【Objective】 To investigate the effects of radical prostatectomy (RP) or brachytherapy (BT) on the prognosis of patients with high-risk prostate cancer as initial treatment, in order to provide a reference for the selection of clinical treatment options. 【Methods】 The clinical data of 133 191 patients diagnosed with high-risk prostate cancer and treated with RP or BT during 2005 and 2014 were extracted from the SEER database.The 5-year and 10- year cancer-specific survival (CSS) and overall survival (OS) were compared with K-M analysis and univariate and multivariate Cox regression.The clinical data of another 253 patients diagnosed with high-risk prostate cancer in Subei People’s Hospital during 2015 and 2020 were collected, including 153 patients who received RP and 100 patients who received BT.The 5-year biochemical progress-free survival (bPFS) and CSS were compared with K-M analysis. 【Results】 Univariate analysis of SEER data showed that BT was associated with a higher risk of death (HR=1.319, 95%CI: 1.256-1.386, P<0.001); age, marital status and TNM stage were associated with higher risk of death (P<0.001).Multivariate analysis, adjusted for relevant variables, showed that BT did not result in a higher risk of death compared with RP (HR=0.964, 95%CI:0.924-0.996, P=0.808). The OS curve showed that the longer the observed survival time, the better OS of RP as compared to BT (P<0.001); however, the CSS survival curve showed that the longer the observed survival time, the better CSS of BT compared to RP (P<0.001).The single-center data analysis showed no significant difference between BT and RP in the 5-year bPFS (P=0.263) and CSS (P=0.946). 【Conclusion】 For patients with high-risk prostate cancer, there is a significant difference in the prognosis of the two treatments if there is no adjustment of age, marital status, TNM stage and other factors, and the efficacy of RP is better than that of BT, especially in patients with survival more than 10 years.However, there is no statistically significant difference in the prognosis after the possible confounding factors are adjusted.Therefore, the initial treatment choice for these patients should be weighed from multiple perspectives, and patients’ choices must be respected after they are fully informed.

【Objective】 To explore the clinical efficacy and safety of pelvic floor magnetic and electrical stimulation combined with Kegel exercise training in the treatment of stress urinary incontinence (SUI) after minimally invasive surgery for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). 【Methods】 A total of 52 patients with SUI after minimally invasive surgery for BPH treated during Jan.2016 and Feb.2022 were randomly divided into test group (n=26) and control group (n=26). The test group received pelvic floor magnetic and electrical stimulation and Kegel exercise training, while the control group received Kegel exercise training only. The treatment lasted for 3 months. The scores of International Consultation on Incontinence Modular Questionnaire Short Form (ICIQ-SF), 1 h pad test, International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) and Incontinence Quality of Life Questionnaire (I-QoL) were recorded and compared between the two groups before and after treatment. The adverse reactions were observed. 【Results】 The scores of ICIQ-SF, IPSS and I-QoL and 1 h pad test significantly decreased in both groups after treatment (P<0.05). Before treatment, there were no significant differences of the above indicators between the two groups (P>0.05), but after treatment, the scores of ICIQ-SF,IPSS,I-QoL and 1 h pad test were significantly lower in the test group than in the control group (P<0.05). No severe adverse reactions were observed. 【Conclusion】 Pelvic floor magnetic stimulation combined with Kegel exercise training is safe and effective for SUI after minimally invasive surgery for BPH.

Objective:To validate the feasibility of a deep learning-based clinical target volume (CTV) auto-segmentation algorithm for cervical cancer in clinical settings.Methods:CT data sets from 535 cervical cancer patients were collected. CTVs were delineated according to RTOG and JCOG guidelines, reviewed by experts, and then used as reference contours for training (definitive 177, post-operative 302) and test (definitive 23, post-operative 33). Four definitive and 6 post-operative cases were randomly selected from the testing cohort to be manually delineated by junior, intermediate, senior doctors, respectively. Dice coefficient (DSC), mean surface distance (MSD) and Hausdorff distance (HD) were used for test and comparison between auto-segmentation and RO delineation. Meantime, auto-segmentation time and manual delineation time were recorded.Results:Auto-segmentation models of dCTV 1, dCTV 2 and pCTV 1 were trained with VB-Net and showed good agreement with reference contours in the testing cohorts (DSC, 0.88, 0.70, 0.86 mm; MSD, 1.32, 2.42, 1.15 mm; HD, 21.6, 22.4, 20.8 mm). For dCTV 1, the difference between auto-segmentation and all three groups of doctors was not significant ( P>0.05). For dCTV 2 and pCTV 1, auto-segmentation was better than the junior and intermediate doctors (both P<0.05). Auto-segmentation time consumption was considerably shorter than that of manual delineation. Conclusions:Deep learning-based CTV auto-segmentation algorithm for cervical cancer achieves comparable accuracy to manual delineation of senior doctors. Clinical application of the algorithm can contribute to shortening doctors′ manual delineation time and improving clinical efficiency. Furthermore, it may serve as a guide for junior doctors to improve the consistency and accuracy of cervical cancer CTV delineation in clinical practice.

