The brain-computer interface (BCI) based on motor imagery electroencephalography (EEG) shows great potential in neurorehabilitation due to its non-invasive nature and ease of use. However, motor imagery EEG signals have low signal-to-noise ratios and spatiotemporal resolutions, leading to low decoding recognition rates with traditional neural networks. To address this, this paper proposed a three-dimensional (3D) convolutional neural network (CNN) method that learns spatial-frequency feature maps, using Welch method to calculate the power spectrum of EEG frequency bands, converted time-series EEG into a brain topographical map with spatial-frequency information. A 3D network with one-dimensional and two-dimensional convolutional layers was designed to effectively learn these features. Comparative experiments demonstrated that the average decoding recognition rate reached 86.89%, outperforming traditional methods and validating the effectiveness of this approach in motor imagery EEG decoding.
Electroencephalography/methods* ; Humans ; Brain-Computer Interfaces ; Neural Networks, Computer ; Imagination/physiology* ; Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted ; Brain/physiology* ; Convolutional Neural Networks

OBJECTIVE To investigate the mechanism by which salvianolic acid A (Sal A) reduces the inflammatory response and oxidative stress of BV2 cells injured by oxygen and glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/R).METHODS An OGD/R injury model of BV2 cells was established with sugar free Earle solution containing Na2S2O410 mmol·L-1.Na2S2O4 sugar free Earle solution was added and cultured in an incubator (37 ℃,5％CO2) for 1.5 h (oxygen glucose deprivation) before a normal medium was used for 24 h (reperfusion).Then,the cells were divided into the cell control group,OGD/R group,OGD/R+Sal A 1,5 and 10 μmol·L-1 group,OGD/R+ML385 group,OGD/R+ML385+Sal A 1,5 and 10μmol·L-1 group and OGD/R+edaravone (Eda,50μmol·L-1) group.After twenty-four hours of culture,the cell survival rate was measured by CCK8 kit.The contents of Interleukin-1β (IL-1β),IL-6,tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α),IL-10,IL-4 and transforming growth factor-β(TGF-β) in the cell supernatant were detected by ELISA.Reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cells was detected using the chemical fluo-rescence method.The contents of malondialdehyde (MDA) and the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD),glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX) and chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) in cells were determined with the colorimetric method.Protein expressions of Kelch like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1),nuclear factor erythroid-2 related factor 2 (Nrf2),Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1),NADPH:quinone oxidoreductase-1 (NQO1) and p-nuclear factor kappa-B p65 (p-NF-κB p65) were detected by Western blotting.RESULTS ①Compared with the cell control group,the cell survival rate of the OGD/R group was significantly decreased (P＜0.01).Compared with the OGD/R group,the survival rates of OGD/R+Sal A 1,5 and 10μmol·L-1 groups were significantly increased (P＜0.05,P＜0.01).②Compared with the cell control group,the contents of IL-1β,IL-6 and TNF-α were significantly increased,the contents of IL-10,IL-4 and TGF-β were significantly decreased,the contents of ROS and MDA were significantly increased,and the activities of SOD,CAT and GSH-Px were significantly decreased in the OGD/R group (P＜0.01).Compared with the OGD/R group,the content of IL-6 was significantly decreased,the contents of IL-10,IL-4 and TGF-β were significantly increased,the contents of ROS and MDA were significantly decreased,and the activities of SOD,CAT and GSH-Px were significantly increased in OGD/R+Sal A 1,5 and 10μmol·L-1 and OGD/R+Eda groups (P＜0.05,P＜0.01).③Compared with the cell control group,the protein expression of p-NF-κB P65 in the OGD/R group was significantly increased (P＜0.01).Compared with the OGD/R group,the protein expressions of Keap1 and cytoplasmic Nrf2 were significantly decreased,the expressions of nuclear Nrf2,HO-1 and NQO1 proteins were significantly increased,and the expression of p-NF-κB p65 protein was significantly decreased in OGD/R+Sal A 5 and 10 μmol·L-1 and OGD/R+Eda groups (P＜0.05,P＜0.01).In OGD/R+ML385,OGD/R+ML385+Sal A 1,5 and 10μmol·L-1 groups,the protein expression of Keap1 was significantly increased,the protein expressions of cytoplasmic Nrf2,nuclear Nrf2,HO-1 and NQO1 protein were significantly decreased,and the protein expression of p-NF-κB P65 was significantly increased (P＜0.01).CONCLU-SION Sal A reduces the inflammatory response and oxidative stress of OGD/R injured BV2 cells possi-bly by activating the Keap1/Nrf2 pathway and inhibiting the NF-κB pathway.

