Viral infectious diseases, characterized by their intricate nature and wide-ranging diversity, pose substantial challenges in the domain of data management. The vast volume of data generated by these diseases, spanning from the molecular mechanisms within cells to large-scale epidemiological patterns, has surpassed the capabilities of traditional analytical methods. In the era of artificial intelligence (AI) and big data, there is an urgent necessity for the optimization of these analytical methods to more effectively handle and utilize the information. Despite the rapid accumulation of data associated with viral infections, the lack of a comprehensive framework for integrating, selecting, and analyzing these datasets has left numerous researchers uncertain about which data to select, how to access it, and how to utilize it most effectively in their research.This review endeavors to fill these gaps by exploring the multifaceted nature of viral infectious diseases and summarizing relevant data across multiple levels, from the molecular details of pathogens to broad epidemiological trends. The scope extends from the micro-scale to the macro-scale, encompassing pathogens, hosts, and vectors. In addition to data summarization, this review thoroughly investigates various dataset sources. It also traces the historical evolution of data collection in the field of viral infectious diseases, highlighting the progress achieved over time. Simultaneously, it evaluates the current limitations that impede data utilization.Furthermore, we propose strategies to surmount these challenges, focusing on the development and application of advanced computational techniques, AI-driven models, and enhanced data integration practices. By providing a comprehensive synthesis of existing knowledge, this review is designed to guide future research and contribute to more informed approaches in the surveillance, prevention, and control of viral infectious diseases, particularly within the context of the expanding big-data landscape.
Big Data ; Humans ; Virus Diseases/virology* ; Artificial Intelligence

OBJECTIVES: To report the development, validation, and findings of the Multi-dimensional Attention Rating Scale (MARS), a self-report tool crafted to evaluate six-dimension attention levels. METHODS: The MARS was developed based on Classical Test Theory (CTT). Totally 202 highly educated healthy adult participants were recruited for reliability and validity tests. Reliability was measured using Cronbach's alpha and test-retest reliability. Structural validity was explored using principal component analysis. Criterion validity was analyzed by correlating MARS scores with the Toronto Hospital Alertness Test (THAT), the Attentional Control Scale (ACS), and the Attention Network Test (ANT). RESULTS: The MARS comprises 12 items spanning six distinct dimensions of attention: focused attention, sustained attention, shifting attention, selective attention, divided attention, and response inhibition.As assessed by six experts, the content validation index (CVI) was 0.95, the Cronbach's alpha for the MARS was 0.78, and the test-retest reliability was 0.81. Four factors were identified (cumulative variance contribution rate 68.79%). The total score of MARS was correlated positively with THAT (r = 0.60, P < 0.01) and ACS (r = 0.78, P < 0.01) and negatively with ANT's reaction time for alerting (r = -0.31, P = 0.049). CONCLUSIONS The MARS can reliably and validly assess six-dimension attention levels in real-world settings and is expected to be a new tool for assessing multi-dimensional attention impairments in different mental disorders.
Humans ; Adult ; Male ; Attention/physiology* ; Female ; Middle Aged ; Reproducibility of Results ; Young Adult ; Psychometrics

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the clinical effect of minimally invasive technique in the treatment of moderate and severe gluteal muscle contracture. METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted on 85 patients (170 sides) with bilateral gluteal muscle contracture admitted from January 2016 to December 2019. All patients were treated with minimally invasive release of tendon knife. There were 32 males and 53 females, ranging in age from 15 to 37 years old, with an average age of (22.3±6.3) years old. Operation time, intraoperative blood loss, incision length, first postoperative ambulation time, complication rate, recurrence rate, and Harris hip score (HHS) were analyzed and evaluated. RESULTS: The average follow-up time was (16.2±4.6) months, ranging from 12 to 30 months. The operation time ranged from 7 to 15 min, with an average of (10.2±3.1) min. Intraoperative blood loss ranged from 2 to 20 ml, with an average of (8.4±2.2) ml. The incision length ranged from 0.6 to 2.0 cm, with an average of (0.8±0.3) cm. The time to postoperative ambulation ranged from 12 to 28 h, with an average of (20.0±3.2) h. All patients achieved primary wound healing without sciatic nerve injury or recurrence. HHS hip function scores ranged from 90 to 98, with an average score of (96.2±1.4). Complications included intraoperative tendon blade tip fracture in two cases (removed under fluoroscopic guidance) and subcutaneous hematoma in three cases-two resolved with compression and one with open evacuation.. Twenty-nine patients exhibited transient swaying gait postoperatively, of which 24 patients returned to normal after 4 weeks and 5 patients returned to normal after 6 weeks. CONCLUSION Minimally invasive tendon blade release is a safe and effective technique for treating gluteal muscle contracture, offering minimal trauma, rapid recovery, and excellent cosmetic and functional outcomes. However, it exhibits a low risk of blade tip fracture and sciatic nerve injury, warranting experienced surgical handling.
Humans ; Male ; Female ; Adult ; Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures/methods* ; Adolescent ; Retrospective Studies ; Buttocks/surgery* ; Young Adult ; Contracture/surgery* ; Tendons/surgery* ; Muscle, Skeletal/surgery*

