BACKGROUND:Apoptosis plays an important role in secondary brain injury.Therefore,to explore the pathophysiological mechanism of promoting nerve cell survival after traumatic brain injury provides a new direction and theoretical basis for the prevention and treatment of traumatic brain injury. OBJECTIVE:To explore the expression changes of Lnx1 molecule in mammalian cortical neurons after brain injury and the possible mechanism involved in secondary brain injury. METHODS:Eighty adult SD rats were divided into 20 male and 20 female mice in sham operation group and 20 male and 20 female mice in traumatic brain injury group.The traumatic brain injury rat model was established by heavy falling method.At 6,12,24,48,and 72 hours after brain injury,the expression of related molecules in damaged cortical neurons was analyzed by RT-qPCR,western blot assay,and immunofluorescence staining. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)The brain tissue of traumatic brain injury group was bleeding and obvious tissue injury could be observed.Water content of brain tissue increased after traumatic brain injury.(2)Compared with the sham operation group,the expression of Lnx1 in cortical neurons after traumatic brain injury increased significantly at 24 hours after injury.(3)After traumatic brain injury,the expression of PBK and BCR protein decreased,and the pro-survival factor ctgf increased.(4)These findings suggest that after traumatic brain injury,the expression of Lnx1 is up-regulated in neurons,which may be due to the decrease of the expression of its target molecules PBK and BCR,and further promote the expression of living factor ctgf,which has a protective effect on the damaged neurons.

ObjectiveTo establish background data for a 90-day feeding trial of SD rats to ensure the reliability of research data. MethodsBackground data from six independent 90-day feeding trials of SD rats conducted by the National Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs from 2020 to 2023 were summarized. These studies involved a blank control group of 120 SPF-grade 4-week-old SD rats, with an equal number of males and females, which were only given standard full-nutrient pelleted rat feed. After the quarantine period, the animals were observed for an additional 90 days, followed by intraperitoneal injection of Zoletil (50 mg/mL) for anesthesia, blood sampling, euthanasia, and necropsy. By analyzing the data from the blank control group, a relevant background database for SD rats was established. ResultsBoth male and female rats exhibited steady weight gain, with a more pronounced increase in male rats. Within 90 days, the average body weight of male and female rats increased to over 500 g and 300 g, respectively. Three weeks later, the average daily food intake of male rats stabilized at approximately 25~28 g per rat, while that of female rats remained stable at approximately 16~19 g per rat. The food utilization rate of all animals gradually decreased from the first week of the experiment. In the white blood cell (WBC) differential count results, significant differences were observed in the counts of WBCs, neutrophils (Neut), lymphocytes (Lymph), and monocytes (Mono) between males and females (P<0.001). However, there were no significant differences in the percentages of neutrophil (%Neut), lymphocyte (%Lymph), and monocyte (%Mono) between the sexes (P>0.05). The average red blood cell count (RBC), hemoglobin concentration (HGB), hematocrit (HCT), platelet count (PLT), prothrombin time (PT), and activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) were higher in male animals than in female animals (P<0.05). The average values of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), creatine phosphokinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), glucose (GLU), and triglyceride (TG) in male rats were higher than those in female rats (P<0.05). The urinary pH range for male animals was 5.0 to 8.5, while for female animals it was 6.5 to 9.0. The majority of male animals had a urinary specific gravity lower than 1.020, and the majority of female animals had a urinary specific gravity lower than 1.015. The weights of various organs (excluding the adrenal glands and reproductive organs) in male animals were heavier than those in female animals (P<0.001), while the organ/body weight ratios (excluding the kidneys and reproductive organs) of female animals were higher than those of male animals (P<0.001). ConclusionThis study summarizes the background reference ranges for body weight, food intake, hematology, and serum biochemistry indicators in SPF-grade SD rats in the untreated control group from six 90-day feeding trials conducted by the National Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs. It provides important reference data for related research. By summarizing the background and spontaneous histopathological changes in rats, this study aids in the standardization and normalization of subsequent research, as well as in the evaluation and analysis of abnormal results.