Adjuvant chemoradiotherapy,molecular targeted therapy,and immunotherapy are frequently employed to extend the survival of patients with advanced gastric cancer(GC).However,most of these treatments have toxic side effects,drug resistance,and limited improvements in survival and quality of life.Therefore,it is crucial to discover and develop new medications targeting GC that are highly effective and have minimal toxicity.In previous studies,the total terpene extract from the stem of Celastrus orbiculatus demonstrated anti-GC activity;however,the specific mechanism was unclear.Our research utilising co-immunoprecipitation-mass spectrometry(Co-IP-MS),polypyrimidine tract binding protein 1(ptbp1)clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat-associated protein 9(Cas9)-knockout(KO)mouse model,tissue microarray,and functional experiments suggests that alpha actinin-4(ACTN4)could be a significant biomarker of GC.PTBP1 influences actin cytoskeleton restructuring in GC cells by interacting with ACTN4.Celastrus orbiculatus stem extract(COE)may directly target ACTN4 and affect the interaction between PTBP1 and ACTN4,thereby exerting anti-GC effects.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the mechanism by which salvianolic acid A (Sal A) reduces the inflammatory response and oxidative stress of BV2 cells injured by oxygen and glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/R).METHODS An OGD/R injury model of BV2 cells was established with sugar free Earle solution containing Na2S2O410 mmol·L-1.Na2S2O4 sugar free Earle solution was added and cultured in an incubator (37 ℃,5％CO2) for 1.5 h (oxygen glucose deprivation) before a normal medium was used for 24 h (reperfusion).Then,the cells were divided into the cell control group,OGD/R group,OGD/R+Sal A 1,5 and 10 μmol·L-1 group,OGD/R+ML385 group,OGD/R+ML385+Sal A 1,5 and 10μmol·L-1 group and OGD/R+edaravone (Eda,50μmol·L-1) group.After twenty-four hours of culture,the cell survival rate was measured by CCK8 kit.The contents of Interleukin-1β (IL-1β),IL-6,tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α),IL-10,IL-4 and transforming growth factor-β(TGF-β) in the cell supernatant were detected by ELISA.Reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cells was detected using the chemical fluo-rescence method.The contents of malondialdehyde (MDA) and the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD),glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX) and chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) in cells were determined with the colorimetric method.Protein expressions of Kelch like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1),nuclear factor erythroid-2 related factor 2 (Nrf2),Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1),NADPH:quinone oxidoreductase-1 (NQO1) and p-nuclear factor kappa-B p65 (p-NF-κB p65) were detected by Western blotting.RESULTS ①Compared with the cell control group,the cell survival rate of the OGD/R group was significantly decreased (P＜0.01).Compared with the OGD/R group,the survival rates of OGD/R+Sal A 1,5 and 10μmol·L-1 groups were significantly increased (P＜0.05,P＜0.01).②Compared with the cell control group,the contents of IL-1β,IL-6 and TNF-α were significantly increased,the contents of IL-10,IL-4 and TGF-β were significantly decreased,the contents of ROS and MDA were significantly increased,and the activities of SOD,CAT and GSH-Px were significantly decreased in the OGD/R group (P＜0.01).Compared with the OGD/R group,the content of IL-6 was significantly decreased,the contents of IL-10,IL-4 and TGF-β were significantly increased,the contents of ROS and MDA were significantly decreased,and the activities of SOD,CAT and GSH-Px were significantly increased in OGD/R+Sal A 1,5 and 10μmol·L-1 and OGD/R+Eda groups (P＜0.05,P＜0.01).