Both cathartic colon （CC） and cathartic-dependent constipation （CDC） are caused by the abuse of stimulant laxatives， while their concepts are not completely the same.Starting from the disease name of CC， this article traced the origin and evolution of the concept of CC， summarizes and compared the similarities and differences between CC， CDC， and slow transit constipation （STC）， and called for strict differentiation among the three.Furthermore， this article explored the specific contents of Western medicine clinical subtypes and traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） syndrome differentiation of CDC and delved into the TCM pathogenesis of CDC according to both literature and clinical practice.The relationship between clinical subtypes and TCM syndromes was established， and the syndrome characteristics of CDC of different clinical subtypes and TCM syndromes were summarized.The recommended prescriptions for corresponding syndromes were listed.A systematic CDC diagnosis and treatment approach of "clinical subtypes-syndrome differentiation-syndrome characteristics-recommended prescriptions" was thus formed.Additionally， the paper provides an overview of current research on CDC in both Western medicine and TCM contexts， identifies future research directions， and suggests research pathways for refining and advancing CDC studies.

Abstract With one of the highest rates of Internet penetration in the world, cyberbullying among students in Republic of Korea is typical and complex. The article interprets the characteristics of comprehensive prevention and treatment strategies aimed at cyberbullying among Republic of Korea students, and summarizes Republic of Korea s experience in building "government regulation with laws and policies in parallel, home-school governance with two way educational intervention, and social cogovernance with diversified collaborative empowerment". In recent years, comprehensive prevention and treatment of cyberbullying among students in China has achieved certain results, but there are still problems. It can learn from Republic of Korea s experience, optimize prevention and treatment system of China, improve laws and regulations, innovate technology empowerment systems, and give play to cultural education mechanisms, so as to promote the comprehensive prevention and treatment of cyberbullying among students in China.

Objective To investigate the expression of serum tumor-associated antigens(TAAs)in patients with rheumatoid arthritis(RA)and analyze their clinical significance for RA.Methods A total of 214 RA patients were enrolled in the RA group,while 198 age-and gender-matched healthy individuals were included in the HC group.Rheumatoid factor(RF),anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibody(Anti-CCP),C-reactive protein(CRP),erythrocyte sedimentation rate(ESR),interleu-kin-6(IL-6),ferritin levels,as well as gender,age,disease duration,disease activity score(DAS28)and clinical manifestations were collected from the RA group.The expression of TAAs in RA patients and the clinical characteristics of TAA-positive patients were analyzed.Spearman correla-tion analysis was used to evaluate the relationships between TAAs and clinical indicators in RA pa-tients.Results The positive rate of carbohydrate antigen 125(CA125)in the RA group was 8.88％,which was significantly higher than 1.01％ in the HC group(P＜0.001).Serum CA125 and cytok-eratin fragment 19(CYFRA21-1)levels in the RA group were significantly higher than those in the HC group,whereas alpha-fetoprotein(AFP),carcinoembryonic antigen(CEA),carbohydrate anti-gen 199(CA199)and neuron-specific enolase(NSE)levels were significantly lower(P＜0.001).TAA-positive patients had significantly older age and higher rates of pulmonary interstitial lesions compared to TAA-negative patients(P＜0.05).Patients with DAS28 scores＞5.1 had significantly higher CA125 levels than those with DAS28 scores ≤5.1(P＜0.05).CA125 levelswere positively corre-lated with DAS28 scores,ESR,RF,and anti-CCP antibodies(r=0.142,0.140,0.268,0.183;P＜0.05).Conclusion In RA patients,the positivity rate and levels of some serum TAAs are ele-vated,and TAA-positive patients tend to be older and have higher incidence of pulmonary interstitial lesions.CA125 levels are positively correlated with RA disease activity.

