Objective To compare the effects of ginsenosides Rg1 and Rb1 on depression-and anxiety-like behaviors in chronic unpredictable stress-induced rats.Methods Seventy male SPF grade SD rats were tested for sugar and water preference after 5 days of adaptation and divided into seven groups according to their preference index:a control group,model group,fluoxetine hydrochloride group,ginsenoside Rg1 24 mg/kg group,ginsenoside Rg1 48 mg/kg group,ginsenoside Rb1 33 mg/kg group,and ginsenoside Rb1 67 mg/kg group.All rats,except for the control group,were subjected randomly to one or two different stimulating factors every day for a total of 35 days.On the 36th day,behavioral experiments including sugar and water preference,open field,novel environment feeding inhibition,elevated cross maze,and forced swimming experiments were conducted to investigate the anti-depression and anti-anxiety effects of the treatments.Serum and hippocampal levels of interleukin(IL)-1β,IL-6,tumor necrosis factor(TNF)-α and serum corticosterone were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.Results Compared with the model group,ginsenoside Rg1 and Rb1 significantly increased sucrose consumption in the sucrose preference test and decreased immobility in the forced swimming test.Ginsenoside Rg1(48 mg/kg)significantly reduced the latency to eat in the novelty-suppressed feeding test,and ginsenoside Rg1(24 and 48 mg/kg)significantly increased the percentage of open arm entries and time in the elevated cross maze test.Serum corticosterone levels were significantly decreased in the ginsenoside Rg1 and Rb1 groups,serum IL-1β and IL-6 levels were significantly decreased in the ginsenoside Rg1(48 mg/kg)group,serum TNF-α and IL-6 levels were significantly decreased in the ginsenoside Rb1(33 mg/kg)group,and IL-1β,IL-6,and TNF-α levels in the hippocampus were significantly decreased in the ginsenoside Rg1(48 mg/kg)and Rb1(67 mg/kg)groups.Conclusions Both ginsenosides can regulate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and inhibit neuroinflammation,improving depression-and anxiety-like behaviors in rats induced by chronic unpredictable stress.Ginsenoside Rg1 has a significantly better anti-anxiety effect than Rb1.

Objective:To evaluate the role of mitochondria-associated endoplasmic reticulum membranes (MAMs) regulated by protein tyrosine phosphatase interacting protein 51 (PTPIP51) in sevoflurane-induced necroptosis in hippocampal neurons of rats using the in vitro experiment.Methods:Primary cultured hippocampal neurons from fetal rats of Sprague-Dawley rats were inoculated in culture wells (100 μl/well ) or culture flasks (3 ml/bottle) at a density of 5×10 5 cells/ml at 7 days of culture and divided into 4 groups ( n=19 each) using a random number table method: control group (C group), sevoflurane group (Sev group), sevoflurane+ siRNA-PTPIP51 transfection group (Sev+ siPTPIP51 group), and sevoflurane+ nonsense siRNA transfection group (Sev+ siNC group). The neurons were placed in a culture incubator containing 2% sevoflurane and incubated at 37 ℃ for 5 h in Sev, Sev+ siPTPIP51 and Sev+ siNC groups. Then neurons were collected for determination of the cell survival rate (by MTT method), cytoplasmic calcium concentration ([Ca 2+ ] i) and necroptosis rate (by flow cytometry), expression of PTPIP51, receptor-interacting protein kinase 1 (RIPK1), RIPK3, and phosphorylated mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein (p-MLKL) (by Western blot) and for microscopic examination of the partial length, endoplasmic reticulum circumference, and mitochondrial circumference of MAMs (with a transmission electron microscope). Results:Compared with group C, the activity of neurons was significantly decreased, the [Ca 2+ ] i and necroptosis rate were increased, the expression of PTPIP51, RIPK1, RIPK3 and p-MLKL was up-regulated, and the ratio of partial length of MAMs to endoplasmic reticulum perimeter and partial length of MAMs to mitochondrial perimeter were increased in group Sev ( P<0.05). Compared with group Sev, the activity of neurons was significantly increased, the [Ca 2+ ] i and necroptosis rate were decreased, the expression of PTPIP51, RIPK1, RIPK3 and p-MLKL was down-regulated, and the ratio of partial length of MAMs to endoplasmic reticulum perimeter and partial length of MAMs to mitochondrial perimeter were decreased in group Sev+ siPTPIP51 ( P<0.05), and no statistically significant changes were found in the above parameters in group Sev+ siNC ( P>0.05). Conclusions:Up-regulation of PTPIP51 expression mediates structural changes in MAMs and is involved in the process of sevoflurane-induced necroptosis in hippocampal neurons of rats.

