Parkinson's disease （PD） is a common neurodegenerative disorder characterized by motor impairments， with its pathological mechanisms involving multiple processes such as the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons and the abnormal aggregation of α-synuclein. Current Western medical treatments face challenges including diminished long-term efficacy and motor complications. In recent years， Traditional Chinese Medicine （TCM） has demonstrated advantages in the prevention and treatment of PD through its systematic regulatory capabilities， featuring multi-component， multi-target， and multi-pathway approaches.This article systematically reviews the roles of seven key signaling pathways-NF-κB， AMPK/mTOR， PI3K/Akt， MAPKs， Nrf2/ARE， Wnt/β-catenin， and BDNF/TrkB-in the pathological process of PD and the regulatory mechanisms of TCM. Research indicates that active ingredients of Chinese herbs and compound formulations can synergistically modulate these pathways， exerting comprehensive effects in inhibiting neuroinflammation， alleviating oxidative stress， promoting autophagy to clear abnormal proteins， and enhancing neurotrophic support. These signaling pathways form a complex regulatory network through crosstalk among key nodal molecules， constituting an intricate regulatory system in PD pathology. The multi-target intervention characteristics of TCM align well with this network-based regulatory requirement， achieving integrated anti-inflammatory， antioxidant， autophagy-regulating， and neurorestorative effects through synergistic multi-pathway modulation. This article systematically outlines the mechanisms of TCM in the coordinated regulation of multiple pathways， providing a theoretical basis for elucidating the pathological process of PD and the intervention mechanisms of TCM， while also offering new perspectives and directions for modern research on TCM in the prevention and treatment of PD.

The disease-syndrome combination animal model in traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） andrology serves as an important bridge linking TCM theory with modern medical research， providing a key experimental platform for elucidating the 'syndrome-disease' correlation mechanism in male-specific diseases and for screening effective prescriptions. This article reviews recent progress in animal model research on common TCM andrological diseases， including prostatic diseases， sexual dysfunction， and male infertility， with a focus on analyzing the application， advantages， and disadvantages of various modeling strategies， such as immune induction， hormonal intervention， and multi-factor combination across different syndrome types. However， despite breakthroughs in model construction techniques， current research still faces several challenges， including insufficient standardization of syndrome differentiation and difficulties in quantifying TCM-specific indicators. Future studies need to optimize model evaluation systems by integrating modern technologies， in order to promote the standardization and internationalization of TCM andrology research.

ObjectiveTo investigate the expression changes of the Endophilin A1 （EPA1）-reactive oxygen species （ROS）-NLR family pyrin domain containing 1 （NLRP1） signaling pathway in chronic unpredictable mild stress （CUMS）-induced depression model mice. Methods50 C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into control group and CUMS model group（n=25）. The model mice received 42 days of CUMS stress exposure， after which behavioral changes were assessed through monitoring body weight， sucrose preference test， forced swim test， tail suspension test， open field test， and elevated plus-maze test. Hematoxylin-Eosin and Nissl staining were used to observe neuronal damage in hippocampal CA1 and CA3 regions. Calcium ion （Ca²⁺） assay kit was used to detect Ca²⁺ levels in the hippocampus. Immunofluorescence was used to detect colocalization of EPA1 and NLRP1 as well as ROS changes in the hippocampus. Transmission electron microscopy was used to observe mitochondrial structure in hippocampal neurons. The expression levels of calcium-activated neutral protease 1 （Calpain-1）， nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase 2 （NOX2）， NLRP1 inflammasome， downstream inflammatory proteins， and synapse-associated proteins in the hippocampus of mice was detected by using Western blot. ResultsCompared with the control group， mice in the CUMS model group exhibited depressive-like behavior and hippocampal neuronal damage. The levels of NLRP1 and EPA1 significantly increased in the hippocampus， and both were co-expressed in the cytoplasm and membrane of hippocampal neurons in the CUMS group mice（P<0.01）. Ca²⁺ concentration was elevated（P<0.01）， and the protein levels of Calpain 1 and NOX2 were upregulated（P<0.01）. The average fluorescence intensity of ROS significantly increased， accompanied by structural damage to neuronal mitochondria（P<0.01）. The levels of NLRP1 and its downstream inflammatory proteins significantly increased （P<0.01）， while the expression levels of synapse-associated proteins significantly decreased （P<0.01）. ConclusionEPA1 exhibits abnormal expression changes in CUMS-induced depression model mice， which may be closely associated with ROS generation， NLRP1 inflammasome activation， and the regulation of synaptic protein expression.

