Hepatic alveolar echinococcosis is a highly invasive zoonotic parasitic disease with poor prognosis. Surgical intervention serves as the pivotal approach to achieve radical cure and improve the prognosis of hepatic alveolar echinococcosis patients. In recent years, with the popularization of the concept of precision surgery and the development of the multidisciplinary diagnosis and treatment model, the surgical treatment strategies for hepatic alveolar echinococcosis have been continuously enriched, and the selection of surgical procedures has become increasingly diversified. Although key surgical techniques such as radical hepatectomy, autologous liver transplantation and allogeneic liver transplantation have achieved remarkable progress in clinical application, many insurmountable challenges still remain. Therefore, by sorting out the latest evidence-based advances in the field of surgical treatment for hepatic alveolar echinococcosis, this article focuses on discussing the application status and bottlenecks of radical hepatectomy, autologous liver transplantation and allogeneic liver transplantation in hepatic alveolar echinococcosis, aiming to provide a reference for the clinical treatment of hepatic alveolar echinococcosis.

Booster vaccinations are highly recommended in combating the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant and its subvariants. However, the optimal booster vaccination strategies and related immune mechanisms with different prior vaccinations are under-revealed. In this study, we systematically evaluated the immune responses in mice and hamsters with different prime-boost regimens before their protective efficacies against Omicron were detected. We found that boosting with Ad5-nCoV, S_WT-2P or S_Omicron-6P induced significantly higher levels of neutralization activities against Omicron variants than CoronaVac and ZF2001 by eliciting stronger germinal center (GC) responses. Specifically, S_Omicron-6P induced even stronger antibody responses against Omicron variants in CoronaVac and Ad5-nCoV-primed animals than non-Omicron-specific vaccines but with limited differences as compared to Ad5-nCoV and S_WT-2P. In addition, boosting with a specific vaccine has the potential to remodel the existing immune profiles. These findings indicated that adenovirus-vectored vaccines and mRNA vaccines would be more effective than other types of vaccines as booster shots in combating Omicron infections. Moreover, the protective efficacies of the vaccines in booster vaccinations are highly related to GC reactions in secondary lymphatic organs. In summary, these findings provide timely important information on prime-boost regimens and future vaccine design.

Objective To explore the regulation of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase(PI3K)/protein kinase B(AKT)-mediated inflammatory response in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD)by modified Shengxian Decoction through the lung-gut axis.Methods Thirty rats were divided into three groups:Control group,COPD group,and COPD+modified Shengxian Decoction(SXT)group,with 10 rats in each.The COPD model was established using passive smoking combined with intratracheal instillation of lipopolysaccharide(LPS).General symptoms and signs of the rats were monitored during the modeling and intervention periods.Hematoxylin and eosin(HE)staining and immunohistochemistry(IHC)were used to observe lung tissue structure.Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA)was used to detect the levels of inflammatory cytokines interleukin-6(IL-6)and tumor necrosis factor-alpha(TNF-α)in lung tissues.Flow cytometry was used to detect the number of type Ⅱ innate lymphoid cells(nILC2)and type 2 innate lymphoid cells(iILC2)in lung and intestinal tissues.Illumina MiSeq sequencing technology was used to perform 16S rRNA gene sequencing on rat feces to analyze the gut microbiota structure.Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS)was used to determine the content of short-chain fatty acids(SCFAs)in rat feces.Western blotting was used to detect the expressions of related proteins in the PI3K/AKT pathway.Results Compared with the Control group,the COPD group showed significantly reduced lung function indicators,increased heart rate and decreased body mass,while the SXT group showed significant improvement in lung function and general signs(P＜0.05).HE staining showed that the COPD group had lung tissue damage filled with inflammatory cells,while the SXT group had significantly fewer inflammatory cells.IHC results showed that the SXT group had significantly reduced expression of caspase-3 protein(P＜0.05).ELISA results showed that the levels of IL-6 and TNF-α were significantly increased in the COPD group,while the SXT group showed significant improvement in inflammatory damage.The ratio of nILC2 to iILC2 in lung and intestinal tissues was significantly reduced in the COPD group,indicating a significant inflammatory response,while the SXT group showed significant improvement(P＜0.05).The levels of ILC2 cytokines IL-13 and IL-4 were significantly increased in the COPD group,while the SXT group had significantly reduced IL-13 and IL-4 levels.The relative abundance of lung and gut microbiota in the SXT group was significantly higher than that in the Control and COPD groups(P＜0.05).Beta diversity index analysis showed significant differences in species diversity among the three groups(P＜0.05).GC-MS detected six types of SCFAs in rat feces:acetic acid,propionic acid,isobutyric acid,butyric acid,isovaleric acid,and valeric acid.Their levels were lower in the COPD group than in the Control group,but the levels in the SXT group were higher than those in the COPD group.Western blotting results showed that the expressions of p-PI3K,PI3K,p-AKT,AKT,p-NF-κB,and NF-κB proteins were significantly reduced in the SXT group compared to the COPD group(P＜0.05).ELISA results showed that the SXT group had significantly downregulated expression levels of IL-1β and IL-10 compared to the COPD group(P＜0.05).Conclusion Modified Shengxian Decoction can alleviate COPD inflammation.It may mediate the inflammatory response in COPD by inhibiting iILC2 cell activity and expressions of related proteins in the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway through gut microbiota metabolism.

