Through consulting herbal medicine， medical books， and local chronicles from past dynasties to modern times， this paper systematically researched Spatholobi Caulis from name， origin， producing areas， harvesting， processing， usage， quality evaluation， functions and indications， providing a reference for the development and utilization of famous classical formulas containing Spatholobi Caulis. According to the research， Spatholobi Caulis was first recorded in the Annals of Shunning Prefecture from the Qing dynasty. It was originally a medicinal herb commonly used in Shunning， Yunnan， and was named from the red juice resembling chicken blood that flowed out after the vein was cut off. The mainstream original plants of each dynasty were Kadsura heteroclita and Spatholobus suberectus. Among them， K. heteroclita mainly focused on dispersing blood stasis and unblocking meridians， mainly treating rheumatic pain and injuries caused by falls or blows， and it is mostly used as the raw material of Jixueteng ointments. S. suberectus was commonly used as decoction pieces in decoction， which had the functions of promoting blood circulation and replenishing blood， activating meridians and collaterals， and mainly used for treating anemia， irregular menstruation， and rheumatic bone pain. The production area of Spatholobi Caulis recorded in the Qing dynasty was Yunnan. Currently， the main production area of S. suberectus is Guangxi， while the main production area of K. interior is Yunnan. In the Qing dynasty， the usage of Spatholobi Caulis was an individual prescription with other herbs before making ointments， which was usually composed of the juice of it， safflower， angelica， and glutinous rice. But in modern times， Spatholobi Caulis is mostly sliced and dried for use. The quality of Spatholobi Caulis is often determined by the number of reddish-brown concentric circles on the cut surface， with a higher number indicating better quality. Additionally， the presence of resinous secretions is also considered desirable. Based on the research findings， it is suggested that when developing famous classical formulas containing Spatholobi Caulis， the choice of the primary source should be S. suberectus or K. heteroclita， taking into consideration the therapeutic effects of the formula. It is also recommended that the latest plant classification be referenced in the next edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia， adjusting the primary source of Kadsurae Caulis to K. heteroclita to avoid confusion caused by inconsistent original names， and the functions adjust to promote Qi circulation and relieve pain， disperse blood stasis and unblock collaterals， treating injuries caused by falls and bruises.

ObjectiveThis paper proposes a novel real-time bedside pulmonary ventilation monitoring method for the diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), based on electrical impedance tomography (EIT). Four indicators—center of ventilation (CoV), global inhomogeneity index (GI), regional ventilation delay inhomogeneity (RVDI), and the ratio of forced expiratory volume in one second to forced vital capacity (FEV₁/FVC)—are calculated to enable the spatiotemporal assessment of COPD. MethodsA simulation of the respiratory cycles of COPD patients was first conducted, revealing significant differences in certain indicators compared to healthy individuals. The effectiveness of these indicators was then validated through experiments. A total of 93 subjects underwent multiple pulmonary function tests (PFTs) alongside simultaneous EIT measurements. Ventilation heterogeneity under different breathing patterns—including forced exhalation, forced inhalation, and quiet tidal breathing—was compared. EIT images and related indicators were analyzed to distinguish healthy individuals across different age groups from COPD patients. ResultsSimulation results demonstrated significant differences in CoV, GI, FEV₁/FVC, and RVDI between COPD patients and healthy individuals. Experimental findings indicated that, in terms of spatial heterogeneity, the GI values of COPD patients were significantly higher than those of the other two groups, while no significant differences were observed among healthy individuals. Regarding temporal heterogeneity, COPD patients exhibited significantly higher RVDI values than the other groups during both quiet breathing and forced inhalation. Moreover, during forced exhalation, the distribution of FEV₁/FVC values further highlighted the temporal delay heterogeneity of regional lung function in COPD patients, distinguishing them from healthy individuals of various ages. ConclusionEIT technology effectively reveals the spatiotemporal heterogeneity of regional lung function, which holds great promise for the diagnosis and management of COPD.

Objective: To analyze the phylogenetic characteristics of VP1 gene of Coxsackievirus A10 (CVA10) isolates from 2004 to 2023, and to understand the genetic evolution and epidemic trends of CVA10, so as to provide references for the prevention and control of hand, foot, and mouth disease. Methods: The full-length sequences of the VP1 region of CVA10 isolates were retrieved from the BV-BRC database before December 15, 2024. Gene typing, sequence analysis, evolutionary analysis, and amino acid mutation site analysis were conducted using bioinformatics software. Results: A total of 1 253 CVA10 isolates VP1 region nucleotide full-length sequences from 2004 to 2023 were included, with 9 strains from 2004 to 2008, 338 strains from 2009 to 2012, and 906 strains from 2013 to 2023. China had the highest number of CVA10 isolates, with 1 143 strains accounting for 91.22%, and the predominant genotype was C3. Compared to the prototype strain, the nucleotide sequence homology of the VP1 region of CVA10 isolates ranged from 74.94% to 77.63%, while the amino acid sequence homology ranged from 88.59% to 93.62%. The third codon position preferred cytosine and thymine. The top three most abundant amino acids were threonine, alanine, and valine. The average relative synonymous codon usage of 30 amino acid codon groups was greater than 1. The average amino acid substitution entropy value was 0.04, with four amino acid mutation-prone sites identified, and the mutation-prone rate was 1.35%. Conclusions From 2004 to 2023, the majority of CVA10 isolates were primarily sourced from China, with genotype C3 being the predominant circulating strain in China. The nucleotide homology between the CVA10 isolates and the prototype strain was relatively low, and mutation-prone sites were identified, indicating that enhanced monitoring of viral variation is necessary.

