Objective To measure and compare the cerebral blood flow(CBF)of children with autism spectrum disorder(ASD),global developmental delay(GDD),and ASD with GDD groups via arterial spin labeling(ASL)technique,and to evaluate the diag-nostic value of CBF values.Methods ASL images of ASD,GDD,and ASD with GDD groups of children were firstly acquired,and the CBF values of frontal lobe,temporal lobe,parietal lobe,occipital lobe,striatum and thalamus region of interest(ROI)were fur-ther measured,respectively.One-way analysis of variance or Kruskal-Wallis H test was used to compare the differences in CBF values among these three groups,and the receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve was used to analyze the efficacy of CBF values in distinguishing ASD with GDD from without GDD.Results ASD with GDD had significantly lower CBF values in the left and right frontal lobes than those with ASD or GDD alone,and the differences were statistically significant(P<0.05).The CBF values in the left and right frontal lobes effectively distinguished ASD with GDD from without GDD[area under the curve(AUC)>0.7].Conclusion ASL technique can noninvasively assess CBF in children with or without GDD,helping to understand the pathophysiology of ASD with GDD and improving diagnostic accuracy.

Purpose To observe the changes in the brain microstructure of children with global developmental delay(GDD)via MR diffusion kurtosis imaging(DKI).Materials and Methods A total of 34 children with GDD were included as the experimental group,and 34 children with normal development as the control group in the Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University from September 2020 to March 2023,retrospectively.DKI and clinical data were collected.After post-processing,DKI parameters were obtained,including fraction anisotropy,mean kurtosis(MK),axial kurtosis and radial kurtosis(Kr).The differences in parameters in each region of interest of the two groups were analyzed,the correlation between DKI parameters and Gesell developmental scale was analyzed,and the receiver operating characteristic curve was drawn to analyze the diagnostic efficacy of DKI parameters.Results Compared with the control group,the MK value of the centrum semiovale decreased(Z=-2.723,P<0.01),the MK value and Kr value of the thalamus decreased(t/Z=-3.220,-3.128,both P<0.01),the MK value and axial kurtosis value of the anterior and posterior limb of internal capsule decreased(t/Z=-2.958,-2.573,-2.085,-2.403,all P<0.05),the Kr value of the anterior limb of internal capsule decreased(t=-2.155,P<0.05),the MK value and Kr value of frontal white matter decreased(Z=-2.177,-2.711,both P<0.05).The correlation analysis showed that the MK and Kr value of the anterior limb of the internal capsule and the MK value of the posterior limb of the internal capsule were positively correlated with the score of the gross motor functional area(r=0.379,0.378,0.405,all P<0.05),and the MK value of the posterior limb of the internal capsule was positively correlated with the fine motor functional area(r=0.461,P=0.006).The Kr value of the thalamus had the largest area under the curve at 0.721 when diagnosing GDD.Conclusion Children with GDD have changes in brain microstructure,and DKI has a certain value for diagnosis.

Objective·To investigate the effects of multiple sevoflurane exposures on the proliferation and differentiation of primary oligodendrocytes.Methods·Oligodendrocyte precursor cells(OPCs)were extracted from the cortex of rats on the day of birth and cultured in vitro.The cells were divided into control and sevoflurane groups.To simulate the clinical situation of sevoflurane exposure,cells in the sevoflurane group were exposed to 3%sevoflurane for 3 consecutive days,2 h for each time.After the OPCs were differentiated and matured,immunofluorescence staining and Western blotting were used to detect the expression of myelin basic protein(MBP)and the myelin-associated glycoprotein(MAG).Cell proliferation assays(BrdU and Ki67)and a cell viability assay(CCK8)were used to detect the effects of sevoflurane on the proliferation ability of OPCs and the survival rate of oligodendrocytes.Western blotting was used to detect the protein content of caspase-3.Lentiviral transfection technology was used to overexpress YTH N6-methyladenosine RNA binding protein F1(YTHDF1)in OPCs,and then CCK8 was used to detect cell proliferation and survival.Results·Immunofluorescence results showed that multiple sevoflurane exposures led to a decrease in the number of primary oligodendrocytes expressing mature myelin surface markers(MBP,MAG);Western blotting results showed that these exposures led to upregulation of caspase-3 expression in primary OPCs;CCK8 results showed that the survival rate of primary OPCs decreased with the increase in the number of sevoflurane treatments;however,BrdU and Ki67 staining results showed that the proliferation ability of primary OPCs was enhanced after sevoflurane exposure.In addition,overexpression of YTHDF1 could partially improve the decreased survival rate of primary OPCs caused by multiple sevoflurane exposures(all P<0.05).Conclusion·Multiple sevoflurane exposures impair the myelinating ability and survival rate of primary oligodendrocytes,manifested by apoptosis of some primary OPCs.In contrast,sevoflurane exposure compensatorily increases the proliferation ability of surviving primary OPCs.