Objective To develop a hypoxia endurance testing system for aviation physiological training of pilots.Methods The hypoxia endurance testing system comprised a low-oxygen mixed gas generator,a pressurization system for low-oxygen mixed gas and a personal breathing apparatus.The low-oxygen mixed gas generator consisted of a main unit composed of an air compressor,a filter,a buffer tank,polymer membrane,a control module,sensors and regulators,wire cables,supporting hoses,etc.;the pressurization system for low-oxygen mixed gas was made up of a protective box,a cooling fan,a motor and a driver,a control module,a solenoid valve,a convergence block,a pressure gauge,etc.;the personal breating apparatus was composed of a gas cylinder,a pressure reducer,an oxygen supply regulator,etc.Forty-eight subjects were selected for hypoxia exposure tests to verify the effectiveness of the system.Results The system developed had the functions of low-oxygen gas preparation,pressurized filling and hypoxia experiment,and the experimental results indicated the acute hypoxia exposure by the system significantly caused signs and symptoms of hypoxia and weakened physiological functions.Conclusion The system developed gains advantages in high accuracy of gas volume fraction control,safety and remarkable effect of simulated hypoxia,and can be an effective tool for acute high-altitude hypoxia testing and training of pilots.[Chinese Medical Equipment Journal,2025,46(10):23-28]

Objective To develop a hypoxia endurance testing system for aviation physiological training of pilots.Methods The hypoxia endurance testing system comprised a low-oxygen mixed gas generator,a pressurization system for low-oxygen mixed gas and a personal breathing apparatus.The low-oxygen mixed gas generator consisted of a main unit composed of an air compressor,a filter,a buffer tank,polymer membrane,a control module,sensors and regulators,wire cables,supporting hoses,etc.;the pressurization system for low-oxygen mixed gas was made up of a protective box,a cooling fan,a motor and a driver,a control module,a solenoid valve,a convergence block,a pressure gauge,etc.;the personal breating apparatus was composed of a gas cylinder,a pressure reducer,an oxygen supply regulator,etc.Forty-eight subjects were selected for hypoxia exposure tests to verify the effectiveness of the system.Results The system developed had the functions of low-oxygen gas preparation,pressurized filling and hypoxia experiment,and the experimental results indicated the acute hypoxia exposure by the system significantly caused signs and symptoms of hypoxia and weakened physiological functions.Conclusion The system developed gains advantages in high accuracy of gas volume fraction control,safety and remarkable effect of simulated hypoxia,and can be an effective tool for acute high-altitude hypoxia testing and training of pilots.[Chinese Medical Equipment Journal,2025,46(10):23-28]

Objective To investigate the prognostic effect of N-terminal domain of gasdermin-D(GSDMD-N)on the short-and long-term outcomes of patients with large-vessel occlusion(LVO)ischemic stroke.Methods A retrospective study was conducted on 65 patients with acute LVO is-chemic stroke admitted to Emergency Medicine Center of the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University from January to April 2023.According to their NIHSS score at and 5 d after admission,they were divided into a good prognosis group 1(34 cases)and a poor prognosis group 1(31 cases),and based on their mRS score at 90 d,they were also assigned into a good prognosis group 2(47 cases)and a poor prognosis group 2(18 cases).Their baseline data were collected,and univariate and multivariate regression analyses were performed to identify potential risk factors affecting short-term and long-term prognosis.GSDMD-N level was measured at and 24 h after ad-mission.ROC curves were plotted to analyze the predictive performance of GSDMD-N for poor prognosis.Results There were no significant differences between the good prognosis group 1 and the poor prognosis group 1 in terms of age,male,perfusion defect volume,time from onset to ad-mission,NIHSS score at admission,levels of GSDMD-N,S100β or syntaxin 17(STX17),hemor-rhagic complications,or ratios of intravenous thrombolysis,endovascular therapy,hypertension,diabetes,coronary heart disease,previous stroke,or atrial fibrillation(P＞0.05).Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses revealed that change in GSDMD-N from admission to 24 h later was an important factor influencing short-term poor prognosis(OR=1.054,95％CI:1.023-1.093,P=0.001;OR=1.072,95％CI:1.032-1.124,P=0.001).ROC curve analysis showed that change of GSDMD-N had good predictive value for short-term poor prognosis,with an AUC value of 0.814(95％CI:0.698-0.905).No statistical differences were observed between the good prog-nosis group 2 and poor prognosis group 2 in above indicators as between the good prognosis group 1 and poor prognosis group 1(P＞0.05).Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses revealed that change of GSDMD-N from admission to 24 h later was an important influencing fac-tor for long-term poor prognosis(OR=1.001,95％CI:1.023-1.069,P=0.046;OR=1.063,95％CI:1.017-1.125,P=0.015).ROC curve analysis displayed that the change also showed good pre-dictive value for long-term poor prognosis,with an AUC value of 0.881(95％CI:0.767-0.961).Conclusion Change in GSDMD-N from admission to 24 h later can predict the short-and long-term prognosis of patients with LVO ischemic stroke.