Objective To evaluate the accuracy of multiparametric imaging on the dual-source CT through acceptance and commissioning testing, and to provide a reference for standardized clinical application. Methods Both the adult and pediatric dual-source CT scanning modes were used to scan the electron density phantom, and identical multiparametric image reconstruction tasks were performed, including the conventional CT images, the mixed CT images, the virtual monoenergetic images, the iodine images, the electron density images, and the effective atomic number images. Results In the adult scanning mode, the virtual monoenergetic CT numbers showed the greatest difference for the cortical bone (1722 HU at 40 keV vs. 30 HU at 80 keV), with smaller differences observed for other materials as their atomic numbers decreased. The pediatric scanning mode exhibited a similar trend, with the largest difference occurring at 40 keV (1393 HU). In the adult scanning mode, the deviations between the theoretical and measured iodine concentration values were all within 5%, whereas in the pediatric scanning mode, the largest deviation was 15% for an iodine concentration of 2.0 mg/mL. For the electron density, the largest deviation between the theoretical and measured values occurred in the LN450 lung (9.18% in the adult scanning mode and 8.96% in the pediatric scanning mode); the deviations for the LN300 lung were all below 7.2%, for aluminum below 6.3%, and for other tissues within 3%. For the effective atomic number, the deviations between the theoretical and measured values were all within 5% in both scanning modes. Conclusion To ensure the accuracy and reproducibility of the dual-source CT applications, a comprehensive acceptance testing protocol should be established to guarantee the safety and precision of the CT localization process.

Background::Heterotaxy (HTX) is a thoracoabdominal organ anomaly syndrome and commonly accompanied by congenital heart disease (CHD). The aim of this study was to analyze rare copy number variations (CNVs) in a HTX/CHD cohort and to examine the potential mechanisms contributing to HTX/CHD.Methods::Chromosome microarray analysis was used to identify rare CNVs in a cohort of 120 unrelated HTX/CHD patients, and available samples from parents were used to confirm the inheritance pattern. Potential candidate genes in CNVs region were prioritized via the DECIPHER database, and PNPLA4 was identified as the leading candidate gene. To validate, we generated PNPLA4-overexpressing human induced pluripotent stem cell lines as well as pnpla4-overexpressing zebrafish model, followed by a series of transcriptomic, biochemical and cellular analyses. Results::Seventeen rare CNVs were identified in 15 of the 120 HTX/CHD patients (12.5%). Xp22.31 duplication was one of the inherited CNVs identified in this HTX/CHD cohort, and PNPLA4 in the Xp22.31 was a candidate gene associated with HTX/CHD. PNPLA4 is expressed in the lateral plate mesoderm, which is known to be critical for left/right embryonic patterning as well as cardiomyocyte differentiation, and in the neural crest cell lineage. Through a series of in vivo and in vitro analyses at the molecular and cellular levels, we revealed that the biological function of PNPLA4 is importantly involved in the primary cilia formation and function via its regulation of energy metabolism and mitochondria-mediated ATP production. Conclusions::Our findings demonstrated a significant association between CNVs and HTX/CHD. Our data strongly suggested that an increased genetic dose of PNPLA4 due to Xp22.31 duplication is a disease-causing risk factor for HTX/CHD.

Background::Breast cancer is ranked among the most prevalent malignancies in the Chinese female population. However, comprehensive reports detailing the latest epidemiological data and attributable disease burden have not been extensively documented.Methods::In 2018, high-quality cancer surveillance data were recorded in 700 population-based cancer registries in China. We extracted data on female breast cancers (International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision [ICD-10]: C50) and estimated the incidence and mortality in 2022 according to the baseline data and corresponding trends from 2010 to 2018. Pathological types were classified according to the ICD for Oncology, 3rd Edition codes. Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) were calculated as the sum of the years of life lost (YLLs) and years lived with disability (YLDs).Results::In 2022, approximately 357,200 new female breast cancer cases and 75,000 deaths occurred in China, accounting for 15.59% and 7.94% of total new cancer cases and deaths, respectively. The age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR) was 33.04 per 100,000. When analyzed by pathological type, the ASIRs for papillary neoplasms, invasive breast carcinoma, rare and salivary gland-type tumors, and other types were 1.13, 29.79, 0.24, and 1.88 per 100,000, respectively. The age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR) was 6.10 per 100,000. A total of 2,628,000 DALYs were found to be attributable to female breast cancer in China, comprising 2,278,300 YLLs and 349,700 YLDs. The ASIR, ASMR, and age-standardized rate (ASR) for DALYs in urban areas were consistently higher than those in rural areas. We observed a four-fold increase in the ASIR and ASR for DALYs and an eight-fold increase in the ASMR among females over 55 years compared with those aged under 55 years.Conclusion::These data provide invaluable insights into the latest epidemiology of female breast cancer in China and highlight the urgency for disease prevention and control strategy formulation.