Objective To explore the regulation of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase(PI3K)/protein kinase B(AKT)-mediated inflammatory response in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD)by modified Shengxian Decoction through the lung-gut axis.Methods Thirty rats were divided into three groups:Control group,COPD group,and COPD+modified Shengxian Decoction(SXT)group,with 10 rats in each.The COPD model was established using passive smoking combined with intratracheal instillation of lipopolysaccharide(LPS).General symptoms and signs of the rats were monitored during the modeling and intervention periods.Hematoxylin and eosin(HE)staining and immunohistochemistry(IHC)were used to observe lung tissue structure.Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA)was used to detect the levels of inflammatory cytokines interleukin-6(IL-6)and tumor necrosis factor-alpha(TNF-α)in lung tissues.Flow cytometry was used to detect the number of type Ⅱ innate lymphoid cells(nILC2)and type 2 innate lymphoid cells(iILC2)in lung and intestinal tissues.Illumina MiSeq sequencing technology was used to perform 16S rRNA gene sequencing on rat feces to analyze the gut microbiota structure.Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS)was used to determine the content of short-chain fatty acids(SCFAs)in rat feces.Western blotting was used to detect the expressions of related proteins in the PI3K/AKT pathway.Results Compared with the Control group,the COPD group showed significantly reduced lung function indicators,increased heart rate and decreased body mass,while the SXT group showed significant improvement in lung function and general signs(P＜0.05).HE staining showed that the COPD group had lung tissue damage filled with inflammatory cells,while the SXT group had significantly fewer inflammatory cells.IHC results showed that the SXT group had significantly reduced expression of caspase-3 protein(P＜0.05).ELISA results showed that the levels of IL-6 and TNF-α were significantly increased in the COPD group,while the SXT group showed significant improvement in inflammatory damage.The ratio of nILC2 to iILC2 in lung and intestinal tissues was significantly reduced in the COPD group,indicating a significant inflammatory response,while the SXT group showed significant improvement(P＜0.05).The levels of ILC2 cytokines IL-13 and IL-4 were significantly increased in the COPD group,while the SXT group had significantly reduced IL-13 and IL-4 levels.The relative abundance of lung and gut microbiota in the SXT group was significantly higher than that in the Control and COPD groups(P＜0.05).Beta diversity index analysis showed significant differences in species diversity among the three groups(P＜0.05).GC-MS detected six types of SCFAs in rat feces:acetic acid,propionic acid,isobutyric acid,butyric acid,isovaleric acid,and valeric acid.Their levels were lower in the COPD group than in the Control group,but the levels in the SXT group were higher than those in the COPD group.Western blotting results showed that the expressions of p-PI3K,PI3K,p-AKT,AKT,p-NF-κB,and NF-κB proteins were significantly reduced in the SXT group compared to the COPD group(P＜0.05).ELISA results showed that the SXT group had significantly downregulated expression levels of IL-1β and IL-10 compared to the COPD group(P＜0.05).Conclusion Modified Shengxian Decoction can alleviate COPD inflammation.It may mediate the inflammatory response in COPD by inhibiting iILC2 cell activity and expressions of related proteins in the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway through gut microbiota metabolism.