Stress is a critical inducer in the onset and progression of many chronic diseases. Prolonged or intense stress can disrupt the overall balance between the nervous, immune, and endocrine systems. The resulting biological signals may act on corresponding receptors in the cervical spine region, leading to adverse pathological changes. The vertebral artery and the surrounding muscular and connective tissues are influenced by biomechanical abnormalities and inflammatory cascades associated with cervical spondylosis of vertebral artery type (CSA), which promotes the release of various hormones. These hormones, through the neuroendocrine-immune system, affect the central nervous system, inducing or exacerbating negative emotional feedback and thereby establishing a "central-local-central" vicious cycle. This article explores the mechanisms underlying the impact of stress on the key CSA symptoms through the neuroendocrine-immune network (NEI) theory, providing a more comprehensive framework for targeted therapeutic interventions in CSA.
Humans ; Neurosecretory Systems/immunology* ; Spondylosis/etiology* ; Vertebral Artery/immunology* ; Stress, Psychological/complications* ; Chronic Disease

OBJECTIVE: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is sensitive to ferroptosis, a new form of programmed cell death that occurs in most tumor types. However, the mechanism through which ferroptosis modulates HCC remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the oncogenic role and prognostic value of FANCD2 and provide novel insights into the prognostic assessment and prediction of immunotherapy. METHODS: Using clinicopathological parameters and bioinformatic techniques, we comprehensively examined the expression of FANCD2 macroscopically and microcosmically. We conducted univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses to identify the prognostic value of FANCD2 in HCC and elucidated the detailed molecular mechanisms underlying the involvement of FANCD2 in oncogenesis by promoting iron-related death. RESULTS: FANCD2 was significantly upregulated in digestive system cancers with abundant immune infiltration. As an independent risk factor for HCC, a high FANCD2 expression level was associated with poor clinical outcomes and response to immune checkpoint blockade. Gene set enrichment analysis revealed that FANCD2 was mainly involved in the cell cycle and CYP450 metabolism. CONCLUSION To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to comprehensively elucidate the oncogenic role of FANCD2. FANCD2 has a tumor-promoting aspect in the digestive system and acts as an independent risk factor in HCC; hence, it has recognized value for predicting tumor aggressiveness and prognosis and may be a potential biomarker for poor responsiveness to immunotherapy.
Humans ; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/diagnosis* ; Liver Neoplasms/diagnosis* ; Immunotherapy ; Fanconi Anemia Complementation Group D2 Protein/metabolism* ; Prognosis ; Male ; Female ; Middle Aged ; Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism*

OBJECTIVE: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) can result in fatigue and post-exertional malaise; however, whether severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection exacerbates lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) is unclear. This study investigated the association between prenatal SARS-CoV-2 infection and postpartum LUTS. METHODS: A multicenter, retrospective cohort study was conducted at two tertiary hospitals in China from November 1, 2022, to November 1, 2023. Participants were classified into infected and uninfected groups based on SARS-CoV-2 antigen results. LUTS prevalence and severity were assessed using self-reported symptoms and the Incontinence Impact Questionnaire-Short Form (IIQ-7). Pelvic floor muscle activity was measured using electromyography following the Glazer protocol. Group comparisons were performed to evaluate the association of SARS-CoV-2 infection with LUTS and electromyography parameters, with stratified analyses conducted using SPSS version 26.0. RESULTS: Among 3,652 participants (681 infected, 2,971 uninfected), no significant differences in LUTS prevalence or IIQ-7 scores were observed. However, SARS-CoV-2 infection was an independent factor influencing the electromyographic activity of the pelvic floor muscles (mean tonic contraction amplitudes), regardless of delivery mode ( P = 0.001). CONCLUSION Prenatal SARS-CoV-2 infection was not significantly associated with an increased risk of postpartum LUTS but independently altered pelvic floor muscle electromyographic activity, suggesting potential neuromuscular effects.
Humans ; Female ; COVID-19/epidemiology* ; Retrospective Studies ; Adult ; Pregnancy ; Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms/virology* ; Postpartum Period ; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/virology* ; China/epidemiology* ; Electromyography ; SARS-CoV-2/physiology* ; Pelvic Floor/physiopathology* ; Prevalence