Objective:To explore the mediating effect of carotid atherosclerosis on serum triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index and silent lacunar infarction (SLI) in non-diabetic population.Methods:A total of 2 482 patients were selected from the Health Examination Center of Hebei General Hospital from January 2019 to December 2021. The basic demographic information, biochemical parameters, calculated TyG index and carotid plaque score were collected. SLI was diagnosed according to the criteria formulated by Chinese Society of Neurology. Participants were divided into SLI group and non-SLI group according to whether there was SLI in brain magnetic resonance imaging, and the non-SLI group was normal without lacunar infarction. Spearman correlation analysis was used to explore the correlation between TyG index and carotid plaque score. Binary Logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the effects of TyG index and carotid plaque score on SLI. Bootstrap was used to explore whether carotid plaque score mediated the association between TyG index and SLI.Results:There were 471 patients (18.98%) who had SLI, and 2 011 patients (81.02%) did not. Carotid plaque score [2(0, 5) vs 1(0, 3)] and TyG index [7.17(6.81, 7.64) vs 7.12(6.77, 7.54)] were increased in the SLI group compared with the non-SLI group ( Z=-4.213, Z=-2.636, P<0.05). Spearman correlation analysis showed that carotid plaque score was positively correlated with TyG index ( r=0.083, P<0.001). Multivariate Logistic regression analysis indicated that carotid plaque score ( OR=1.047, 95% CI 1.002-1.094) and TyG index ( OR=1.329, 95% CI 1.106-1.598) were independent risk factors for SLI ( P<0.05). Mediated effect analysis showed that TyG index had a direct effect on the incidence of SLI (β=0.265, 95% CI 0.102-0.428). Carotid plaque score partially mediated the effect of TyG index on the incidence of SLI (β=0.024, 95% CI 0.009-0.043), and the mediating effect accounted for 8.30% of the total effects. Conclusion:In non-diabetic population, TyG index and carotid plaque score are predictors of SLI, and the carotid plaque score is a partial mediator in the effect of TyG index on the incidence of SLI.

Objective:To examine the effect of short-term regular aerobic exercise on physical fitness of children with pulmonary with atresia ventricular septal defect after radical biventricular treatment.Methods:This was a prospective self pre-and post-control observation study. The subjects performed regular aerobic exercise for 10 days according to the exercise prescription. Body composition measurement and cardiopulmonary exercise test[lung ventilation function, maximum oxygen uptake(VO 2max), maximum oxygen pulse(O 2/HR max), ventilation oxygen uptake efficiency(OUES), exercise load time], 6 min walking distance(6MWD), sports psychometric test, motor function screening test and fitness test, were collected. The changes of test parameters and scale scoring before and after exercise were analyzed and compared. Results:A total of 7 children with PA/VSD after biventricular surgery were enrolled. The age ranged 8.2-16.2 years old, and there were 2 males and 5 females. VO 2max[(1 196.71±395.31)ml/min vs.(1 297.43±425.73)ml/min, P=0.031], O 2/HRmax[(82.43±7.53)ml/beat vs.(91.57±6.95)ml/beat, P<0.001]increased after exercise. The exercise load time was significantly increased compared with that before intervention[(476.43±35.73)s vs.(531.43±45.76)s, P=0.002]. Resting heart rate before exercise( P=0.013) and peak respiration exchange ratio(PeakRER, P=0.021) were significantly lower. Body composition tests suggest weight, intracellular water, protein and muscle content of lower limb were higher( P<0.05). The motor function score was higher than before( P=0.015); the score of sports fear was lower than before( P=0.009). There was no significant difference in lung capacity and 6-minute walking distance before and after exercise( P>0.05). There were no cardiovascular events during the study period. Conclusion:Short-term regular aerobic exercise for children with PA/VSD after biventricular surgery can improve exercise tolerance, increase lower limb muscle content, improve exercise fear and exercise function, and has good safety and feasibility.