Objective To comparatively observe the incidence of complications and patency rate within 1 year after implantation of totally implantable venous access port(TIVAP)through internal jugular vein(IJV)between different locations of catheter tip.Methods Data of 2 104 patients with tumors who received TIVAP implantation through IJV were retrospectively analyzed.Patients who underwent TIVAP implantation through the right IJV(group R,n=1 903)were divided into R1(n=376,with catheter tip located at the upper right atrium,i.e.0.5 to 1.0 cm below the cavoatrial junction[CAJ])and R2 subgroups(n=1 527,with catheter tips located between the lower 1/3 of superior vena cava[SVC]and CAJ),while those who underwent TIVAP implantation through the left IJV(group L,n=201)were divided into L1(n=64)and L2 subgroups(n=137),respectively.Patients'basic information,incidence of complication and patency rate of catheter 1 year after TIVAP implantation were collected and compared between subgroups.Results No significant difference of gender,age,clinical diagnosis,tumor stage,nor of incidence of complication including pneumothorax/hemopneumothorax,local skin injury,TIVAP infection,catheter-associated thrombosis,drug extravasation,catheter displacement and arrhythmia was found between subgroups within group R nor L(all P＞0.05).One year after TIVAP implantation,no significant difference of catheter patency rates was found between subgroup R1(94.15%)and R2(93.78%)(χ2=0.069,P=0.793),nor between subgroup L1(98.44%)and L2(89.78%)(Yates'continuity correction χ2=3.563,P=0.059).Conclusion No significant difference of incidence of complications nor catheter patency rate within 1 year after implantation of TIVAP was found between catheter tip location at the upper right atrium or between the lower 1/3 of SVC and CAJ through the right or left IJC.

Objective:To investigate influences of curcumin on LPS-induced autophagy in corneal stromal cells by regulating phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase(PI3K)/serine-threonine kinase(AKT)/mammalian target of rapamycin(mTOR)signaling pathway.Methods:Mouse corneal stromal cells were grouped into control group,LPS group(1 μg/μl LPS),L-Cur group(15 μmol/L curcumin),M-Cur group(30 μmol/L curcumin),H-Cur group(50 μmol/L curcumin),and H-Cur+740Y-P group(50 μmol/L curcumin+10 μmol/L PI3K activator 740Y-P).MTT was applied to detect effect of curcumin on corneal stromal cytotoxicity and cell viability;ELISA was applied to detect levels of inflammatory factors in corneal stromal cells;immunofluorescence staining was applied to detect levels of Beclin1 and LC3 in mouse corneal stromal cells;Western blot was applied to detect expressions of autophagy-related proteins and pathway-related proteins in corneal stromal cells.Results:0～90 μmol/L curcumin had no obvious toxicity to corneal stromal cells.Compared with control group,A570 nm,levels of Beclin1 and LC3Ⅱ/Ⅰ in LPS group were obviously decreased(P<0.05),levels of IL-6,IL-8,p-PI3K/PI3K,p-AKT/AKT and p-mTOR/mTOR were obviously increased(P<0.05);compared with LPS group,A570 nm,levels of Beclin1 and LC3Ⅱ/Ⅰ in L-Cur group,M-Cur group,H-Cur group were obviously increased in turn(P<0.05),levels of IL-6,IL-8,p-PI3K/PI3K,p-AKT/AKT and p-mTOR/mTOR were obviously decreased in turn(P<0.05);H-Cur+740Y-P eliminated beneficial effect of curcumin on corneal stromal cells.Conclusion:Curcumin may promote LPS-induced autophagy in corneal stromal cells by down-regulating PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway.