Objective To construct a One Health-based performance evaluation indicator system for integrated interventions for schistosomiasis in the elimination phase, clarify the dimensions and connotations of intervention performance evaluation, and provide methodological reference for subsequent real-world performance evaluation in schistosomiasis control. Methods On the basis of literature analysis, a preliminary indicator system was developed through group discussion and expert consultation. Nineteen experts in schistosomiasis control were invited to participate in two rounds of Delphi consultation. Expert response rate, degree of consensus, coordination of opinions, and authority were assessed. The indicators were optimized and refined according to the scoring results and expert feedback, and the analytic hierarchy process was used to determine the normalized weights of indicators at each level. Results Through literature analysis, group discussion, and expert consultation, a preliminary performance evaluation indicator system for integrated interventions for schistosomiasis was developed, consisting of 4 first-level indicators, 8 second-level indicators, and 20 third-level indicators. The response rates of the two rounds of expert consultation were both 100.00%. In the first round, the ranges of the experts’ judgment coefficient, familiarity coefficient, and authority coefficient were 0.88 ~ 1.00, 0.74 ~ 0.99, and 0.82 ~ 0.99, respectively; in the second round, the corresponding ranges were 0.88 ~ 0.98, 0.73 ~ 0.98, and 0.81 ~ 0.98, respectively. In the first round, Kendall’s coefficients of concordance for the rationality, importance, and operability of the indicators were 0.201, 0.252, and 0.221, respectively; in the second round, the corresponding values were 0.267, 0.319, and 0.296, respectively. The Kendall’s coefficients of concordance in both rounds were statistically significant (χ² = 112.063, 140.415, 123.386, 121.939, 145.393, and 135.072, all P < 0.05). After optimization and revision, the final indicator system consisted of 4 first-level indicators, 7 second-level indicators, and 14 third-level indicators. Among the first-level indicators, the normalized weights of “health performance”, “economic performance”, “ecological performance”, and “social performance” were 40.44%, 13.88%, 11.67%, and 34.01%, respectively. Among the second-level indicators, the normalized weights of “disease burden level” and “promotion of health equity” were both 100.00%; those of “resource consumption” and “production capacity” were both 50.00%; and those of “water and soil regulation”, “atmospheric environmental regulation”, and “species conservation” were all 33.33%. Conclusions A One Health-based performance evaluation indicator system was constructed for integrated interventions for schistosomiasis in the elimination phase. The system incorporates performance evaluation indicators across multiple dimensions, including health, economic, ecological, and social domains, and provides a tool for evaluating the performance of cross-sector collaborative governance in integrated schistosomiasis interventions.

ObjectiveTo investigate the pharmacological effects of modified Xiexintang ointment on anti-infection and promotion of wound healing in mice with deep second-degree scalds， as well as its underlying mechanisms. MethodsA mouse model of deep second-degree scald was established and mice were randomly divided into six groups： blank group， model group， positive control group （Jingwanhong ointment， 0.1 g·cm^-2）， low-， medium-， and high-dose modified Xiexintang ointment group （0.05， 0.1， and 0.2 g·cm^-2）， with 10 mice in each group. Treatment was administered for 16 days. Wound recovery was recorded by photography， and the wound healing rate was calculated. Hematoxylin-eosin （HE） staining was used to observe histopathological changes in the scalded skin tissues. The levels of inflammatory cytokines， including interleukin-1β （IL-1β）， interleukin-6 （IL-6）， and tumor necrosis factor-α （TNF-α）， were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA）. Immunohistochemistry was used to evaluate the expression levels of vascular endothelial growth factor （VEGF） and cluster of differentiation 31 （CD31） in wound tissues. Western blot analysis was performed to determine the protein expression levels of nerve growth factor （NGF）， its high-affinity receptor tropomyosin receptor kinase A （TrkA）， and its low-affinity receptor nerve growth factor receptor （NGFR）. ResultsCompared with the blank group， the burn site in the model group showed swelling and whitening on the day of modeling， followed by hardening and scab formation on the next day. HE staining on day 2 revealed dermal tissue damage， swelling and degeneration of collagen fibers with homogeneous eosinophilic staining， partial destruction of hair follicles and sebaceous glands， and inflammatory cell infiltration in the dermis， indicating successful model establishment. Compared with the model group， from day 8 of treatment， the low-， medium-， and high-dose groups of modified Xiexintang ointment significantly increased the wound healing rate （P<0.01）. Compared with the model group， all dose groups significantly promoted thickening of the newly formed epidermis， reduced hemorrhage， decreased inflammatory cell infiltration， and increased neovascularization. Compared with the model group， all dose groups significantly reduced the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β， IL-6， and TNF-α in wound tissues （P<0.01）. Meanwhile， the expression levels of angiogenesis-related proteins VEGF and CD31 in wound tissues were significantly increased in all dose groups （P<0.01）. Compared with the model group， the protein expression levels of NGF， NGFR， and TrkA were increased in the medium-dose group （P<0.05， P<0.01）. With increasing dosage， the high-dose group showed a more pronounced increase in NGF， NGFR， and TrkA expression compared with the model group （P<0.01）. ConclusionModified Xiexintang ointment exerts anti-infective and wound-healing effects on skin wounds in mice with deep second-degree scalds. The underlying mechanisms may be related to the regulation of VEGF， CD31， NGF， TrkA， and NGFR protein expression， thereby reducing inflammation and promoting angiogenesis and nerve regeneration at the wound site.