Objective To analyze the expression of monocyte surface antigen-presenting factors CD86+and HLA-DR in the subacute phase of burn injury,and the molecular mechanism of monocytes contributing to persistent inflammation.Methods The mice were divided into the sham group and the burn group,and a mouse model of 30％body surface burn was estab-lished.Spleens were collected from mice on the 8th day after burn injury,and monocytes were isolated for transcriptomic analy-sis.A mouse model of Notch1 lentiviral transfection was constructed,and models of sham burn+blank control(sham-NC),burn+blank control(burn-NC),sham burn+Notch1 shRNA(sham-sh),and burn+Notch1 shRNA(burn-sh)were estab-lished.The qRT-PCR and Western blot were used to detect the expressions of monocyte surface antigens CD86+and HLA-DR.Immunofluorescence was performed to analyze the expression of CD86+and HLA-DR in splenic monocytes.ELISA was used to analyze serum levels of IL-10 and CRP.Results On the 8th day after burn injury,compared with the sham burn group,the expressions of monocyte surface antigens CD86+and HLA-DR were decreased,while serum levels of IL-10 and CRP were increased in the burn group.Contents of IL-10 and CRP showed significant negative correlations with CD86+and HLA-DR,re-spectively.Transcriptomic analysis revealed 258 significantly upregulated genes and 360 significantly downregulated genes in splenic monocytes from the burn group.The differentially expressed genes primarily enriched in the Notch signaling path-way.Western blot results showed a significant upregulation of Notch1 expression.After lentiviral inhibition of Notch1 signaling invivo,compared with the burn-NC group,expressions of CD86+and HLA-DR on monocyte surfaces were increased,and ser-um levels of IL-10 and CRP were decreased in the burn-sh group.Conclusion The functional inhibition of splenic monocytes is mediated by Notch1 signaling pathway in the subacute phase of burn injury.Inhibition of Notch1 signaling in vivo improves the antigen-presenting capacity of monocytes after burn injury and inhibits the secretion of inflammatory factors.

Objective To analyze the expression of monocyte surface antigen-presenting factors CD86+and HLA-DR in the subacute phase of burn injury,and the molecular mechanism of monocytes contributing to persistent inflammation.Methods The mice were divided into the sham group and the burn group,and a mouse model of 30％body surface burn was estab-lished.Spleens were collected from mice on the 8th day after burn injury,and monocytes were isolated for transcriptomic analy-sis.A mouse model of Notch1 lentiviral transfection was constructed,and models of sham burn+blank control(sham-NC),burn+blank control(burn-NC),sham burn+Notch1 shRNA(sham-sh),and burn+Notch1 shRNA(burn-sh)were estab-lished.The qRT-PCR and Western blot were used to detect the expressions of monocyte surface antigens CD86+and HLA-DR.Immunofluorescence was performed to analyze the expression of CD86+and HLA-DR in splenic monocytes.ELISA was used to analyze serum levels of IL-10 and CRP.Results On the 8th day after burn injury,compared with the sham burn group,the expressions of monocyte surface antigens CD86+and HLA-DR were decreased,while serum levels of IL-10 and CRP were increased in the burn group.Contents of IL-10 and CRP showed significant negative correlations with CD86+and HLA-DR,re-spectively.Transcriptomic analysis revealed 258 significantly upregulated genes and 360 significantly downregulated genes in splenic monocytes from the burn group.The differentially expressed genes primarily enriched in the Notch signaling path-way.Western blot results showed a significant upregulation of Notch1 expression.After lentiviral inhibition of Notch1 signaling invivo,compared with the burn-NC group,expressions of CD86+and HLA-DR on monocyte surfaces were increased,and ser-um levels of IL-10 and CRP were decreased in the burn-sh group.Conclusion The functional inhibition of splenic monocytes is mediated by Notch1 signaling pathway in the subacute phase of burn injury.Inhibition of Notch1 signaling in vivo improves the antigen-presenting capacity of monocytes after burn injury and inhibits the secretion of inflammatory factors.

