exposure to noxious particles or gases. In addition to smoking COPD caused by cigarette smoke, the phenotype of non-smoking COPD accounts for at least 1/4. Non-smoking COPD accounts for a large proportion, especially in developing countries. Non-smoking COPD and smoking COPD should be paid equal attention. More in-depth study on the prognosis of non-smoking COPD is needed.