Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) in Shanxi Province from 2012 to 2024, and predict the incidence trend for 2025, and to provide a scientific basis for the formulation of prevention and control strategies. Methods Based on the surveillance data of HFMD in Shanxi Province from 2012 to 2024, the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics and time trends of the disease were analyzed. The ARIMA model was constructed and used to predict the incidence trend in 2025. Results From 2012 to 2024, a total of 254 028 HFMD cases were reported in Shanxi Province, with an average annual incidence rate of 54.17 per 100 000 population, a severe case rate of 0.56%, and a case fatality rate (CFR) of 12.60 per 100 000 population. Joinpoint regression analysis showed that the incidence rate, severe case rate, mortality rate, and case fatality rate all presented a downward trend. The epidemic exhibited obvious seasonal distribution characteristics, with the peak period from April to November, and two incidence peaks in June-July and October-November. The male-to-female incidence ratio was 1.41:1. Children aged 1-5 years accounted for 89.24% of the total cases, among which scattered children (58.48%) and nursery children (33.54%) were the high-risk groups. Linfen City (96.06 /100 000) and Taiyuan City (88.54 /100 000) had relatively high incidence rates. After 2017, the proportion of enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) decreased, while coxsackievirus A16 (Cox-A16) and other enteroviruses became the main epidemic strains. The ARIMA(1,0,1)(0,1,1)₁₂ model predicted that the incidence of HFMD in 2025 would remain at the level of 2023-2024, and the dual-peak characteristic would continue. Conclusion From 2012 to 2024, the overall HFMD epidemic in Shanxi Province generally shows a significant downward trend. The high-risk population includes scattered children and nursery children under 5 years old, with high-incidence areas concentrated in the central and southern regions, requiring focused attention. The seasonal ARIMA model can effectively fit the evolutionary trend of HFMD incidence in Shanxi Province and possesses short-term predictive capability.

Objective:To summarize the clinical characteristics, diagnosis and treatment experience of salivary pleomorphic adenoma in children. Methods:Thirty patients with salivary pleomorphic adenomas treated in Beijing Childrens Hospital from January 2008 to December 2022 were retrospectively reviewed, including 11 boys and 19 girls, with the age ranging from 0.3 to 14.4 years（median age 10.4 years）. Initial presentation, medical history, imaging workups, surgical approaches, complications, rates of recurrence were evaluated. Results:Major salivary gland lesions were most common（n=24, 80%）; 53.3%（16 of 30） arising in the submandibular glands and 26.7%（8 of 30） in the parotid. Minor salivary gland lesions（n=6, 20%） were removed from the palate, tongue, face, trachea, nasopharynx, and upper mediastinumand. Preoperative imaging was reviewed in all patients and consisted of 26 ultrasound exams, 2 computerized tomography（CT） exams, and 15 magnetic resonance imaging（MRI） exams. Fine needle aspiration biopsy was performed in 12 patients. Surgical excision was performed in all patients. Postoperative complications included transient facial paresis（n=3）, Pneumonia and pleural effusion（n=1）. Average length of follow-up was 36.7 months; confirmed recurrence occurred in one patients. Conclusion:The symptoms of salivary gland pleomorphic adenoma in children are different according to the location of the tumor. The treatment is complete surgical resection, and a small amount of normal tissue around the tumor should be removed to reduce recurrence.
Humans ; Male ; Female ; Child ; Adenoma, Pleomorphic/diagnosis* ; Adolescent ; Retrospective Studies ; Salivary Gland Neoplasms/diagnosis* ; Child, Preschool ; Infant ; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local

Bacterial biofilms can make traditional antibiotics impenetrable and even promote the development of antibiotic-resistant strains. Therefore, non-antibiotic strategies to effectively penetrate and eradicate the formed biofilms are urgently needed. Here, we demonstrate the development of self-propelled biohybrid microrobots that can enhance the degradation and penetration effects for Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms in minimally invasive strategy. The biohybrid microrobots (CR@Alg) are constructed by surface modification of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (CR) microalgae with alginate lyase (Alg) via biological orthogonal reaction. By degrading the biofilm components, the number of CR@Alg microrobots with fast-moving capability penetrating the biofilm increases by around 2.4-fold compared to that of microalgae. Massive reactive oxygen species are subsequently generated under laser irradiation due to the presence of chlorophyll, inherent photosensitizers of microalgae, thus triggering photodynamic therapy (PDT) to combat bacteria. Our algae-based microrobots with superior biocompatibility eliminate biofilm-infections efficiently and tend to suppress the inflammatory response in vivo, showing huge promise for the active treatment of biofilm-associated infections.