BACKGROUND:Laser therapy is a non-invasive and painless treatment that is considered to be an effective method suitable for the treatment of osteoarthritis due to its simplicity and non-invasive nature.Currently,the mechanism of action of laser therapy is unclear and the results of studies on its clinical application are controversial. OBJECTIVE:To review and summarize the latest research progress of laser therapy on chondrocytes,animal experiments and clinical efficacy,and to explore the possible mechanism of laser-mediated multi-pathway biological effects,so as to provide a theoretical basis for further research on the laser treatment of osteoarthritis of the knee joint. METHODS:A literature search was performed in CNKI,WanFang Data,VIP and PubMed databases for relevant literature published from 2018 to 2023,with"laser therapy,low level laser therapy,high level laser therapy,photobiomodulation,knee osteoarthritis,chondrocytes"as the search terms in Chinese and English,respectively.Together with 14 articles searched manually,70 articles were finally included for review. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Laser therapy in the treatment of knee osteoarthritis is mainly categorized into two types:low-level laser therapy and high-level laser therapy.Differences in laser parameters and treatment protocols have a direct impact on laser efficacy.When appropriate parameters are used,low-level lasers show positive effects in cellular experiments,animal models,and clinical efficacy.High-level lasers have been less studied in the treatment of knee osteoarthritis,but some preliminary clinical studies have shown positive results.Cell experiments have shown that low-level laser promotes chondrocyte proliferation and cartilage matrix synthesis,thereby reducing inflammatory response.Animal experiments have shown that low-level laser can reduce the release of pro-inflammatory factors,promote cartilage matrix synthesis,inhibit matrix degradation,and effectively improve the repair process of cartilage tissue.Low-level laser is also able to reduce oxidative stress damage and relieve pain in knee osteoarthritis.In clinical trials,both low-and high-level laser can reduce patients'pain and improve functional activities.The combination of laser therapy and exercise therapy modalities may improve the therapeutic effect.Lasers may affect intracellular signaling and cellular functions through photobiological or thermodynamic effects.This provides direct evidence that laser promotes articular cartilage regeneration.

Data analysis models may assist the transmission of traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） experience and clinical diagnosis and treatment， and the possibility of constructing a “data-knowledge” dual-drive model was explored by taking gastric precancerous state as an example. Data-driven is to make clinical decisions around data analysis， and its syndrome-differentiation decision-making research relies on hidden structural models and partially observable Markov decision-making processes to identify the etiology of diseases， syndrome elements， evolution of pathogenesis， and syndrome differentiation protocols； knowledge-driven is to make use of data and information to promote decision-making and action processes， and its syndrome-differentiation decision-making research relies on convolutional neural networks to improve the accuracy of local disease identification and syndrome differentiation. The “data-knowledge” dual-driven model can make up for the shortcomings of single-drive numerical simulation accuracy， and achieve a balance between local disease identification and macroscopic syndrome differentiation. On the basis of previous research， we explored the construction method of diagnostic assisted decision-making platform for gastric precancerous state， and believed that the diagnostic and decision-making ability of doctors can be extended through the assistance of machines and algorithms. Meanwhile， the related research methods were integrated and the core features of gastric precancerous state based on TCM syndrome differentiation and endoscopic pathology diagnosis and prediction were obtained， and the elements of endoscopic pathology recognition based on TCM syndrome differentiation were explored， so as to provide ideas for the in-depth research and innovative application of cutting-edge data analysis technology in the field of intelligent TCM syndrome differentiation.

Objective To develop a pressure swing adsorption oxygen generating device that is workable at altitudes of 0 to 7000 meters.Methods The three-bed molecular sieve oxygen production process was adopted.The switching time of air circuit solenoid valve and the rotation speed of the compression pump were taken as controllable variables.The performance of the oxygen generating device was tested in a normal atmospheric environment and a low-pressure environment corresponding to altitudes of 0 to 7000 meters.The optimal values of controllable oxygen generating parameters corresponding to 10 low-pressure environments(89.9,79.7,69.7,65.0,62.0,57.7,53.8,47.6,43.0,41.0 kPa)were obtained.Results The oxygen concentration could reach 94％,oxygen flow rate was 9 L/min and oxygen outlet pressure stood at 44 kPa in a normal atmospheric environment(altitude 416 meters),compared with 94％,6.3 L/min and 30 kPa in a low-pressure environment of 41 kPa(altitude 7000 meters).Conclusion The oxygen generating device can meet the oxygen needs of two persons within the altitude range of 0 to 7000 meters.