Background: This study aimed to compare the intercostal nerve block (ICNB) and thoracic paravertebral block (TPVB) for acute herpes zoster-associated pain (ZAP) and possible prophylaxis for post-herpetic neuralgia (PHN). Methods: This study enrolled 128 patients with ZAP. Their records were stratified into standard antiviral treatment (AVT) plus US-guided TPVB (the TPVB group), AVT plus US-guided ICNB (the ICNB group) or AVT alone (the control group). Herpes zoster (HZ)-related burden of illness (HZ-BOI) within the post-procedural 30 days was defined as the primary endpoint, determined by a composite of pain severity and follow-up duration. Procedure time, rescue analgesic requirement, PHN incidence, health-related quality of life and side effects were also recorded. Results: Significantly lower HZ-BOI-AUC 30 was reported in the TPVB and ICNB groups as compared to the control group, with a mean difference of 57.5 (P < 0.001) and 40.3 (P = 0.003), respectively. However, there was no difference between the TPVB and ICNB groups (P = 0.978). Both TPVB and ICNB reported significantly greater improvements in PHN incidence, EQ-5D-3L scores and rescue analgesic requirements during follow-up, as opposed to the control AVT. Shorter procedure time was observed in ICNB as compared to TPVB (16.47 ± 3.39 vs. 11.69 ± 2.58, P < 0.001). Conclusions Both US-guided TPVBs and ICNBs were effective for ZAP, and accounted for possible prophylaxis for PHN, as compared to AVT alone. The ICNB approach could be recommended as an alternative to conventional TPVB with a better consumed procedure time and side effect profile.

Human metapneumovirus, first identified in the Netherlands in 2001, is a common respiratory virus belonging to the genus Metapneumovirus of the family Pneumoviridae. It has spread across the world. It can cause repeat infections in infants, young children, the elderly, and immunocompromised people, and lead to acute respiratory infections. There are currently no effective prophylactic vaccines approved for marketing. This article mainly focuses on the virological and epidemiological characteristics of human metapneumovirus, introduces the structure of fusion protein, a potential key immunogen for vaccine development, and the antigenic loci on fusion protein, and summarizes the research progress in subunit vaccines, live attenuated vaccines, and nucleic acid vaccines designed based on fusion protein.

Objective To investigate the changes in microglia phenotype after cerebral ischemia reperfusion(1R)injury and the effects of adenosine on nerve injury of cerebral IR injured rats.Methods Thirty-six healthy male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into the sham operation(Sham)group,IR group,and adenosine pretreatment(AP)group,with 12 rats in each group.Before modeling,rats in the AP group were intraperitoneally injected with 2 mL of adenosine injection daily for 3 consecutive days,and rats in the Sham group and IR group were intraperitoneally injected with 2 mL of normal saline daily for 3 consecutive days.The middle cerebral artery occlusion models of rats in the IR group and AP group were constructed by using the suture-occluded method,and only the carotid artery of rats was isolated in the Sham group without ligation of blood vessels.At 2 hours after modeling,the neuroethology of rats in each group were evaluated according to a 5-point neurobehavioral scale.At 24 hours after restoring the blood perfusion in the middle cerebral artery,the rats in each group were executed,and their brain tissues were removed.The morphological changes of the brain tissues in the ischemic penumbra region were observed after hematoxylin-eosin(HE)staining.The co-expression of M1-type microglia markers and M2-type microglia markers was detected by immunofluorescence staining.The relative expression levels of pro-inflammatory factors inducible nitric oxide synthase(iNOS),tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α)and interleukin(IL)-1β released by M1-type microglia,and anti-inflammatory factors IL-4,IL-10 and transforming growth factor-β(TGF-β)released by M2-type microglia were detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction(qRT-PCR).Results The neurobehavioral scores of rats in the IR group and AP group were significantly higher than those in the Sham group,and the neurobehavioral score of rats in the IR group was significantly higher than that in the AP group(P＜0.05).HE staining results showed that the brain cells of rats in the Sham group were structurally complete and tightly arranged,with visible nuclei and no interstitial edema;the brain cells of rats in the IR group were structurally damaged and irregularly arranged,with loose cytoplasm and vacuoles in the cytosome;the structure of brain cells of rat in the AP group was better than that in the IR group,and there were many regularly-arranged normal cells,with complete nuclei.Immunofluorescence staining results showed that the number of M1-type and M2-type microglia in the ischemic penumbra region of rats in the IR group and AP group was significantly higher than that in the Sham group;the number of M1-type microglia in the IR group was significantly higher than that in the AP group,and the number of M2-type microglia was significantly lower than that in the AP group(P＜0.05).qRT-PCR results showed that the relative expression levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α,IL-1β,iNOS and anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-4,IL-10,TGF-β in the IR group and AP group were significantly higher than those in the Sham group(P＜0.05);the relative expression levels of pro-inflammatory factors TNF-α,IL-1β and iNOS in the AP group were significantly lower than those in the IR group(P＜0.05),while the relative expression levels of anti-inflammatory factors IL-4,IL-10 and TGF-β were significantly higher than those in the IR group(P＜0.05).Conclusion AP can promote the polarization of microglia from M1 type to M2 type,inhibit the release of pro-inflammatory factors,increases the expression of anti-inflammatory factors,and thus has a neuroprotective effect on rats after cerebral IR injury.