Aim To explore the effect and mechanism of the artesunate(ART)on hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC).Methods The cell lines MHCC-97H and HCC-LM3 were used to be detected.MTT and clone formation were used to determine the cell proliferation;Wound healing was used to detect the cell migration;Transwell was used to test the cell invasion.Flow-cy-tometry was used to detect cell apoptosis and cell cy-cle.RNA-seq and qRT-PCR was used to detect the genes expression.Results The proliferation,migra-tion and invasion of treated cells were obviously inhibi-ted(P＜0.01).Moreover,the apoptosis rate in-creased significantly,so did the proportion of G2/M cells.Transcriptomic analysis identified GADD45A as a potential target of ART through RNA-sequencing da-ta,and suggested that ART might induce apoptosis and cell cycle arrest through regulating the expression of GADD45A.In addition,the results of mechanism studies and signaling analysis suggested that GADD45A had interaction with its upstream gene NACC1(nucle-us accumbens associated 1).Moreover,after ART treatment,the expressions of GADD45A and NACC1 were changed significantly.Conclusion ART may be a potential drug to resist HCC by affecting the expres-sion of GADD45A and its upstream gene NACC1,which provides a new drug,a new direction and a new method for the clinical treatment of HCC.

Cardio-cerebrovascular and neurodegenerative diseases are diseases of high-incidence diseases among middle-aged and elderly people,with high disability and mortality rates,which se-riously threaten human health.PK2 is a newly discovered secre-ted protein that plays an important role in many physiological and pathological processes by binding to its receptor PKR1 or 2.Numerous studies related to PK2/PKRs have shown that this sig-naling pathway also plays a very important role in the occurrence and development of cardiovascular,cerebrovascular and neuro-degenerative diseases,and through exploring the connection be-tween them,PK2/PKRs may become a new target for the clini-cal treatment of these diseases.

Modern Chinese medicine studies have confirmed that the interaction between traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)and intestinal flora is the key to the treatment of diseases with tradi-tional Chinese medicine.This interplay includes such activities as:traditional Chinese medicine can be metabolized by intestinal flora into effective components with different biological activities from its precursors;TCM chemicals improve the composition of gut microbiota,consequently ameliorating its dysfunction as well as associated pathological conditions;and gut microbiota mediate the interactions between the multiple chemicals in TCM.There-fore,it becomes an important way to understand the modern sci-entific connotation of traditional Chinese medicine theory to study the pharmacological mechanism of the efficacy of traditional Chi-nese medicine by targeting Gut microbiota.

Objectives To explore the feasibility of temporary veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation(VV-ECMO)technology for early on-site treatment,through establishing an animal model of severe blast lung injury in goats by free-field chemical explosion experiments in high-altitude regions.Methods A total of 16 adult goats were selected,and divided into the control group and the treatment group according to the random number table method,with 8 goats in each group.A model of severe blast lung injury was established at an altitude of 4 600 meters above sea level,then the goats in the control group were given respiratory support and the goats in the treatment group were given temporary VV-ECMO treatment.The survival status of the goats 15 minutes after injury was recorded,the vital signs[including body temperature,respiration rate,heart rate,and mean arterial pressure(MAP)]and arterial blood gas analysis indicators[including pH,arterial partial pressure of oxygen(PO2),arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide(PCO2),oxygen saturation(SaO2),lactate(LAC),calcium(Ca2+),hematocrit(HCT),and hemoglobin(Hb)]before injury and 1 hour,2 hours,3 hours after injury were compared in the two groups.The post-mortem examination was performed on all dead goats and sacrificed goats after treatment,the severity of lung injury was assessed by organ injury scaling(OIS),and the lung injury score was evaluated by abbreviated injury scale(AIS).The wet-to-dry weight ratio(W/D)and lung coefficient were calculated.Results Within 15 minutes after the explosion,4 goats in the control group died and 4 goats survived;and 5 goats in the treatment group died and 3 goats survived.There was no statistically significant difference in the body temperature,respiration rate,heart rate,or MAP before and after injury between the two groups(P>0.05).The PaO2 and SaO2 1 hour,2 hours,and 3 hours after injury in the treatment group were superior than those in the control group(P<0.05),the Ca2+ 2 hours after injury was significantly higher than that in the control group(P<0.05),and there was no statistically significant difference in the pH,PCO2,LAC,HCT or Hb at different time points after injury between the two groups(P>0.05).There was no statistically significant difference in the OIS,AIS or lung coefficient between the two groups(P>0.05),but the W/D of the lung tissue in the control group was lower than that in the treatment group(P<0.05).Conclusion We have established a novel,feasible,and stable treatment effect temporary VV-ECMO animal treatment strategy for the first time in the high-altitude regions,which can provide animal experiment evidence for the early on-site VV-ECMO treatment of severe blast lung injury in high-altitude regions.