Objective To investigate the effect and mechanism of dapagliflozin(DAPA)on ischemic ventricular arrhythmia(VA)in rats by regulating the Janus kinase 2(JAK2)/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3(STAT3)axis.Methods The rats were randomly divided into sham operation group,model group,experimental-L,-M,-H groups and AG490 group.All groups except sham group were established model of ischemic VA by ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery(LAD).After 48 h of modeling,the experimental-L,-M,-H groups were given 1,3,5 mg·kg-1 DAPA by gavage,respectively;the AG490 group were given 5 mg·kg-1 DAPA+5 mg·kg-1 AG490 by gavage,once a day for 30 days.The arrhythmia scores of rats were examined by electrocardiogram;the expression levels of phosphorylated JAK2(p-JAK2)/JAK2 and phosphorylated STAT3(p-STAT3)/STAT3 proteins in myocardial tissue were detected by Western blotting.Results The arrhythmia scores of the sham operation group,model group,experimental-L,-M,-H groups and AG490 group were(0.00±0.00),(4.36±0.52),(3.41±0.42),(2.84±0.33),(2.13±0.26)and(3.74±0.43)points;the relative expression levels of p-JAK2/JAK2 were 0.98±0.10,0.41±0.05,0.62±0.07,0.74±0.08,0.91±0.09 and 0.52±0.06;the relative expression levels of p-STAT3/STAT3 were 0.93±0.09,0.33±0.04,0.57±0.06,0.78±0.08,0.89±0.09 and 0.49±0.05,respectively.There were significant differences in the above indexes between the model group and the sham operation group,experimental-L,-M,-H groups(all P＜0.05);compared with the experimental-H group,the difference of AG490 was statistically significant(all P＜0.05).Conclusion DAPA may improve ischemic VA in rats by activating the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway and inhibiting inflammatory response and oxidative stress.

Background With the events reporting on odors in drinking water, odorous substances in water have become a hot topic in water quality analysis. Due to the low concentration of the odor threshold and the complexity of the odor components in water, it is difficult to make accurate qualitative and quantitative analysis. So it is necessary to develop a highly sensitive and accurate qualitative and quantitative analysis method. Objective To establish a method for simultaneous determination of four odorous substances, including dimethyl disulfide, dimethyl trisulfide, 2-methylisoborneol, and geosmin in water by purge and trap-gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Methods A certain amount of water sample was stored in the sample vial of a purge and trapinstrument. Through nitrogen purging, the odorous substances in water were purged out and enriched in the trap. Subsequently, the odorous substances were rapidly released at high temperatures after heating the trap, and then carried by carrier gas into gas chromatograph. After temperature programming, the substances were separated by an Agilent DB-624 capillary chromatographic column (30 m×0.25 mm, 1.4 μm) and determined by tandem mass spectrometry in multiple reaction monitoring modes, with internal standard method for quantification. The current project optimized purge time, sodium chloride concentration in water sample, desorption temperature, desorption time, and split ratio during the experimental process. Under the optimized experimental conditions, the standard curve, detection limit, and quantification limit were validated. Recovery tests with spiking concentrations of 5.0, 10.0, 30.0, 80.0 ng·L⁻¹ and precision tests were conducted on water samples. Finally, the established method was applied to detect odorous substances in source water, finished water, and pipeline water in Deqing County of Huzhou City. Result After the optimization, the purge time was 20 min, the desorption temperature was 280 ℃, the desorption time was 2 min, the split ratio was 10∶1, and no sodium chloride was added during the purge process. Under the optimized experimental conditions, the calibration curves for the four odorous substances showed an excellent linearity in the range of 1 to 100 ng·L⁻¹ (R>0.999), with 0.3 ng·L⁻¹ limit of detection and 1.0 ng·L⁻¹ limit of quantitation. The average recoveries were from 85.5% to 102.4% and relative standard deviations (RSD) from 1.6% to 5.2%. After applying this method to detect local source water, finished water, and pipeline water, it was found that the positive rates of 2-methylisoborneo, and geosmin were relatively high, while the positive rates of dimethyl disulfide and dimethyl trisulfide were relatively low. Only one sample of source water tested positive for dimethyl disulfide, and all samples were negative for dimethyl trisulfide. Conclusion Combined with the superiority of purge and trap and tandem mass spectrometry, the method has the advantages of easy to perform, strong anti-interference ability, good accuracy and precision, which meet the limit requirements of the four odorous substances in the expanded indices and reference indices of Hygienic standards for drinking water (GB 5749-2022). It also provides technical support for water quality assessment and analysis of odorous substances.