Objective:To analyze the risk of missed diagnosis in patients with PI-RADS score>3 and negative prostate initial biopsy and to explore its risk factors.Methods:The clinical data of 268 patients with negative prostate biopsy in Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital from May 2013 to December 2018 were retrospectively analyzed. The patients were divided into observation group (PI-RADS score>3) and control group (PI-RADS score≤ 3) according to different PI-RADS scores. There were insignificant differences in age [(67.4(60.0, 74.0)years and 65.6(66.5, 72.0)years], prostate volume of initial biopsy [62.4(40.0, 72.0)ml and 60.8(38.0, 77.0)ml], biopsy cores [ 20.6(18.0, 22.0)cores and 20.4(18.0, 22.0)cores] between the observation group (n=124) and the control group(n=144)(all P>0.05). But there were significant differences in PSA [17.5(6.5, 23.0)ng/ml and 11.5(6.3, 12.0)ng/ml], PSAD[0.316(0.128, 0.363)ng/ml 2 and 0.211(0.106, 0.256)ng/ml 2], prostate inflammation of the initial biopsy [70 (56.5%) and 32 (22.2%)] between the observation group and the control group(all P<0.05). According to the follow-up results after the initial biopsy, the two groups of repeated biopsy were compared.Furthermore, Logistic regression was used to conduct univariate and multivariate analysis to explore the risk factors of patients with PI-RADS>3 for positive repeated biopsy. At the same time, the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC curve) was used to analyze the accuracy of the risk factors. Results:There were significant differences in repeated biopsy rate [ 27.4%(34/124)and 14.6%(21/144)], CsPCa detection rate[ 41.4%(14/34) and 4.8%(1/21)]between the observation group and the control group(all P<0.05). The positive rate of repeated biopsy in the observation group (41.1%) was higher than that in the control group (23.8%), but there was no statistical difference ( P=0.248). The risk of positive repeated biopsies in the observation group was 2.24 times than that in the control group. Univariate analysis found repeated biopsy PSA ( P =0.02, OR=1.438, 95% CI 1.161-1.896), PSA ratio (repeated biopsy PSA/initial biopsy PSA) ( P=0.011, OR=10.087, 95% CI 1.714-59.36) were risk factors for positive of repeated biopsy in patients with PI-RADS score >3. Multivariate analysis also found that repeated biopsy PSA ( P=0.017, OR=1.15, 95% CI 1.076-2.123), PSA ratio ( P=0.032, OR=10.2, 95% CI 0.883-116.168) were risk factors for positive repeated biopsy. ROC curve analysis, the accuracy of repeated biopsy PSA (AUC=0.971, P<0.001, 95% CI 0.926-1.000), PSA ratio (AUC=0.839, P=0.001, 95% CI0.707-0.971) to predict positive of repeated biopsy were high. The cut-off values were 21.3 ng/ml and 1.4, respectively. The accuracy was higher when combines repeated biopsy PSA with PSA ratio (AUC=0.993, P<0.001, 95% CI 0.974-1.000). Conclusions:Patients with negative PI-RADS score > 3 have a higher risk of missed diagnosis of CsPCa than those with PI-RADS score≤3. When PSA>21.3 ng/ml and PSA ratio>1.4 during follow-up, the possibility of missed diagnosis in the initial biopsy is high.

Objective: To evaluate the effect of multimodal analgesia using periprostatic nerve block anesthesia (PNB) combined with flurbiprofen in patients undergoing transperineal template-guided prostate biopsy (TTPB). Methods: Totally 166 patients (aged (68.2±9.1) years, range: 47 to 81 years) who received TTPB from October 2017 to June 2018 at Department of Urology, Northern Jiangsu People′s Hospital Affiliated to Yangzhou University were enrolled prospectively. All the patients were randomly divided into 2 groups. The observation group (n=79) was given flurbiprofen axetil 1 mg/kg intravenously for half an hour before operation and lidocaine was used for PNB before the biopsy. The control group (n=87) was given normal saline combined with PNB. A visual analog scale (VAS) and visual numeric scale (VNS) were used to assess the patients′ pain and quantify their satisfaction at two time points: VAS-1 and VNS-1: during biopsy procedure, VAS-2 and VNS-2: 30 min after the procedure. The date were compared by t test, χ² test, Fisher exact test and two-way repeated measures anova analysis between the 2 groups. Results: The age, total prostate volume, serum prostate-specific antigen and the number of cores were comparable among the 2 groups (P>0.05). The VAS-1 scores of the control group and the observation group were 2.8±1.7, 1.9±1.2, respectively, and the VNS-1 were 3.1±0.7, 3.4±0.3, respectively. The VAS-1 were significantly lower in observation group than in control group (F=3.904, P=0.000). Conversely, the VNS-1 were higher in observation group (F=3.526, P=0.000). At 30-minute postoperative, the VAS-2 and VNS-2 were 0.7±0.4 and 3.7±0.2 in the control group, respectively. The VAS-2 and VNS-2 were 0.6±0.5 and 3.8±0.1 in the observation group, respectively. There were no significant differences in the pain scores or the satisfaction scores between the 2 groups (F=1.429, 2.825; P=0.136, 0.083). The incidence of overall complications was 26.4% (23/87) in the control group and 25.3% (20/79) in the observation group, with no statistical difference between the 2 groups (χ²=0.027, P=0.869). And the complications had no statistically significant difference among the 2 groups including hematuria, urinary retention, infection, hematospermia, vascular and neurological reactions, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, headache, and respiratory depression (P>0.05). Conclusion The multimodal analgesia induced by PNB and flurbiprofen could effectively relieve the pain for patients who received TTPB.