Objective: To explore the association between executive function and emotional and behavioral problems in first-grade elementary school students, so as to provide a reference for promoting children s mental health. Methods: From March to May 2024, 423 first-grade elementary school students from 6 primary schools aged 6-7 were selected by using stratified cluster random sampling in Shanxi, Shanghai, Shandong, Guangxi, Xinjiang, and Jiangxi. Data were collected by using the Executive Function Assessment Scale and the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. An independent samples t-test was used to analyze differences in executive function of different genders and differences in emotional and behavioral problems among first-grade school students with varying executive function levels; a linear regression model was employed to analyze the association between children s executive function and emotional and behavioral problems. Results: A total of 42 first-grade elementary school students (9.9%) were identified as having executive function deficits. Students in the executive function deficit group scored higher on internalizing behavior (7.50±0.52), externalizing behavior (11.26±0.52), and total difficulties (18.52± 0.93 ) were significantly higher than those of children without deficits (4.37±0.14, 6.69±0.17, 10.64±0.27) ( t =5.79, 8.50, 9.23, all P <0.05). Results of linear regression analysis showed that, after controlling for relevant covariates such as gender, age, family economic status, being an only child, and body mass index, the factor scores, dimensional scores, and total scores of executive function were all positively correlated with scores for externalizing problems, internalizing problems, and total difficulties ( β =0.07-0.32, all P <0.05). Conclusions Children s executive function is closely associated with emotional and behavioral problems, and those with poorer executive function exhibit more pronounced emotional and behavioral problems. Improving children s executive function may help promote their mental health.

Retinal degenerative diseases are a group of blinding ocular disorders characterized by progressive and irreversible loss of retinal neural cells. They mainly include age-related macular degeneration and retinitis pigmentosa. At present, there are no curative clinical therapies capable of reversing the disease course. Patients have poor long-term visual prognosis, imposing a heavy public-health burden on families and society. Mesenchymal stem cell(MSC)-derived exosomes, as a novel cell-free therapeutic vector, have emerged as a research hotspot due to their low immunogenicity, no tumorigenic risk, and excellent tissue barrier penetration ability. This review systematically summarizes the core mechanisms of MSC-derived exosomes in regulating immune inflammation, inhibiting apoptosis, and promoting retinal neuroprotection and structural/functional recovery via miRNA and tsRNA, compares the efficacy differences and existing controversies among exosomes from different sources, and outlines the advances in intraocular delivery technologies and engineering modification strategies. Combined with preclinical and clinical data, the current bottlenecks and safety evidence for clinical translation were objectively described. Meanwhile, in view of the heterogeneity among existing studies, this review proposes future directions including standardized preparation and the establishment of efficacy evaluation systems, so as to provide theoretical references for the development of novel therapeutic strategies for retinal degenerative diseases.

ObjectiveTo investigate the characteristics of mitochondrial translational initiation factor 2 （MTIF2） gene methylation and its association with the development and progression of hepatocellular carcinoma （HCC）. MethodsMethSurv and EWAS Data Hub were used to perform the standardized analysis and the cluster analysis of MTIF2 methylation samples， including survival curve analysis， methylation signature analysis， the association of tumor signaling pathways， and a comparative analysis based on pan-cancer database. The independent-samples t test was used for comparison between two groups； a one-way analysis of variance was used for comparison between multiple groups， and the least significant difference t-test was used for further comparison between two groups. The Cox proportional hazards model was used to perform the univariate and multivariate survival analyses of methylation level at the CpG site. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to investigate the survival differences between the patients with low methylation level and those with high methylation level， and the Log-likelihood ratio method was used for survival difference analysis. ResultsGlobal clustering of MTIF2 methylation showed that there was no significant difference in MTIF2 gene methylation level between different races， ethnicities， BMI levels， and ages. The Kaplan-Meier survival curve analysis showed that the patients with N-Shore hypermethylation of the MTIF2 gene had a significantly better prognosis than those with hypomethylation （hazard ratio ［HR］=0.492， P<0.001）， while there was no significant difference in survival rate between the patients with different CpG island and S-Shore methylation levels （P>0.05）. The methylation profile of the MTIF2 gene based on different ages， sexes， BMI levels， races， ethnicities， and clinical stages showed that the N-Shore and CpG island methylation levels of the MTIF2 gene decreased with the increase in age， and the Caucasian population had significantly lower N-Shore methylation levels of the MTIF2 gene than the Asian population （P<0.05）； the patients with clinical stage Ⅳ had significantly lower N-Shore and CpG island methylation levels of the MTIF2 gene than those with stage Ⅰ/Ⅱ （P<0.05）. Clinical validation showed that the patients with stage Ⅲ/Ⅳ HCC had a significantly lower methylation level of the MTIF2 gene than those with stage Ⅰ/Ⅱ HCC and the normal population （P<0.05）. ConclusionN-Shore hypomethylation of the MTIF2 gene is a risk factor for the development and progression of HCC.

