BACKGROUND:Although researchers have noted that fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 shows great potential in rheumatoid arthritis bone destruction,there is a lack of reviews related to the potential mechanisms of fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 in rheumatoid arthritis bone destruction. OBJECTIVE:To comprehensively analyze the mechanism of fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 in bone destruction in rheumatoid arthritis by reviewing the relevant literature at both home and abroad. METHODS:We searched the CNKI database using the Chinese search terms"fibroblast growth factor receptor 1,rheumatoid arthritis,bone destruction,bone cells,osteoblasts,osteoclasts,chondrocytes,macrophages,synovial fibroblasts,T cells,vascular endothelial cells."PubMed database was searched using the English search terms"fibroblast growth factor receptor 1,rheumatoid arthritis,bone destruction,osteocytes,osteoblasts,osteoclasts,chondrocytes,macrophages,synovial fibroblasts,T cells,endothelial cells."The search period focused on April 1992 to January 2024.After screening the literature by reading titles,abstracts,and full texts,a total of 82 articles were finally included for review according to inclusion and exclusion criteria. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 was found to be widely expressed in bone tissue-associated cells,including osteoblasts,osteoclasts,and osteoclasts.Fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 affects bone remodeling and homeostasis by regulating the function of these cells,as well as promoting the onset and progression of bone destruction in rheumatoid arthritis.Fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 is involved in the inflammatory response of synovial fibroblasts and macrophages and regulates angiogenesis of endothelial cells in synovial tissues.Fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 promotes bone destruction in several ways.Fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 may be a potential causative agent of bone destruction in rheumatoid arthritis and provides a reference for further research on its therapeutic targets.

Objective: To explore the therapeutic mechanism of puerarin in treating rheumatoid arthritis (RA) rats based on the serine/tyrosine protein kinase B (AKT)-phosphorylated forkhead box protein O1 (FOXO1)-interleukin-9 (AKT-FOXO1-IL-9) signaling pathway. Methods : 36 rats were randomly divided into a blank group , a model group , a positive control group , and low , medium , and high dose groups of puerarin. Except for the blank group , the other groups were induced with type Ⅱ collagen to establish a RA rat model. After successful modeling , different doses of puerarin and methotrexate were given to treat the rats. The body mass and toe thickness of the rats were measured , and biochemical indicators of rat blood rheology were detected. X-ray was used to observe changes in rat joint morphology. Safranin green staining were used to observe the pathology of rat joint tissue. ELISA was used to detect the levels of IL-9 and rheumatoid factors in rat serum , and Western blot was used to detect changes in levels of AKT and FOXO1 . 36 rats were randomly divided into a blank group , a model group , a positive control group , and low , medium , and high dose groups of puerarin. Except for the blank group , the other groups were induced with type Ⅱ collagen to establish a RA rat model. After successful modeling , different doses of puerarin and methotrexate were given to treat the rats. The body mass and toe thickness of the rats were measured , and biochemical indicators of rat blood rheology were detected. X-ray was used to observe changes in rat joint morphology. Safranin green staining were used to observe the pathology of rat joint tissue. ELISA was used to detect the levels of IL-9 and rheumatoid factors in rat serum , and Western blot was used to detect changes in levels of AKT and FOXO1 . Results: Compared with the blank group , the model group had the lowest toe thickness , and X-ray images showed more obvious segmental stenosis and more severe marginal bone invasion ; scaly like changes appeared at the edges of joints stained with safranin green , accompanied by the exudation of inflammatory cells and increased proliferation and secretion of chondrocytes ; the expression levels of inflammatory factors IL-9 and rheumatoid factors were the highest , and the expression levels of AKT and FOXO1 proteins were the highest (P < 0. 05) . Compared with the model group , the toe thickness of rats treated with different doses of puerarin decreased ; X-ray images showed that the puerarin treatment group of rats showed improvement in plantar joint stenosis and marginal bone invasion ; the results of safranin green staining showed that after treatment with different doses of puerarin , the infiltration of inflammatory cells decreased , and the expression levels of inflammatory factor IL-9 , rheumatoid factors , AKT , and FOXO1 proteins decreased significantly ( P < 0. 05 ) , with the high-dose puerarin group showing the most significant difference. Compared with the high-dose puerarin group , the positive control group showed a significant decrease in the above results and statistical differences (P < 0. 05) . Conclusion Puerarin has a good therapeutic effect on rats with RA by inhibiting the AKT-FOXO1-IL-9 pathway. The high-dose puerarin group (60 mg/kg) has the best therapeutic effect and the results show a dose-response relationship.