Objective: To investigate the clinical value of modified transperineal template-guided prostate biopsy (mTTPB) in the detection of prostate cancer. Methods: A total of 217 patients were enrolled in this study. All the patients were randomly divided into 2 groups. The control group (n=112) underwent transperineal template-guided prostate biopsy (TTPB) which was traditional transperineal template-guided 11-region biopsy. On the basis of the control group, the apex of prostate was divided into four areas for biopsy in the observation group (mTTPB). The positive rate of apex and the incidence of complications were analyzed. The prostatic specimens from the radical prostatectomy underwent whole mount sections examination. The prostate biopsy results were compared with the postoperative pathological results. Results: The average age of the control group and the observation group were (68.5±7.9) years and (67.3±8.5) years, PSA were (31.2±18.9) ng/ml and (29.7±19.5) ng/ml, prostate volume were (44.6±15.2) ml and (41.3±17.3) ml, respectively. In the control group, the positive rates of prostate cancer in 1-10 region were 24.1% (27/112), 27.7%(31/112), 23.2% (26/112), 28.6% (32/112), 26.8% (30/112), 25.0% (28/112), 26.8% (30/112), 19.6% (22/112), 25.9% (29/112), 25.0% (28/112), respectively, with an average of 25.3%. In the observation group, the positive rates in 1-10 region were 27.6% (29/105), 28.6% (30/105), 22.9% (24/105), 26.7% (28/105), 25.7% (27/105), 24.8% (26/105), 27.6% (29/105), 21.9% (23/105), 27.6% (29/105), 26.7% (28/105), respectively, with an average of 26.0%. There was no statistical difference between the two groups (P=0.904). The positive rate of apical prostate cancer in the control group and observation group was 37.5% (42/112) and 44.8% (47/105), respectively, and there was no statistical difference between the two groups (P=0.277). Patients were grouped according to PSA>20 ng/ml and PSA≤20 ng/ml. When PSA>20 ng/ml, the positive rate of apex was 58.6% (34/58) and 56.6% (30/53) respectively in the control group and the observation group, and there was no statistical difference between the two groups (P=0.830). When PSA≤20 ng/ml, the positive rate of apex was 14.8% (8/54) in the control group and 32.7% (17/52) in the observation group, with statistically significant differences (P=0.030). Before radical prostatectomy, 12 cases (57.1%) in the control group and 19 cases (73.1%) in the observation group showed apical invasion by biopsy. Results of whole mount sections examination in the control group showed that there were 19 cases (90.5%) with apical invasion, which was statistically different from that before surgery (P=0.035). The results of whole mount sections examination in the observation group showed that there were 23 cases (88.5%) with apex invasion, which had no statistical difference compared with that before surgery (P=0.291). There were no significant differences in the incidence of hematuria, fever, urinary retention and perineal discomfort between the observation group and the control group (all P>0.05). Conclusions mTTPB can significantly improve the detection rate of apical prostate cancer without increasing the incidence of complications, especially for patients with PSA≤20 ng/ml. Hence is safe and efficacious.

Androgen deprivation treatment (ADT) is the gold standard of care for patients with locally advanced or metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer.However,most of these patients have developed to the castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) after months or years through a series of different molecular mechanisms during ADT.So far,CRPC is still incurable and deadly,therefore,it is very important for researchers to study different molecular mechanism in the occurrence and development of CRPC,which may provide some new directions for targeted therapy.

