Bladder cancer is one of the common tumors of urinary system. Early detection and treatment can reduce the recurrence rate and mortality. Currently, it is difficult to balance the diagnostic specificity and sensitivity of traditional diagnostic methods. However, Raman spectroscopy, as a molecular diagnostic technology, can reveal the difference between normal urinary tract epithelial tissue and urinary tract epithelial cell carcinoma of the bladder at the molecular level, which has the characteristics of faster and more accurate diagnosis compared with traditional diagnostic techniques. This paper reviews the research progress of Raman spectroscopy in the diagnosis of bladder cancer.

The characterization methods in the field of protein adsorption on biological materials in recent years were reviewed from the aspects of protein adsorption amount, adsorption layer thickness, molecular conformational change after protein adsorption, molecular morphology after protein adsorption, and protein molecule adsorption process simulation. These methods include biochemical analysis, surface plasmon resonance (SPR), dissipative quartz crystal microbalance ( QCM-D ) , ellipsometry ( ELM ) , optical interference reflection ( RIFS ) , attenuated total reflection Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), circular dichroism (CD), atomic force microscopy ( AFM ) and computer molecular simulation techniques . In this paper , the basic principles , the advantages and disadvantages of the above characterization methods and related researches were reviewed. This paper provides a comprehensive and reliable basis for the selection of protein experimental characterization methods in protein adsorption, biomaterial design and other research, and provides new ideas for research in the field of protein.

Objective To investigate the significance of The Maryland Aggregate Pathology Index in the evaluation of donation after citizens death (DCD) kidney by time-zero renal biopsy.Methods 124 kidney grafts were donated by 62 donors after cardiac death in First Hospital of Jilin University between Jan.2015 and Dec.2015.One kidney was deprecated after evaluation and 123 transplants were performed eventually.Time-zero renal biopsy was performed on 123 cases of DCD donor kidney,and rapid frozen pathological examination was performed.The pathological results of donor kidneys were graded by The Maryland Aggregate Pathology Index:low risk group (less than 7 points) (n =112 cases);the middle risk group (8-11 points) (n =11 cases),high the risk group (more than 12 points) (n =0).The incidence of delayed graft function (DGF),the incidence of perioperative acute rejection (AR),and the average creatinine level in the patients at different time points one year post-transplantation were observed.The median value of follow-up was 19 months,and the 1-year survival rate of patients and renal grafts was observed.Results All 123 cases of kidney transplantation from DCD were performed successfully.The incidence of DGF in low risk group and in middle risk group was 6.3％ (7/112) and 27.3％ (3/11),respectively (P =0.046).The incidence of perioperative acute rejection (AR) in low risk group and middle risk group was 9.8％ (11/112) and 27.3％ (3/11),respectively (P =0.112).The mean serum creatinine (Scr) levels at 7th day,1st month,3rd month,and 12th month after operation were 123.3 ± 79.7,104.4 ± 52.6,72.9 ± 32.0 and 107.6 ± 34.6 μmol/L in low risk group,and 321.0 ± 74.3,172.6 ± 59.9,142.9 ± 45.7 and 140.8 ± 63.6 μmol/L in middle risk group,respectively.The mean Scr levels in patients at different time points one year post-transplantation in low risk group were significantly lower than those in middle risk group (P＜0.000 1,=0.000 3,＜0.000 1,=0.012 respectively).The 1-year survival rate of patients and renal grafts was 98.2％ (10/112)/98.2 (110/112 in low risk group,and 81.8％ (9/11)/81.8％ (9/11) in middle risk group,respectively (P =0.040).Conclusion The Maryland aggregate pathology index obtained from time-zero renal biopsy of rapid frozen pathological examination can provide some guidance for the evaluation of the quality of DCD and the prognosis.Incidence of DGF was lower in low risk group than that in middle risk group,and the renal function of each time point was better within 1 year,and the 1-year survival rate of patients and renal grafts was higher.