Objective To develop a low-oxygen mixed gas generator to make up for the deficiencies of low-pressure chambers and load-resistant hypoxia trainers during pilot hypoxia tolerance testing.Methods The device prepared the low-oxygen gas with the principle of gas separation,which was composed of a Sunsource OLF1100D-220AF air compressor,a SMC IDG75SAM4-03 filter,a buffer tank,an AIR Products PA3010 integrated assembly,a control box,sensors and regulators.The sensors included the pressure sensor,flow sensor,concentration sensor and dew point temperature sensor,and the control box consisted of a main control board,a power supply module,a transmission module,a communication module,a display and a housing.The embedded control software of the device was developed with KEIL 5 and C++.Results The device developed prepared the low-oxygen gas with the volume fraction being 4％to 18％and the maximum error of volume fraction being 0.05％,and the main components of the prepared gas met the technical requirements of medical oxygen as stipulated in GB 8982-2009 Oxygen supplies for medicine and aircraft breathing.Conclusion The low-oxygen gas prepared by the device has its volume fraction precisely controlled and can be used for hypoxia tolerance testing and acclimation training for pilots.[Chinese Medical Equipment Journal,2024,45(7):24-28]

Objective:To investigate the effect of Early infarct growth rate(EIGR) on the prognosis of patients with acute large vessel occlusive ischemic stroke.Methods:A total of 164 patients with acute large vessel occlusive ischemic stroke were enrolled in the emergency department of the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University from January 1, 2020 to December 31, 2022.According to the change of the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score at admission and 72 h after treatment, the patients were divided into good prognosis group and poor prognosis group. The basic clinical data of the two groups were observed and compared. The risk factors of poor prognosis were analyzed by univariate regression. The effect of EIGR on prognosis after age stratification was further analyzed.Results:Comparing the clinical data of the two groups, there was no difference in EIGR (mL/h) (7.67 vs. 8.24, P=0.211) between the two groups. The product between EIGR and age was included as the interaction term, and the result of the interaction term in the model was statistically significant ( OR=1.002, 95% CI: 1.000-1.003, P=0.032) .Moreover, the result was still statistically significant after adjusting for relevant variables (gender, history of hypertension, history of atrial fibrillation, history of diabetes, history of coronary heart disease, and history of stroke) ( OR=1.002, 95% CI:1.000-1.003, P=0.027). Subgroup analysis was performed according to the median age (71 years). In the elderly group, the proportion of poor prognosis was higher with fast core infarction growth rate defined by 25 mL/h and 15 mL/h ( P < 0.05).In the younger age group, there was no significant difference in the proportion of poor prognosis in the fast core infarction growth rate compared with the slow type ( P > 0.05). Conclusions:EIGR can predict the early clinical outcome early in elderly patients with large vessel occlusive ischemic stroke.