Objective To investigate the influence factors of periprostatic nerve block (PNB) anaesthesia.Methods A total of 375 patients who underwent prostate biopsy under PNB were analyzed retrospectively from July 2014 to February 2018.It was evaluated the correlation of the anesthetic efficacy of PNB with age,prostate volume,PSA,body mass index,spouse,degree of education,occupation,diabetes history,operation time,number of cores and clinical stage.A visual analog scale (VAS) were used to assess pain of the patients.Univariate analysis was performed for each factor.Factors found to be significantly different that were further analyzed using multiple linear regression analysis.Results The average VAS score of all patients was 2.5 ± 1.4.Univariate analysis showed that the following factors were associated with the anesthetic efficacy of PNB:age (F =2.262,P =0.029),prostate volume (F =2.529,P =0.011),occupation (F =2.203,P =0.042),operation time (F =2.233,P =0.033),number of cores (F =2.401,P =0.016) and diabetes history (F =2.271,P =0.027).Multiple linear regression analysis showed that prostate volume (t =3.742,P ＜ 0.001),number of cores (t =4.252,P ＜ 0.001) and diabetes history (t =-2.242,P =0.032) were independent factors.The VAS score of patients with large volume prostate was higher than that of small volume prostate.The number of cores was high,and the VAS score was higher.However,diabetic patients had lower VAS score.Conclusions The anesthetic efficacy of PNB was poor in patients with larger prostate volume and more number of cores.However,patients with chronic diabetes had better pain tolerance.

Objective To investigate the relationship between self-management efficacy and medication adherence of the postoperative replacement therapy of thyroid cancer.Methods Of all the 230 thyroid cancer cases treated in the Thyroid Surgery Department of Ningbo No.2 Hospital from Jun.2014 to Jun.2016,125 cases were randomly chosen for the investigation by using the Chinese cancer self-management efficacy scale and the Morisky medication adherence questionnaire.Results The total postoperative alternative medication adherence rate was 47.28±11.49,among which the medium and low adherences accounted for 90.18％.The self-management efficacy score was 74.68±22.80 with scoring index of 62.58％ at the relatively medium level.Statistical significance was observed between the self-management efficacy and the postoperative alternative medication adherence (P＜0.01).Conclusion The self-management efficacy exerts significant effects on the postoperative alternative medication adherence of the thyroid cancer patients in promoting the postoperative recovery and improving the life quality.

Objective To investigate the role of mucosal mast cells infiltration and degranulation with nerve growth factor (NGF)in development of visceral hypersensitivity in Sprague-Dawley (SD)rats. Methods The model of visceral hypersensitivity of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)was established in 19 neonate SD rats with intestinal stimulation (rectalballon distention)on 8th,10th and 12th postnatal days. The other 19 neonate SD rats without colonic distention were assigned to the control group.After rats grew up (six to eight weeks old),the visceral sensitivity was tested by abdominal withdrawal reflex (AWR)in 10 rats of each group.Mast cell infiltration and degranulation were observed with toluidine blue staining in colon tissue slides.The NGF level of intestinal tissues was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)methods in the left nine rats of each group.The culture system of dorsal root ganglias (DRG)from the neonatal rats was set up.The changes of electrophysilogical characters of DRG stimulated with NGF (100 ng/mL)for four days were recorded with patch-clamp.Paired t test was performed for comparison between groups.Results The results of AWR indicated that neonatal colonic stimulation could significantly increase visceral sensitivity after growing up.Under 20,40 and 60 mmHg (1 mmHg=0.133 kPa)distention pressure,visceral sensitivity scores of visceral hypersensitivity rats and rats of control group were 1 .00±0.50 vs 1 .67 ±0.50,1 .89 ±0.31 vs 2.89 ±0.34 and 2.89 ±0.33 vs 3.89±0.33,the differences were statistically significant (t=-2.83,-6.00 and -6.00,all P <0.05 ). The results of master cells staining in tissue slides showed colonic master cells infiltration was obvious in rats with visceral hypersensitivity,and part of mast cells were degranulation.The result of ELISA demonstrated that NGF level of visceral hypersensitivity rats was significantly higher than that of control group ((11.07±3.06)pg/mg vs (2.38 ±1.88)pg/mg,t =-6.93,P <0.05).The results of electrophysilogical tests of primary cultured DRG indicated that compared with blank control growp,the action potential threshold of neuron in NGF 100 ng/mL group significantly decreased ((-18.0±2.1 )mV vs (-29.0 ± 2.5 )mV,t = 12.26,P <0.05)and discharge frequency increased ((5 .0± 1 .4 )/800 ms vs (12.0 ± 3.2)/800 ms,t=-8.40,P <0.05 ).Meanwhile,neuron voltage-gated K+ current density remarkably decreased,most were sustained delayed rectifier K+ current (I K )decreasing ((279.0 ±48.0)pA/pF vs (203.0±39.0)pA/pF,t=6.18,P <0.05).Conclusion Colonic stimulation in neonatal rats could cause intestinal master cells infiltration and degranulation,which induced changes of neuron electrophysilogical characters and resulted in visceral hypersensitivity after growing up.