Endogenous estrogen is currently considered a major risk factor for postmenopausal breast cancer. Under the catalysis of various enzymes,estrogen interacts through multiple metabolic pathways to produce various metabolites. The imbalance of estrogen and its metabolites in the body can induce physiological changes that may play a dual role in the development of breast cancer. However,due to the relatively low estrogen levels in postmenopausal women and the limitations of existing measurement methods in terms of specificity,accuracy,and reproducibility,the precise role of different estrogen metabolic pathways and their metabolites in the etiology of postmenopausal breast cancer remains unclear. Therefore,a deeper understanding of the estrogen metabolism pathways and their metabolites in the occurrence and progression of postmenopausal breast cancer may provide new insights for its prevention and treatment. Here,the authors review recent research progress on estrogen metabolism and postmenopausal breast cancer.

Endogenous estrogen is currently considered a major risk factor for postmenopausal breast cancer. Under the catalysis of various enzymes,estrogen interacts through multiple metabolic pathways to produce various metabolites. The imbalance of estrogen and its metabolites in the body can induce physiological changes that may play a dual role in the development of breast cancer. However,due to the relatively low estrogen levels in postmenopausal women and the limitations of existing measurement methods in terms of specificity,accuracy,and reproducibility,the precise role of different estrogen metabolic pathways and their metabolites in the etiology of postmenopausal breast cancer remains unclear. Therefore,a deeper understanding of the estrogen metabolism pathways and their metabolites in the occurrence and progression of postmenopausal breast cancer may provide new insights for its prevention and treatment. Here,the authors review recent research progress on estrogen metabolism and postmenopausal breast cancer.

Female ; Humans ; Breast Neoplasms/surgery* ; Inflammatory Breast Neoplasms ; Mastectomy ; Medical Oncology

Objective To discuss the prevention and treatment of catheter fracture of implantable venous access port (IVAP).Methods A total of 878 adult patients,who received IVAP during the period from January 2012 to December 2012 in a single medical center,were collected.Among the 878 patients,catheter fracture occurred in 7 patients.The clinical data of the 7 patients were retrospectively analyzed.By referring to the related literature,the causes and the prevention measures for catheter fracture were discussed.Results As of November 31,2016,the catheter fracture rate of IVAP,which was implanted via internal jugular vein (IJV),was 0.8％ (7/878).The fracture occurrence time was 855-1412 days after implantation of IVAP,with a mean of 1133 days.The common fracture sites were catheter-IJV junction,catheter-IVAP base joint,and subcutaneous tunnel segment.Conclusion Catheter fracture is one of the serious complications which occur in the course of long-period use of IVAP after its implantation.Standardization of operative procedure,strengthening of the maintenance and nursing education,timely removal of IVAP,and other necessary measures can help reduce the incidence of IVAP catheter fracture and ensure the safety of patients.