Objective To investigate the prognostic effect of N-terminal domain of gasdermin-D(GSDMD-N)on the short-and long-term outcomes of patients with large-vessel occlusion(LVO)ischemic stroke.Methods A retrospective study was conducted on 65 patients with acute LVO is-chemic stroke admitted to Emergency Medicine Center of the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University from January to April 2023.According to their NIHSS score at and 5 d after admission,they were divided into a good prognosis group 1(34 cases)and a poor prognosis group 1(31 cases),and based on their mRS score at 90 d,they were also assigned into a good prognosis group 2(47 cases)and a poor prognosis group 2(18 cases).Their baseline data were collected,and univariate and multivariate regression analyses were performed to identify potential risk factors affecting short-term and long-term prognosis.GSDMD-N level was measured at and 24 h after ad-mission.ROC curves were plotted to analyze the predictive performance of GSDMD-N for poor prognosis.Results There were no significant differences between the good prognosis group 1 and the poor prognosis group 1 in terms of age,male,perfusion defect volume,time from onset to ad-mission,NIHSS score at admission,levels of GSDMD-N,S100β or syntaxin 17(STX17),hemor-rhagic complications,or ratios of intravenous thrombolysis,endovascular therapy,hypertension,diabetes,coronary heart disease,previous stroke,or atrial fibrillation(P＞0.05).Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses revealed that change in GSDMD-N from admission to 24 h later was an important factor influencing short-term poor prognosis(OR=1.054,95％CI:1.023-1.093,P=0.001;OR=1.072,95％CI:1.032-1.124,P=0.001).ROC curve analysis showed that change of GSDMD-N had good predictive value for short-term poor prognosis,with an AUC value of 0.814(95％CI:0.698-0.905).No statistical differences were observed between the good prog-nosis group 2 and poor prognosis group 2 in above indicators as between the good prognosis group 1 and poor prognosis group 1(P＞0.05).Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses revealed that change of GSDMD-N from admission to 24 h later was an important influencing fac-tor for long-term poor prognosis(OR=1.001,95％CI:1.023-1.069,P=0.046;OR=1.063,95％CI:1.017-1.125,P=0.015).ROC curve analysis displayed that the change also showed good pre-dictive value for long-term poor prognosis,with an AUC value of 0.881(95％CI:0.767-0.961).Conclusion Change in GSDMD-N from admission to 24 h later can predict the short-and long-term prognosis of patients with LVO ischemic stroke.

Objective To investigate the Gram-positive coccus resistance in nationwide's tertiary hospitals and understand the trend of antimicrobial resistance.Methods All the clinical isolates were collected from 19 hospitals and the minimal inhibitory concentrations(MICs)were tested using agar/broth dilution method recommended.Results A total of 1 974 pathogenic Gram-positive coccus from 19 tertiary hospitals in 19 cities nationwide over the period from July 2021 to June 2022 were studied.Based on the MIC results,the prevalence of methicillin resistant Stapylococcus aureus(MRSA)and methicillin resistant Stapylococcus epidermidis(MRSE)were 36.4％and 79.9％respectively.No vancomycin insensitivity Staphylococcus was detected.Staphylococcus aureus were 100％susceptibility to linezolid and teicoplanin.Antibiotic resistance rate of Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium to ampicillin were 3.1％and 92.9％.The detectation rate of vancomycin resistant Enterococcus(VRE)was 1.6％.Nonsusceptibility rate of Enterococcus faecalis to linezolid was 32.2％,two consecutive monitoring rises and nonsusceptibility rate of Enterococcus faecium(12.5％)was also significantly increased.The prevalence of penicillin non-susceptible Streptococcus pneumoniae(PNSSP)was 0.8％based on non-meningitis and parenteral administration criterion,decrease of nearly 30 percentage points from the previous surveillance.While for cases of oral penicillin,the rate was 71.8％,showing similar to last time.The results indicated that the number of strains with higher MIC value of penicillin(MIC ≥4 mg·L-1)decreased significantly.There were no significant differences of resistance rates of Stapylococcus aureus,Stapylococcus epidermidis,Enterococcus faecalis,Enterococcus faecium and Streptococcus pneumoniae among various groups such as different department,age,or specimen source.Conclusion VRE detection ratio stablized at a relatively low level.The number of Streptococcus pneumoniae with higher MIC value of penicillin decreased significantly compared with the previous monitoring.The increase of linezolidin-insensitive Enterococcus was noteworthy.