Background: This study aimed to compare the intercostal nerve block (ICNB) and thoracic paravertebral block (TPVB) for acute herpes zoster-associated pain (ZAP) and possible prophylaxis for post-herpetic neuralgia (PHN). Methods: This study enrolled 128 patients with ZAP. Their records were stratified into standard antiviral treatment (AVT) plus US-guided TPVB (the TPVB group), AVT plus US-guided ICNB (the ICNB group) or AVT alone (the control group). Herpes zoster (HZ)-related burden of illness (HZ-BOI) within the post-procedural 30 days was defined as the primary endpoint, determined by a composite of pain severity and follow-up duration. Procedure time, rescue analgesic requirement, PHN incidence, health-related quality of life and side effects were also recorded. Results: Significantly lower HZ-BOI-AUC 30 was reported in the TPVB and ICNB groups as compared to the control group, with a mean difference of 57.5 (P < 0.001) and 40.3 (P = 0.003), respectively. However, there was no difference between the TPVB and ICNB groups (P = 0.978). Both TPVB and ICNB reported significantly greater improvements in PHN incidence, EQ-5D-3L scores and rescue analgesic requirements during follow-up, as opposed to the control AVT. Shorter procedure time was observed in ICNB as compared to TPVB (16.47 ± 3.39 vs. 11.69 ± 2.58, P < 0.001). Conclusions Both US-guided TPVBs and ICNBs were effective for ZAP, and accounted for possible prophylaxis for PHN, as compared to AVT alone. The ICNB approach could be recommended as an alternative to conventional TPVB with a better consumed procedure time and side effect profile.

Background: This study aimed to compare the intercostal nerve block (ICNB) and thoracic paravertebral block (TPVB) for acute herpes zoster-associated pain (ZAP) and possible prophylaxis for post-herpetic neuralgia (PHN). Methods: This study enrolled 128 patients with ZAP. Their records were stratified into standard antiviral treatment (AVT) plus US-guided TPVB (the TPVB group), AVT plus US-guided ICNB (the ICNB group) or AVT alone (the control group). Herpes zoster (HZ)-related burden of illness (HZ-BOI) within the post-procedural 30 days was defined as the primary endpoint, determined by a composite of pain severity and follow-up duration. Procedure time, rescue analgesic requirement, PHN incidence, health-related quality of life and side effects were also recorded. Results: Significantly lower HZ-BOI-AUC 30 was reported in the TPVB and ICNB groups as compared to the control group, with a mean difference of 57.5 (P < 0.001) and 40.3 (P = 0.003), respectively. However, there was no difference between the TPVB and ICNB groups (P = 0.978). Both TPVB and ICNB reported significantly greater improvements in PHN incidence, EQ-5D-3L scores and rescue analgesic requirements during follow-up, as opposed to the control AVT. Shorter procedure time was observed in ICNB as compared to TPVB (16.47 ± 3.39 vs. 11.69 ± 2.58, P < 0.001). Conclusions Both US-guided TPVBs and ICNBs were effective for ZAP, and accounted for possible prophylaxis for PHN, as compared to AVT alone. The ICNB approach could be recommended as an alternative to conventional TPVB with a better consumed procedure time and side effect profile.

Parkinson's disease(PD)challenges us to assess the disease due to the lack of definitive biomarkers.Currently,PD patients have been found to contract several gastrointestinal comorbidities such as con-stipation and intestinal inflammation that precede its symptomatic manifestations.These conditions are intricately linked to proliferative metabolisms of the gut microbiota,which are manifested to be some primary changes in the gut microbiota or other changes involved in medication during treatment.In this paper we review the recent research on gut microbiota biomarkers in PD,arguing for the clinical relevance of gut microbiota as a marker in the progression of PD and prospecting the potential efficacy of fecal microbiota transplantation as an intervention in managing PD.