Objective To identify the N6-methyladenosine (m6A)-related characteristic genes analyzed by gene clustering and immune cell infiltration in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury (MI/RI) after cardiopulmonary bypass through machine learning. Methods The differential genes associated with m6A methylation were screened by the dataset GSE132176 in GEO, the samples of the dataset were clustered based on the differential gene expression profile, and the Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis of the differential genes of the m6A cluster after clustering were performed to determine the gene function of the m6A cluster. R software was used to determine the better models in machine learning of support vector machine (SVM) model and random forest (RF) model, which were used to screen m6A-related characteristic genes in MI/RI, and construct characteristic gene nomogram to predict the incidence of disease. R software was used to analyze the correlation between characteristic genes and immune cells, and the online website was used to build a characteristic gene regulatory network. Results In this dataset, a total of 5 m6A-related differential genes were screened, and the gene expression profiles were divided into two clusters for cluster analysis. The enrichment analysis of m6A clusters showed that these genes were mainly involved in regulating monocytes differentiation, response to lipopolysaccharides, response to bacteria-derived molecules, cellular response to decreased oxygen levels, DNA transcription factor binding, DNA-binding transcription activator activity, RNA polymerase Ⅱ specificity, NOD-like receptor signaling pathway, fluid shear stress and atherosclerosis, tumor necrosis factor signaling pathway, interleukin-17 signaling pathway. The RF model was determined by R software as the better model, which determined that METTL3, YTHDF1, RBM15B and METTL14 were characteristic genes of MI/RI, and mast cells, type 1 helper lymphocytes (Th1), type 17 helper lymphocytes (Th17), and macrophages were found to be associated with MI/RI after cardiopulmonary bypass in immune cell infiltration. Conclusion The four characteristic genes METTL3, YTHDF1, RBM15B and METTL14 are obtained by machine learning, while cluster analysis and immune cell infiltration analysis can better reveal the pathophysiological process of MI/RI.

At the maternal-fetal interface, insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) promotes fetal growth by regulating transport and absorption of amino acid, glucose, and fatty acid in trophoblast cells. Additionally, IGF-1 facilitates proliferation and differentiation of decidual cells, angiogenesis, and decidualization via regulating metabolism, immune responses, and anti- or pro-inflammatory responses of decidual cells. However, more studies are needed to verify the underlying mechanisms of IGF-1 in maternal decidual cells. IGF-1 is regulated by upstream hormones, cytokines, small molecule nutrients, oxygen, and environmental pollutants. Drugs, such as growth hormone, mifepristone, prednisolone and melatonin, can regulate the expression of IGF-1 and further improve pregnancy outcomes. Verifying the upstream and downstream mechanisms of IGF-1 at the maternal-fetal interface helps to find out more potential targets for the diagnosis and treatment of pregnancy-related diseases, and provide new ideas for the field.

Existing traditional Chinese medicine (TCM)-related databases are still insufficient in data standardization, integrity and precision, and need to be updated urgently. Herein, an Encyclopedia of Traditional Chinese Medicine version 2.0 (ETCM v2.0, http://www.tcmip.cn/ETCM2/front/#/) was constructed as the latest curated database hosting 48,442 TCM formulas recorded by ancient Chinese medical books, 9872 Chinese patent drugs, 2079 Chinese medicinal materials and 38,298 ingredients. To facilitate the mechanistic research and new drug discovery, we improved the target identification method based on a two-dimensional ligand similarity search module, which provides the confirmed and/or potential targets of each ingredient, as well as their binding activities. Importantly, five TCM formulas/Chinese patent drugs/herbs/ingredients with the highest Jaccard similarity scores to the submitted drugs are offered in ETCM v2.0, which may be of significance to identify prescriptions/herbs/ingredients with similar clinical efficacy, to summarize the rules of prescription use, and to find alternative drugs for endangered Chinese medicinal materials. Moreover, ETCM v2.0 provides an enhanced JavaScript-based network visualization tool for creating, modifying and exploring multi-scale biological networks. ETCM v2.0 may be a major data warehouse for the quality marker identification of TCMs, the TCM-derived drug discovery and repurposing, and the pharmacological mechanism investigation of TCMs against various human diseases.