Objective To evaluate the efficacy and safety of single bolus high dose (SD group) ATG-Fresenius induction therapy in kidney transplantation vs.multiple low dose (MD group) administration.Methods A multiple center,prospective,randomized and controlled clinical study was performed on 280 de novo renal transplant recipients from 19 centers.Patients were randomized into 2 groups as follows:SD group,a single high dose (7-9 mg/kg) of ATG-F infused as an induction agent before the vessel anastomoses;MD group,2 mg/kg of ATG-F daily administrated in postoperative 4 days.All the patients accepted maintenance immunosuppressive protocol including tacrolimus,mycophenolate and prednisone.Patients were assessed and data were collected at regular schedule clinic visits on the day 1,3,7,14,30,90,180,270 and 365.The primary end point of efficacy was therapeutic failure rate [the number of death,grafts loss and acute rejection (AR)].The event first occurred should be used in the classification of patients.The non-inferiority evaluation of the two treatment regimens was done based on treatment failure rate.The secondary end points of efficacy were the incidence of AR,delayed graft function (DGF),1-year survival rate of patients and grafts,and serum creatinine at each visiting point.The indicators for safety evaluation included hemotologic variation and incidence of adverse events.Results The therapeutic failure rate in SD group was non-inferior to the MD group (17.24％ vs.23.08％).AR was the major cause of therapeutic failure and there was similar incidence of AR between SD gronp and MD group (12.07％ vs.21.37％).There was no significant difference in the incidence of DGF between SD group and MD group (12.07％ vs.6.84％,P =0.1721).The 1-year patient's survival rate and 1-year graft survival rate in SD group and MD group showed no significant difference (96.55％ vs.98.29％,P =0.6714;94.83％ vs 98.29％,P =0.2750).The serum creatinine level showed no significant differences between two groups at each visit point.There was also no significant difference in total incidence of adverse events between the two groups.In addition,there was also no statistically significant difference in the incidence of concerned and drug-related adverse events between the two groups,including infection,hemotologic abnormality,liver or renal dysfunction,gastrointestinal disorder,etc.After ATG--F administration,peripheral blood lymphocytes in the SD and the MD group immediately decreased but nearly restored to the normal level on the postoperative day 30 and 90 respectively.No severe granulocytopenia,erythropenia or thrombocytopenia occurred in both two groups.Conclusion The efficacy and safety of single high dose of ATG-F induction are non-inferior to multiple low dose ATG-F induction,moreover,single high dose of ATG-F induction is administered more conveniently and economically.

Objective To evaluate the effect of conversion from mycophenolic acid (MPA) to mizoribine (MZR) in renal transplant recipients with gastrointestinal tract (GI) symptoms.Methods A total of 355 renal transplant recipients with GI symptoms caused by MPA administration were enrolled from April 2015 to March 2017 in 25 different renal transplant centers in China.The symptomatic improvement of GI before (baseline) and after conversion to MZR (1,2,4 weeks) was assessed by each item of GI symptoms indication.In addition,the efficacy and safety of the conversion therapy during 12 months were determined.Results Patients showed improvement in GI symptoms including diarrhea,abdominal pain,abdominal distention and stomachache after conversion to MZR 1,2,4 weeks (P＜0.05).In patients with different severity of diarrhea,conversion to MZR therapy significantly improved diarrhea (P＜0.05).During 12 months,no patient experienced clinical immune rejection.We did not observe any infections,leucopenia and other serious side effects.Conclusion MZR could markedly improve GI symptoms caused by MPA administration in renal transplant recipients.

Objective To investigate the factors influencing delayed graft function (DGF)following kidney transplants from donation after citizens death (DCD) in single transplant center.Methods The clinical data of 504 kidney transplants from DCD in the First Hospital of Jilin University between August,2011 and May,2017 were collected and analyzed retrospectively.The functional recovery of kidney graft and the related factors were analyzed,respectively.Results The DGF occurred in 32 cases among 504 kidney transplant recipients during perioperative period,who received dialysis treatment (6.3％).The average recovery time of DGF was 21.0 ± 17.1 days.The average dialysis duration (41.3 ± 38.2 months) pre-transplant in DGF group was significantly longer than that in non-DGF group (28.9 ± 26.2 months) (P =0.024).The average age of donors (42.7 ±9.4 years) in DGF group was significantly older than that in non-DGF group (39.0 ± 15.9 years) (P=0.009).The ratio of donors who received CPR treatment in DGF group (21.9％) was significantly higher than that in non-DGF group (6.4％) (P =0.001).The average last serum creatinine level of donors in DGF group (149.3 ± 98.3 mol/L) was significantly higher than that in non-DGF group (92.8 ± 41.6 mol/L) (P＜0.001).The multivariate analysis revealed that CPR treatment for donors before organ donation,the last serum creatinine level of donors as well as BMI of kidney transplant recipients were all independent risk factor influencing DGF (P =0.001,P＜0.001 and P =0.008,respectively).Conclusion Our study focused on analysis of factors influencing DGF following kidney transplants from DCD in single transplant center.The results of this study are helpful to find and avoid the high risk factors that could influence DGF,reduce the incidence of DGF,improve the quality of patients' life as well as reduce the cost of medical treatment.