Licorice-gypsum (gancao-shigao, GC-SG) drug pair was used as the research object, using supramolecular chemistry to explore the scientific connotation of combining herbal medicine GC with insoluble mineral medicine SG in clinical application of traditional Chinese medicine. ① The Tyndall effect, microscopic morphology and particle size of the single and co-decocted of GC and SG were observed, the paste content and conductivity were determined, and the interaction between GC and SG was detected by isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) and infrared absorption spectroscopy (IR). ② Calcium chloride (CaCl₂), a soluble calcium salt of equal gypsum quality, was used instead of SG with GC for co-decocting to explore the effect of calcium salt content on the water decocting, and the characteristics were combined with the Tyndall effect, microscopic morphology, paste content and conductivity. ITC and IR techniques were used to detect the interaction between the two, and the interaction between them was detected by ITC and IR. The zeta potential and ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry (UV-vis) of GC-SG and GC-CaCl₂ co-decoction were compared, and the inorganic and organic components in the co-decoction were detected by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer (ICP-OES) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The results showed: ① Compared with the liquid phase of single decoction, GC-SG co-decoction had more obvious Tyndall effect, and showed uniform spherical nanoparticles under electron microscope. Physical characterization results such as paste content and conductivity showed that co-decoction promoted the dissolution of each other's components; ITC and IR results showed that there was strong interaction between GC and SG, which preliminatively indicated that GC and SG co-decoction promoted the formation of uniform and stable supramolecular system of traditional Chinese medicine. ② When soluble calcium salt was used to substitute insoluble SG with GC for co-decocting, a stronger but astigmatic light path appeared than single decocting solution, the zeta potential was reduced, and a large number of accumulated polymers were formed. The results of paste content and conductivity showed that the dissolution of the co-decocting component was reduced than the single decocting component. ITC, UV-vis and IR results showed that there was interaction between GC with Ca²⁺ and SG. The formation of polysink indicated that a large amount of soluble calcium salt would destroy the stability of supramolecular Chinese medicine. The results of ICP-OES and HPLC showed that the glycyrrhizic acid (GA) content of the former lower than the latter, which was related to the formation of a large number of polycondensates with the increase of Ca²⁺ concentration and the decrease of the dissolution of GA and other active ingredients. This study indicates that the compatibility of GC and SG can form a uniform and stable supramolecular system of traditional Chinese medicine. Calcium salt, the main component of SG, is taken as the starting point. Excessive soluble Ca²⁺ can promote the aggregation of active ingredients such as GA, so as to reveal the scientific connotation of the compatibility of GC and SG, an insoluble mineral medicine.

OBJECTIVE To establish the analysis methods of 33 banned pesticides in Ginkgo Biloba leaves and the extracts, and conduct the risk assessment study. METHODS One hundred and thirty-six batches of Ginkgo Biloba leaves and 58 batches of Ginkgo Biloba leaves extract were detected by UPLC-MS and GC-MS. The acute and chronic intake risk of pesticide residues in samples were calculated by point assessment method, and the risk scores of the pesticides were calculated by the Britain veterinary residues matrix ranking. RESULTS Six kinds of banned pesticides were detected in 136 batches of Ginkgo Biloba leaves, the total detection rate was 35.29%, and the detection amount was 0.002−0.210 mg·kg−1. The chronic dietary intake risk was 0.018%−0.620%, and the acute dietary intake risk was 0.000 1%−0.014 0%, indicated that the dietary exposure risk of pesticides in Ginkgo biloba leaves was at a low level. Two kinds of banned pesticides were detected in 58 batches of Ginkgo Biloba leaves extract, the detection rate was 55.17%, and the detection amount was 0.002−1.788 mg·kg−1. The percentage of acceptable daily intake was 0.003%−0.143%, and the percentage of acute reference dose was 0.002 4%, which was also at a low level. Risk ranking results indicated that the risk of phorate was the highest and should be focused on the production and safety supervision. CONCLUSION The method has good stability, high precision and promising repeatability, which can be used for the detection of 33 prohibited pesticides in Ginkgo biloba leaves and their extracts. The results show that the residual amounts of 33 banned pesticides in Ginkgo Biloba leaves and its extracts were extremely low, and there is no significant health risks.