Objective To explore the network structural characteristics,core factors,and gender differences in the comprehensive assessment of mental health in military personnel.Methods A total of 4 105 officers and soldiers were subjected and surveyed using the Comprehensive Mental Health Assessment Questionnaire for Soldiers.Through network analysis,a network model for comprehensive mental health assessment of military personnel was constructed with the R qgraph Package.The core factors of their mental health were explored using the qgraph package,and the reliability of the network structure was evaluated using the bootnet package.Then a comparative analysis was conducted on the network characteristics of comprehensive mental health assessments between male and female participants using permutation tests with the NetworkComparisonTest package in R.Results In the network of the comprehensive assessment of military personnel mental health,the strongest association was observed between institutional trust and interpersonal trust,followed by interpersonal trust and sense of meaning in life,adaptability and positive coping,as well as depression and negative emotions,with a regularized partial correlation coefficient of 0.49,0.45,0.44,and 0.42,respectively.The core factors were interpersonal trust,work engagement,and institutional trust,with an expected influence of 1.095,1.060,and 1.039,respectively.The 95%confidence intervals(CIs)obtained from the edge weight accuracy assessment were relatively narrow,and the correlation stability coefficient of the network was 0.75,indicating a stable and reliable network structure.Furthermore,there were significant differences in the network structure of comprehensive mental health assessments between male and female participants(M=0.335,P<0.001),especially in the core factor,interpersonal trust,with particularly significant gender difference(P<0.01).Conclusion Interpersonal trust,work engagement,and institutional trust are the core factors in the comprehensive assessment of military personnel's mental health.There are gender differences in the network structure of the comprehensive assessment of mental health for military personnel.

Objective:To investigate the effects and mechanism of Jianpi Yangzheng Xiaozheng Prescription in lung pre-metastatic niche formation of gastric cancer by regulating the content of programmed death receptor ligand 1 (PD-L1) in gastric cancer exosomes.Methods:Totally 30 615 mice were divided into normal group, model group, Jianpi Yangzheng Xiaozheng Prescription low- and high-dosage groups, and exosome inhibitor group according to random number table method, with 6 mice in each group. The mouse model of lung pre-metastatic niche formation of gastric cancer was established by tail vein injection of MFC cells. After 12 days of administration, the lung metastasis under the intervention of Jianpi Yangzheng Xiaozheng Prescription was evaluated by observing the infiltration of tumor into lung tissue, weighing lung weight and hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining of lung tissue. Mouse serum exosomes were extracted by ExoQuick kit and identified by transmission electron microscopy and nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA). The content of PD-L1 in serum exosomes and the expression levels of serum transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), interleukin-10 (IL-10) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Immunofluorescence was used to detect the phenotype of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) and tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) and the expression of PD-L1 in MDSC and TAM.Results:Compared with the model group, after the intervention of Jianpi Yangzheng Xiaozheng Prescription, the lung metastases of mice were reduced ( P<0.05), and the weight of metastatic tumors decreased ( P<0.05). PD-L1 in serum exosomes and the proportion of MDSC and M2 TAM in lung tissue microenvironment decreased, as well as the expression of PD-L1 on MDSC and TAM decreased ( P<0.05). The serum levels of IL-10 and IL-6 significantly decreased ( P<0.05). Conclusion:Jianpi Yangzheng Xiaozheng Prescription can reduce the proportion of MDSC and M2 TAM and the expression level of PD-L1 in the microenvironment of lung tissue before metastasis by inhibiting the transmission of gastric cancer exosome PD-L1 to MDSC and TAM, and reduce the contents of inflammatory factorsIL-10 and IL-6, so as to play a role in improving the microenvironment before lung metastasis of gastric cancer.

Objective To investigate the prognosis of patients with negative sentinel lymph nodes(SLN)after neoadjuvant chemotherapy(NAC)for breast cancer who are exempt from axillary lymph node dissection(ALND)and evaluate its safety in clinical treatment.Methods Clinical data of 2,163 patients initially diagnosed with breast cancer and having negative SLNs after NAC were se-lected from the SEER database from 2018 to 2021.Among them,373 patients underwent only SLN biopsy(SLNB group),and 1,790 patients underwent ALND(ALND group).Propensity score matching(PSM)was used to control for confounding factors,and the Kaplan-Meier method was em-ployed to analyze the overall survival rate.Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses were conducted to identify prognostic factors influencing the exemption from ALND in patients with negative SLNs after NAC for breast cancer.Results Before PSM,significant differences were observed be-tween the two groups in terms of clinical tumor stage,molecular subtype,estrogen receptor(ER)sta-tus,progesterone receptor(PR)status,human epidermal growth factor receptor 2(HER-2)status,efficacy of NAC,and breast surgery method(P＜0.05).After PSM,363 patients were included in each group.Univariate Cox regression analysis after PSM revealed that age,clinical tumor stage,and ER status were associated with overall survival(OS)of patients(P＜0.05).There was no sig-nificant difference in OS between patients who underwent SLNB and those who underwent ALND(P＞0.05).Multivariate Cox regression analysis indicated that age and clinical tumor stage were independent factors influencing OS in patients with negative SLNs after NAC.Survival curve analysis after PSM showed no statistically significant difference in overall survival rate between the SLNB and ALND groups(P=0.278).Conclusion Exemption from ALND in patients with negative SLNs af-ter NAC is feasible and does not affect the overall survival rate of patients.