③Compared with the cell control group,the protein expression of p-NF-κB P65 in the OGD/R group was significantly increased (P＜0.01).Compared with the OGD/R group,the protein expressions of Keap1 and cytoplasmic Nrf2 were significantly decreased,the expressions of nuclear Nrf2,HO-1 and NQO1 proteins were significantly increased,and the expression of p-NF-κB p65 protein was significantly decreased in OGD/R+Sal A 5 and 10 μmol·L-1 and OGD/R+Eda groups (P＜0.05,P＜0.01).In OGD/R+ML385,OGD/R+ML385+Sal A 1,5 and 10μmol·L-1 groups,the protein expression of Keap1 was significantly increased,the protein expressions of cytoplasmic Nrf2,nuclear Nrf2,HO-1 and NQO1 protein were significantly decreased,and the protein expression of p-NF-κB P65 was significantly increased (P＜0.01).CONCLU-SION Sal A reduces the inflammatory response and oxidative stress of OGD/R injured BV2 cells possi-bly by activating the Keap1/Nrf2 pathway and inhibiting the NF-κB pathway.

With the advantage of providing more natural and flexible control manner, brain-computer interface systems based on motor imagery electroencephalogram (EEG) have been widely used in the field of human-machine interaction. However, due to the lower signal-noise ratio and poor spatial resolution of EEG signals, the decoding accuracy is relative low. To solve this problem, a novel convolutional neural network based on temporal-spatial feature learning (TSCNN) was proposed for motor imagery EEG decoding. Firstly, for the EEG signals preprocessed by band-pass filtering, a temporal-wise convolution layer and a spatial-wise convolution layer were respectively designed, and temporal-spatial features of motor imagery EEG were constructed. Then, 2-layer two-dimensional convolutional structures were adopted to learn abstract features from the raw temporal-spatial features. Finally, the softmax layer combined with the fully connected layer were used to perform decoding task from the extracted abstract features. The experimental results of the proposed method on the open dataset showed that the average decoding accuracy was 80.09%, which is approximately 13.75% and 10.99% higher than that of the state-of-the-art common spatial pattern (CSP) + support vector machine (SVM) and filter bank CSP (FBCSP) + SVM recognition methods, respectively. This demonstrates that the proposed method can significantly improve the reliability of motor imagery EEG decoding.
Algorithms ; Brain-Computer Interfaces ; Electroencephalography ; Humans ; Imagination ; Neural Networks, Computer ; Reproducibility of Results

Artificial prosthesis is an important tool to help amputees to gain or partially obtain abled human limb functions. Compared with traditional prosthesis which is only for decoration or merely has feedforward control channel, the perception and feedback function of prosthesis is an important guarantee for its normal use and self-safety. And this includes the information of position, force, texture, roughness, temperature and so on. This paper mainly summarizes the development and current status of artificial prostheses in the field of perception and feedback technology in recent years, which is derived from two aspects: the recognition way of perception signals and the feedback way of perception signals. Among the part of recognition way of perception signals, the current commonly adopted sensors related to perception information acquisition and their application status in prosthesis are overviewed. Additionally, from the aspects of force feedback stimulation, invasive/non-invasive electrical stimulation, and vibration stimulation, the feedback methods of perception signals are summarized and analyzed. Finally, some problems existing in the perception and feedback technology of artificial prosthesis are proposed, and their development trends are also prospected.
Amputees ; Artificial Limbs ; Feedback, Sensory ; Humans ; Prosthesis Design ; Prosthesis Implantation