ObjectiveTo describe the medical services quality and safety of rehabilitation medicine departments in general hospitals and rehabilitation hospitals in 2022 from the aspects of structure, link and outcome quality. MethodsThrough the National Clinical Improvement System of the National Health Commission, all secondary and above general hospitals and rehabilitation hospitals were investigated in 2022, the relevant data from 7 250 hospitals, including traditional Chinese medicine hospitals and integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine hospitals in 2022. A total of 3 153 sampling hospitals that equipped with rehabilitation medicine wards were included for analysis. ResultsAmong the 7 250 general hospitals surveyed this year, only 3 277 equipped with rehabilitation wards. In general hospitals, the average number of physicians per bed in 56.46% hospitals, the average number of rehabilitation therapists per bed in 77.67% hospitals, and the average number of nurses per bed in 51.18% hospitals did not meet the national requirements. The rates of early rehabilitation intervention were 13.98%, 20.82% and 21.36% respectively in the department of orthopedics, department of neurology and department of intensive care in general hospitals. The average activity of daily living improvement rate of discharged patients from rehabilitation departments of general hospitals was 77.69%, and that of discharged patients from rehabilitation specialized hospitals was 66.78%. ConclusionThere are insufficient allocation of wards and facility scales in the department of rehabilitation medicine, a shortage of human resources for rehabilitation services, inadequate integration of rehabilitation services with clinical services, and there is still scope for enhancing the effect and efficiency of rehabilitation services. It is recommended to expand the scale of rehabilitation services and improve discipline construction; increase the quantity and quality of rehabilitation human resources; incorporate rehabilitation services into the health service system; establish and modify clinical rehabilitation guidelines and technical specifications; and construct a rehabilitation medical information platform.

ObjectiveTo elucidate the critical role of rehabilitation medical records (including electronic records) in rehabilitation medicine's clinical practice and management, comprehensively analyzed the structure, core content and data standards of rehabilitation medical records, to develop a standardized medical record data architecture and core dataset suitable for rehabilitation medicine and to explore the application of rehabilitation data in performance evaluation and payment. MethodsBased on the regulatory documents Basic Specifications for Medical Record Writing and Basic Specifications for Electronic Medical Records (Trial) issued by National Health Commission of China, and referencing the World Health Organization (WHO) Family of International Classifications (WHO-FICs) classifications, International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10/ICD-11), International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF), and International Classification of Health Interventions (ICHI Beta-3), this study constructed the data architecture, core content and data standards for rehabilitation medical records. Furthermore, it explored the application of rehabilitation record summary sheets (home page) data in rehabilitation medical statistics and payment methods, including Diagnosis-related Groups (DRG), Diagnosis-Intervention Packet (DIP) and Case Mix Index. ResultsThis study proposed a systematic standard framework for rehabilitation medical records, covering key components such as patient demographics, rehabilitation diagnosis, functional assessment, rehabilitation treatment prescriptions, progress evaluations and discharge summaries. The research analyzed the systematic application methods and data standards of ICD-10/ICD-11, ICF and ICHI Beta-3 in the fields of medical record terminology, coding and assessment. Constructing a standardized data structure and data standards for rehabilitation medical records can significantly improve the quality of data reporting based on the medical record summary sheet, thereby enhancing the quality control of rehabilitation services, effectively supporting the optimization of rehabilitation medical insurance payment mechanisms, and contributing to the establishment of rehabilitation medical performance evaluation and payment based on DRG and DIP. ConclusionStructured rehabilitation records and data standardization are crucial tools for quality control in rehabilitation. Systematically applying the three reference classifications of the WHO-FICs, and aligning with national medical record and electronic health record specifications, facilitate the development of a standardized rehabilitation record architecture and core dataset. Standardizing rehabilitation care pathways based on the ICF methodology, and developing ICF- and ICD-11-based rehabilitation assessment tools, auxiliary diagnostic and therapeutic systems, and supporting terminology and coding systems, can effectively enhance the quality of rehabilitation records and enable interoperability and sharing of rehabilitation data with other medical data, ultimately improving the quality and safety of rehabilitation services.