Objective To summarize the clinical features of three types of anti-metabotropic glutamate receptors(mGluRs)encephalitis,and to deepen the understanding of such diseases,enhance early diagnosis and treatment,and improve clinical prognosis.Methods PubMed,Web of Science,CNKI,and Wanfang Data were searched for Chinese and English articles on anti-mGluRs encephalitis published up to October 2023,and the clinical data of three subtypes of anti-mGluRs encephalitis were collected and analyzed.Results A total of 49 articles on anti-mGluRs encephalitis were obtained,with 40 cases of anti-mGluR1 encephalitis,3 cases of anti-mGluR2 encephalitis,and 43 cases of anti-mGluR5 encephalitis.Anti-mGluR1 encephalitis was more likely to occur in middle-aged women,with the main manifestation of cerebellar syndrome(95.0%,38/40);among the 40 patients with anti-mGluR1 encephalitis,22.5%(9/40)were found to have tumors,with lymphoma being the most common type of tumor(66.7%,6/9);52.8%(19/36)of the patients were found to have initial head MRI abnormalities,and about half of the patients were found to have cerebellar atrophy during follow-up.Anti-mGluR2 encephalitis had the main clinical manifestation of cerebellar syndrome,and tumor was only ob-served in 2 foreign patients.Anti-mGluR5 encephalitis easily affected young and middle-aged men,with the characteristic manifestation of limbic system symptoms,among which mental and behavioral disorders were the most common symptoms(74.4%,32/43);tumors were observed in 16.3%(7/43)of the patients,all of whom had Hodgkin's lymphoma.Conclusion The possibility of anti-mGluR1/2 encephalitis should be considered for patients with acute or subacute cer-ebellar ataxia accompanied by abnormal MRI cerebellar signals or atrophy,and the possibility of anti-mGluR5 encephalitis should be considered for patients with the initial symptoms of mental and behavioral disorders and cognitive changes.

Threatened abortion is a common disease of obstetrics and gynecology and one of the diseases responding specifically to traditional Chinese medicine （TCM）. The China Association of Chinese Medicine organized experts in TCM obstetrics and gynecology， Western medicine obstetrics and gynecology， and pharmacology to deeply discuss the advantages of TCM and integrated Chinese and Western medicine treatment as well as the medication plans for threatened abortion. After discussion， the experts concluded that chromosome， endocrine， and immune abnormalities were the key factors for the occurrence of threatened abortion， and the Qi and blood disorders in thoroughfare and conception vessels were the core pathogenesis. In the treatment of threatened abortion， TCM has advantages in preventing miscarriages， alleviating clinical symptoms and TCM syndromes， relieving anxiety， regulating reproductive endocrine and immune abnormalities， personalized and diversified treatment， enhancing efficiency and reducing toxicity， and preventing the disease before occurrence. The difficulty in diagnosis and treatment of threatened abortion with traditional Chinese and Western medicine lies in identifying the predictors of abortion caused by maternal factors and the treatment of thrombophilia. Recurrent abortion is the breakthrough point of treatment with integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine. It is urgent to carry out high-quality evidence-based medicine research in the future to improve the modern diagnosis and treatment of threatened abortion with TCM.