Objective To explore the role of regulatory T cells (Tregs) in skin and heart grafts survival prolongation after different CD47 genotype donor specific splenocytes pretreatment.Methods Mouse skin plus hearts transplantation model was set up by using C57BL/6 as recipients and MHC class I-mismatched bm1 as donors.In CD47-/-DST group,recipients received CD47-/-bm1 splenocytes transfusion at 7th d before transplantation.In CD47+/+DST group,recipients received CD47+/+bm1 splenocytes transfusion at 7th day before transplantation.In control group,recipients only received bm1 skin and heart grafts.The populations of Tregs were analyzed by FACS and immunohistochemistry,respectively.The inhibitory effect of Tregs and anti-donor T cell responses was assessed by MLR.Results Result As compared with control group,the survival time of skin grafts in CD47-/-DST group was slightly longer than in non-DST group (20 days vs.17.5 days,P>0.05),but skin grafts had long-term survival in CD47+/+DST group (46.5 days,P<0.005).The survival time of heart grafts in CD47-/-DST group was similar to that in the control group,and slightly longer than non-DST group (17 days vs.15.5 days,P>0.05),but heart grafts had long-term survival in CD47+/+DST group (42.5 days vs.17 days,P<0.01).At 18th day after transplantation,immunohistochemistry showed that more Tregs infiltration could be observed in CD47-/-DST group,but not in CD47+/+DST group.The number of Foxp3+Tregs from the mice receiving CD47-/-DST increased markedly at 18th day post-transplantation compared to thot from the mice receiving CD47+/+DST (P<0.01),but the ratio of Tregs was decreased significantly (P<0.05).The number of Foxp3+Tregs in both CD47-/-and CD47+/+ DST groups was increased,but there was no significant difference between two groups (P>0.05).As compared with CD47-/-DST group,the ratio of Tregs in lymph node cells in CD47+/+DST group increased significantly (P<0.01).Compared to CD47-/-DST group and control group,anti donor specific T cell proliferation was decreased in CD47+/+DST group at 7th day after transplantation (P<0.05).The inhibitory effects of Tregs were similar among groups.Conclusion CD47 expressed on DST cells plays an important role in grafts survival prolongation.The ratio of Tregs in lymphocytes plays the key role in grafts survival prolongation.but not the number or inhibitory function of single Treg.

Objective To study the effect of serum uric acid (UA) levels on kidney graft function as well as long-term graft survival after renal transplantation.Methods The clinical data of 859 kidney transplant recipients from Jan.2008 to May 2014 were investigated retrospectively.The differences in clinical indexes between normal UA group and hyperuricemia group were compared based on UA levels.Cox regression model was built to analyze the effect of elevated UA on overall graft loss,death censored graft failure and death of patients,respectively.Kaplan-Meier graft survival curve was used to compare the overall graft loss,death censored graft failure and death of patients between normal UA group and hyperuricemia group.Results The average follow-up time was 38.6 ± 17.3 months for 859 kidney transplant recipients.590 (68.7％) recipients were enrolled in normal UA group and 269 (31.3％) recipients were defined as hyperuricemia patients.The average eGFR in hyperuricemia group was significantly decreased as compared with normal UA group (79.4 ± 20.93 vs.94.7 ± 20.55,P＜0.001).Cox regression model showed that if UA level increased per 10 mol/L,the risk of overall graft lost increased 1.070 times (P＜0.001) and the risk of death censored graft failure increased 1.121 times (P＜0.001) accordingly.Kaplan-Meier analysis showed the overall graft loss was dramatically decreased (P =0.009),and the death censored graft failure was significantly decreased (P＜0.0001) in hyperuricemia group as compared with that in normal UA group.The death of patients showed no significant difference between two groups (P =0.638).Conclusion Serum UA levels after kidney transplantation affect graft function as well as long-term graft survival.

Objective To investigate the mechanism of chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH)-induced renal injury and the protection of metallothionein (MT).Methods 8-10 weeks old male MT-1 transgenic (MT-TG) mice (n=12) and the wide type (WT) mice (n=12) were randomly divided into two groups respectively,Air mimic control(Ctrl) group (n=6) and CIH group (n=6).The period of chronic intermittent hypoxia was continued for 8 weeks.The CIH paradigm consisted of 20.9％ O2 and 8％ O2 fraction of inspiration O2 (FiO2) alternation cycles (30 episodes per hour) with 20 seconds at the nadir FiO2 for 12 hours/day during daylight.The nadir hemoglobin oxygen saturations mainly ranged from 60％ to 70％.Urine,blood,kidney were collected at the end of study respectively.Histopathology,Western blotting and colorimetric method for related target were performed respectively.Results In WT mice,renal fibrosis,the expression of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF),type-1 plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1),hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α),transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1),phosphorylated Smad2 and the MDA content were significantly increased by CIH (P ＜ 0.01).In WT mice,the expression of MT detected by using Western blotting was significantly decreased by CIH (P ＜ 0.01).However,in MT-TG mice,above-mentioned indicators showed no significant difference between CIH and Ctrl group.Conclusions Oxidative stresses is the main mechanism of CIH-induced renal injury.The possible molecular mechanism of CIH-induced renal injury is that CIH increases the expression of HIF-1α in kidney tissue,then activate the TGF-β1-Smad2 signaling pathway and lead to the renal fibrosis.The protection of MT on CIH-induced renal injury may be via its antioxidant effect.

Objective To conduct a pilot study on genome-wide in vivo protein-RNA interactions in E.coli.Methods Bacterial lysate was treated with RNase before the RNA fragments protected by proteins were extracted from treated lysate and used to construct cDNA library that was applied to high-throughput sequencing .Finally, the transcripts bound by proteins were obtained by bioinformatics analysis .Results A total of 3193 transcripts were obtained , including 2234 mRNAs, 47 sRNAs, 39 tRNAs, 11 rRNAs, and 862 intergenic regions .Conclusion Some information of transcripts interacting with proteins in E.coli is acquired , which will facilitate further studies of protein-RNA interactions .