Objective To explore the differences in clinical characteristics of sudden sensorineural hearing loss(SSNHL)between patients with coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)and those without-COVID-19.Methods 31 SSNHL patients with COVID-19 who were hospitalized in a department during the COVID-19 epidemic period(from December 2022 to January 2023)were included as the study group,and 12 SSNHL patients without COVID-19 who received treatment during the non-COVID-19 epidemic period(from December 2021 to January 2022)were co-llected as the control group.Two groups of patients received standardized treatment,and their clinical characteristics and prognosis were compared.Clinical characteristics of SSNHL patients with COVID-19 during the COVID-19 epidemic period were analyzed.Results The time interval from patients developed COVID-19 to the onset of SSNHL in the study group was 3-30 days.The time interval from onset to consultation were 3(1,7)days and 5(4,6)days in the study group and the control group,respectively,with no significant difference(P＞0.05).The average age of patients in the study group was(44.16±13.54)years,which was higher than that of the control group(35.23±9.24)years,and the difference was statistically significant(P＜0.05).The hearing at damaged fre-quency of the study group improved by 6.5(0.5,24.5)dB after therapy,which was lower than that of the control group(36.0[27.0,38.0]dB),with statistically significant difference(P＜0.05).There was a negative correlation of the interval of consultation with the average improvement level of hearing at damaged frequency(r=-0.318,P=0.033).The longer the interval,the less the hearing improvement and the worse the therapeutic effect.Corre-lation analysis was further conducted on the time interval from development of COVID-19 to SSNHL onset and the time interval of consultation in patients in the study group,which showed no correlation(r=-0.337,P=0.059).There was no statistically significant difference in the types and degree of SSNHL between two groups of patients(both P＞0.05).After standardized treatment,the rate of ineffective patients in the study group was 56.25％,which was higher than that in the control group(15.38％),and the difference was statistically significant(P＜0.05).Conclusion After adjusting the COVID-19 prevention and control policies,there are more hospitalized COVID-19 patients with SSNHL,with a higher proportion in patients of older age,with poorer efficacy,and inef-fective treatment.The earlier the treatment for SSNHL patients,the better the effect can achieve.COVID-19 may be a potential inducement and/or etiological factor of SSNHL,and further research is needed.

Objective:To evaluate the effect and causality of serum metabolites on the pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis (UC), so as to provide reference for nutritional programs for patients with UC.Methods:Two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis was performed to estimate the causal relationship between serum metabolites and UC. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of 1 400 metabolites were performed, with the metabolites as exposure and UC as outcome. Inverse-variance weighted (IVW) was used to calculate causal estimates. Four other MR methods with different modeling assumptions including MR-Egger, weighted median, weighted mode, and simple mode were used as additional analyses to improve the stability of the results. The results were validated through heterogeneity and pleiotropy tests. Finally, the possible causal metabolites were analyzed by metabolic pathway analysis.Results:MR analysis revealed that 85 metabolites had a possible causal relationship with UC. Among them, phosphatidylglycerol 1,2-dipalmitoyl-gpc (DPPC) ( P=2.75×10 -6) and isovaleryl carnitine (C5) ( P=1.84×10 -5) were significant risk factors for UC. Metabolic pathway analysis identified 5 metabolic pathways that might be affected by these metabolites (all P<0.05), among which the porphyrin ( P=0.004) and pyrimidine metabolic pathways ( P=0.008) had higher confidence in impacting UC. Conclusions:There are causal relationships between some serum metabolites (in particular 1,2-dipalmitoyl-GPC and isovalerylcarnitine) and the risk of UC. The porphyrin and pyrimidine metabolic pathways may impact the pathogenesis of UC.

Objective:To evaluate the effect and causality of serum metabolites on the pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis (UC), so as to provide reference for nutritional programs for patients with UC.Methods:Two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis was performed to estimate the causal relationship between serum metabolites and UC. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of 1 400 metabolites were performed, with the metabolites as exposure and UC as outcome. Inverse-variance weighted (IVW) was used to calculate causal estimates. Four other MR methods with different modeling assumptions including MR-Egger, weighted median, weighted mode, and simple mode were used as additional analyses to improve the stability of the results. The results were validated through heterogeneity and pleiotropy tests. Finally, the possible causal metabolites were analyzed by metabolic pathway analysis.Results:MR analysis revealed that 85 metabolites had a possible causal relationship with UC. Among them, phosphatidylglycerol 1,2-dipalmitoyl-gpc (DPPC) ( P=2.75×10 -6) and isovaleryl carnitine (C5) ( P=1.84×10 -5) were significant risk factors for UC. Metabolic pathway analysis identified 5 metabolic pathways that might be affected by these metabolites (all P<0.05), among which the porphyrin ( P=0.004) and pyrimidine metabolic pathways ( P=0.008) had higher confidence in impacting UC. Conclusions:There are causal relationships between some serum metabolites (in particular 1,2-dipalmitoyl-GPC and isovalerylcarnitine) and the risk of UC. The porphyrin and pyrimidine metabolic pathways may impact the pathogenesis of UC.