In recent years,with the rapid development and widespread popularity of smartphones,analytical sensors based on different action principles have provided an effective solution for forensic real-time detection.In this paper,the recent progress of smartphone-based systems of analytical sensors in forensic real-time detection was reviewed.The analytical principle,the performance of different analytical sensing,and their future perspectives were discussed respectively.

Schwann cells (SCs), a type of glial cell in the peripheral nervous system, can serve as a source of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to repair injured pulp. This study aimed to investigate the role of SCs in tooth germ development and repair of pulp injury. We performed RNA-seq and immunofluorescent staining on tooth germs at different developmental stages. The effect of L-type calcium channel (LTCC) blocker nimodipine on SCs odontogenic differentiation was analyzed by real-time polymerase chain reaction and Alizarin Red S staining. We used the PLP1-CreERT2/ Rosa26-GFP tracing mice model to examine the role of SCs and Cav 1.2 in self-repair after pulp injury. SC-specific markers expressed in rat tooth germs at different developmental stages. Nimodipine treatment enhanced mRNA levels of osteogenic markers (DSPP, DMP1, and Runx2) but decreased calcium nodule formation. SCs-derived cells increased following pulp injury and Ca v 1.2 showed a similar response pattern as SCs. The different SCs phenotypes are coordinated in the whole process to ensure tooth development. Blocking the LTCC with nimodipine promoted SCs odontogenic differentiation. Moreover, SCs participate in the process of injured dental pulp repair as a source of MSCs, and Cav 1.2 may regulate this process.

Schwann cells (SCs), a type of glial cell in the peripheral nervous system, can serve as a source of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to repair injured pulp. This study aimed to investigate the role of SCs in tooth germ development and repair of pulp injury. We performed RNA-seq and immunofluorescent staining on tooth germs at different developmental stages. The effect of L-type calcium channel (LTCC) blocker nimodipine on SCs odontogenic differentiation was analyzed by real-time polymerase chain reaction and Alizarin Red S staining. We used the PLP1-CreERT2/ Rosa26-GFP tracing mice model to examine the role of SCs and Cav 1.2 in self-repair after pulp injury. SC-specific markers expressed in rat tooth germs at different developmental stages. Nimodipine treatment enhanced mRNA levels of osteogenic markers (DSPP, DMP1, and Runx2) but decreased calcium nodule formation. SCs-derived cells increased following pulp injury and Ca v 1.2 showed a similar response pattern as SCs. The different SCs phenotypes are coordinated in the whole process to ensure tooth development. Blocking the LTCC with nimodipine promoted SCs odontogenic differentiation. Moreover, SCs participate in the process of injured dental pulp repair as a source of MSCs, and Cav 1.2 may regulate this process.

Schwann cells (SCs), a type of glial cell in the peripheral nervous system, can serve as a source of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to repair injured pulp. This study aimed to investigate the role of SCs in tooth germ development and repair of pulp injury. We performed RNA-seq and immunofluorescent staining on tooth germs at different developmental stages. The effect of L-type calcium channel (LTCC) blocker nimodipine on SCs odontogenic differentiation was analyzed by real-time polymerase chain reaction and Alizarin Red S staining. We used the PLP1-CreERT2/ Rosa26-GFP tracing mice model to examine the role of SCs and Cav 1.2 in self-repair after pulp injury. SC-specific markers expressed in rat tooth germs at different developmental stages. Nimodipine treatment enhanced mRNA levels of osteogenic markers (DSPP, DMP1, and Runx2) but decreased calcium nodule formation. SCs-derived cells increased following pulp injury and Ca v 1.2 showed a similar response pattern as SCs. The different SCs phenotypes are coordinated in the whole process to ensure tooth development. Blocking the LTCC with nimodipine promoted SCs odontogenic differentiation. Moreover, SCs participate in the process of injured dental pulp repair as a source of MSCs, and Cav 1.2 may regulate this process.