Objective To investigate the Gram-negative bacteria resistance in nationwide's tertiary hospitals and understand the trend of antimicrobial resistance.Method All the clinical isolates were collected from 19 hospitals and the minimal inhibitory concentrations(MICs)were tested using agar/broth dilution method recommended.Results A total of 4 066 pathogenic isolates from 19 tertiary hospitals in 19 cities nationwide over the period from July 2021 to June 2022 were studied.Based on the MIC results,Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae showed extended spectrum β-lactamase(ESBLs)phenotype rates of 55.0％and 21.0％,respectively,ESBLs phenotype rate of Klebsiella pneumoniae keep going down.The ratios of carbapenems resistance Klebsiella pneumoniae increased by 5 percentage points compared with the previous monitoring.Carbapenems,moxalactam,sitafloxacin,β-lactam combination agents,fosfomycin trometamol,and amikacin displayed desirable antibacterial activity against Enterbacterales,susceptibal rates were above 75％.In addition,tigacycline,omacycline,colistin and fluoxefin maintained good antibacterial activity against their respective effective bacteria/species,and the bacterial sensitivity rates by more than 80％.Resistance rates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannnii to imipenem were 26.3％and 72.1％and multidrug-resistant(MDR)detection rates were 41.1％and 77.3％,extensively drug-resistant(XDR)were 12.0％and 71.8％,respectively.Comparison of drug resistance rates from different wards,ages and specimen sources indicated that the proportion of resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae and Acinetobacter baumannii isolated from intensive care unit(ICU)were significantly higher than non-ICU.Carbapenem resistance rates of Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from ICU were more than 35％.Resistance rates of Haemophilus influenzae isolated in children to β-lactam,macrolide,clindamycin and ESBLs detection rate in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from children were more than those from adults and the old people,so bacterial resistance in children is an important problem in China.Conclusion ESBLs detection rate of Escherichia coli increased slightly after years of continuous decline.The proportion of carbapenem resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa was stable,but the resistance rate of Klebsiella pneumoniae and Acinetobacter baumannii to carbapenems was still increased,which should be paid more attention.

Abstract: Schistosomiasis, an important zoonotic parasitic disease, is one of the six major tropical diseases identified by WHO, and also one of the most important parasitic diseases for prevention and control in China. After more than 70 years of efforts, the prevention and control of schistosomiasis in China has made great achievements, and the current epidemic of schistosomiasis in China has entered an extremely low epidemic state, but the distribution base of the only intermediate host of schistosomiasis, Oncomelania hupensis, is still large. For now, the techniques used to monitor schistosomiasis have shortcomings such as time-consuming, laborious and low sensitivity, which cannot meet the current needs of China. Environmental DNA (eDNA) refers to DNA that can be extracted from environmental samples (such as soil, water or air) without isolating any target organisms, which is a complex mixture of genomic DNA and its degradation products from different organisms in the same environment. eDNA technology can reflect the community or species composition information in the ecosystem through DNA extraction and detection of environmental samples. Compared with traditional biological monitoring methods, eDNA technology has the advantages of high efficiency, high sensitivity and environmental friendliness. eDNA has been successfully used for the specific detection of Schistosoma mansoni, Schistosoma haematobium and Schistosoma japonicum. This paper reviews the current detection methods of eDNA, the application and technical limitations of eDNA technology in schistosomiasis monitoring, aiming to provide scientific reference for research in the field of schistosomiasis surveillance.

Lefamulin (BC-3781) is a semi-synthetic pleuromutilin antibiotic, approved for the treatment of community-acquired bacterial pneumonia (CABP) by Food and Drug Administration (USA) in August 2019, with the commodity name of Xenleta. It is the first pleuromutilin antibiotics used for systemic treatment of bacterial infections in human. Lefamulin binds to the peptidyl transferase center of the 50S ribosomal subunit to prevent peptide transfer, thus inhibits protein synthesis. Lefamulin displays expanded activity against gram-positive organisms, and also shows high activity against atypical microorganism like Mycoplasma pneumoniae. This review discusses the mechanism, bacterial spectrum of activity, preclinical and clinical data of Lefamulin.