Objective To investigate the effect and mechanism of sodium ferulate in the treatment of Ménière disease(MD)model mice.Methods BALB/c mice were selected,and an MD model was constructed using posterior fossa epidural approach combined with intraperitoneal injection of aldosterone.Sixty model mice were randomly grouped into the model group,the low dose sodium ferulate group,the medium dose sodium ferulate group,the high dose sodium ferulate group and the dexamethasone group,with 12 mice in each group.Another 12 BALB/c mice were selected as the sham operation group.After grouping and tympanic administration,auditory evoked brainstem response(ABR)was applied to detect the hearing level of mice in each group.HE staining and magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)were applied to observe the morphology of cochlea and membranous labyrinth hydrops of mice in each group.Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was applied to detect serum levels of lipoprotein a[Lp(a)],pro-inflammatory factor interleukin-6(IL-6)and tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α)in each group.Immunohistochemical staining and Western blot assay were applied to detect the expression of Lp(a)in each group.Results Compared with the sham operation group,the ABR threshold,the score of membranous labyrinth hydrops,the proportion of middle stage area,serum levels of Lp(a),IL-6 and TNF-α,the IOD value of Lp(a)positive expression and the expression of Lp(a)protein in the cochlea of mice were significantly increased in the model group(P＜0.05).Compared with the model group,the ABR threshold,the score of membranous labyrinth hydrops,the proportion of middle stage area,levels of serum Lp(a),IL-6 and TNF-α,the IOD value of Lp(a)positive expression and the expression of Lp(a)protein in the cochlea of mice were significantly decreased in the low,medium and high dose sodium ferulate groups and the dexamethasone group(P＜0.05),and the effect of high dose sodium ferulate was more obvious.Conclusion Sodium ferulate can down regulate the expression of Lp(a)protein,reduce the production of proinflammatory factors,inhibit the inflammatory reaction,thereby alleviating the symptoms of membranous labyrinth hydrops in MD mice,and improving their auditory function.

Objective Preliminary exploration of the effects of modified electroconvulsive therapy(MECT)on cognitive function and gender differences in middle-aged and young patients with depressive episodes.Methods A group of middle-aged and young patients with depressive episodes,who were admitted to Beijing Anding Hospital affiliated to Capital Medical University,completed 6 rounds of MECT.The 17-item Hamilton depression scale(HAMD-17),Hamilton anxiety scale(HAMA),and repetitive battery for the assessment of neuropsychological status(RBANS)were used to score depressive symptoms,anxiety symptoms,and cognitive function at baseline,after the 3rd MECT,and after the 6th MECT,respectively.Gender differences were compared between the young and middle-aged groups.Results A total of 122 patients with depressive episodes were included,with 83 cases in the youth group and 39 cases in the middle-aged group.There was no gender difference in baseline HAMD and HAMA scores,as well as the HAMD reduction rates after MECT between the two groups(P>0.05).Repeated measures ANOVA showed that in the youth group,the time effects of RBANS total score,visual breadth factor score,and attention factor score were significant(P<0.05),and increased after treatment compared to baseline.There was no significance in gender group effects or interaction effects(P>0.05).In the middle-aged group,the time and gender interaction effect of RBANS total score and visual breadth factor score was significant(P<0.05).Female patients showed an increase in RBANS total score,visual breadth factor score,and attention factor score after the 6th MECT compared to baseline(P<0.05),while there was no significance in time effect and gender group effect(P>0.05).Conclusion Middle-aged and young depressed patients showed overall improvement in cognitive function after MECT,while there were gender differences in cognitive function changes among middle-aged patients.It is necessary to optimize the MECT program based on the patient's gender and age characteristics to reduce cognitive impairment.

ObjectiveTo explore the barriers and facilitators of the adherence of formal practice after mindfulness-based cognitive therapy （MBCT） in psychological counseling outpatients. MethodsOne-on-one interview was conducted in 15 psychological counseling outpatients who attended MBCT at Shanghai Mental Health Center and had been out of treatment 5 months or more. Data was analyzed using thematic analysis. ResultsPoor mood， weak willpower， limited time and space， lack of companionship and supervision， and discomfort with the recording were the five factors that prevented the patients from sticking to their practice. Personality trait， trust， benefit， need for self-care， time/space arrangement， fellow practitioners， therapists， and ease and convenience of practice were the eight factors that promoted the patients to practice. ConclusionThe COM-B model helps therapists and individuals with practice needs to understand the mechanism of formal practice facilitators at a holistic level. Therapists and individuals with practice needs should be concerned about possible barriers on the adherence of formal practice.

ObjectiveTo systematically review the efficacy and safety of exosomes derived from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSC) on animal models of spinal cord injury. MethodsAnimal studies about BMSC-derived exosomes for spinal cord injury were retrieved from databases of PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, CNKI and Wangfang Data, from establishment to October, 2021. Two researchers independently screened and extracted the data, and evaluated the risk of bias. The studies were qualitatively analyzed. ResultsA total of 21 studies were included, involving 1 342 animals. Male or female Sprague-Dawley rats were selected for 18 studies, and the body mass of the rats was (200±50) g in 19 studies. The injury nodes focused on T_9-11 spinal cord, with various methods. The types, medication time, frequency, concentration and dose of the exosomes were heterogeneous. ConclusionsThe BMSC-derived exosomes can improve the motor function after spinal cord injury, reduce the damage of spinal cord, resist apoptosis and inflammation, reduce the permeability of blood-spinal cord barrier, and promote the growth of axons and blood vessels. More high-quality studies are needed for further verification.