Objective To observe the clinical efficacy of"three modulation acupuncture"combined with repeated functional magnetic stimulation(rFMS)in the treatment of neurogenic bladder with detrusor muscle weakness after spinal cord injury.Methods A total of 120 patients with neurogenic bladder with detrusor muscle weakness after spinal cord injury were divided into conventional treatment group,"three modulation acupuncture"treatment group,rFMS treatment group and comprehensive treatment group according to the random number table method,with 30 patients per group.The conventional treatment group was given conventional rehabilitation treatment,the"three modulation acupuncture"treatment group was treated with"three modulation acupuncture"(modulating spirit,modulating reflex arc,and modulating lower jiao and waterway)based on conventional rehabilitation treatment,the rFMS treatment group was treated with rFMS based on conventional rehabilitation treatment,and the comprehensive treatment group was treated with"three modulation acupuncture"and rFMS based on conventional rehabilitation treatment.The first desire to void(FDV),maximum cystometric capacity(MCC),maximum detrusor pressure of urine storage period(Pdet.max),maximum intravesical pressure of urine storage period(Pves.max),average daily urination frequency,average daily urine leakage,residual urine volume,and neurogenic bladder symptom scores of the patients were compared before and after treatment,and the clinical effectiveness of each group was evaluated.Results After treatment,the FDV,MCC,and Pdet.max of the four groups were all increased compared with those before treatment,and Pves.max,the average daily urination frequency,the average daily frequency of urine leakage,the residual urine volume,and the neurogenic bladder symptom scores were all decreased(P<0.05).After treatment,the FDV,MCC,and Pdet.max of the"three modulation acupuncture"treatment group,the rFMS treatment group and the comprehensive treatment group were all higher than those of the conventional treatment group,and Pves.max,the average daily urination frequency,the average daily frequency of urine leakage,the residual urine volume,and the neurogenic bladder symptom scores were all lower(P<0.05).After treatment,the comprehensive treatment group had a higher FDV,MCC,and Pdet.max than the"three modulation acupuncture"treatment group and rFMS treatment group,and Pves.max,the average daily urination frequency,the average daily frequency of urine leakage,the residual urine volume,and the neurogenic bladder symptom scores were lower(P<0.05).The curative efficiency rates were 86.2%(25/29)in the"three modulation acupuncture"treatment group,85.7%(24/28)in the rFMS treatment group,and 92.6%(25/27)in the comprehensive treatment group,which was higher than that of the conventional treatment group,which was 75.9%(22/29).Conclusion"Three modulation acupuncture"and rFMS can effectively improve the functional status of the bladder in patients of neurogenic bladder with detrusor muscle weakness after spinal cord injury,and their combined application has a synergistic effect.

Abstract: Objective　To collect extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB) Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains isolated from Xi'an City between 2019 and 2020, and analyze the drug resistance patterns of XDR-TB strains to second-line anti-tuberculosis drugs and the occurrence of new defined extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis in Xi'an, in order to provide evidence for guiding clinical drug use of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) patients. Methods A total of 3 088 strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis that underwent phenotypic drug susceptibility testing at Xi'an Chest Hospital from January 2019 to December 2020 were retrospectively selected to analyze the resistance of anti-tuberculosis drug. Among the stored MDR-TB strains, 114 strains of preserved multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis were randomly selected for bedaquiline and linezolid susceptibility testing. Combined with the results of previous second-line drug susceptibility testing, the incidence of newly defined extensive drug resistance was analyzed. Results Among the 3 088 Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains analyzed, 411 strains (14.3%) showed resistance to isoniazid, 347 strains (11.2%) showed resistance to rifampicin, 142 strains (4.6%) showed resistance to ethambutol, 550 strains (17.8%) showed resistance to streptomycin, and 237 strains (7.6%) exhibited multidrug resistance. Of 237 MDR-TB strains, the resistance rates of ethambutol, moxifloxacin, rifampicin, sodium para-aminosalicylate, prothioconazole, capreomycin, amikacin, and clofazimine were 44.3%, 26.6%, 33.3%, 24.1%, 5.1%, 4.2%, 3.0%, and 2.5%, respectively. Among the randomly selected 114 MDR-TB strains, none showed resistance to bedaquiline, three showed resistance to linezolid, and one strain met the new definition for extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis. Conclusion In Xi'an City, high rates of resistance among MDR-TB strains are observed for ethambutol, quinolone and sodium para-aminosalicylate, and the drug susceptibility tests should be obtained as much as possible when using these drugs. The incidence of new definition extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis is low, and bedaquiline and linezolid remain effective drugs for the treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis even without drug susceptibility testing results.

OBJECTIVE: To design and construct a graphene oxide (GO)/silver nitrate (Ag₃PO₄)/chitosan (CS) composite coating for rapidly killing bacteria and preventing postoperative infection in implant surgery. METHODS: GO/Ag₃PO₄ composites were prepared by ion exchange method, and CS and GO/Ag₃PO₄ composites were deposited on medical titanium (Ti) sheets successively. The morphology, physical image, photothermal and photocatalytic ability, antibacterial ability, and adhesion to the matrix of the materials were characterized. RESULTS: The GO/Ag₃PO₄ composites were successfully prepared by ion exchange method and the heterogeneous structure of GO/Ag₃PO₄ was proved by morphology phase test. The heterogeneous structure formed by Ag₃PO₄ and GO reduced the band gap from 1.79 eV to 1.39 eV which could be excited by 808 nm near-infrared light. The photothermal and photocatalytic experiments proved that the GO/Ag₃PO₄/CS coating had excellent photothermal and photodynamic properties. In vitro antibacterial experiments showed that the antibacterial rate of the GO/Ag₃PO₄/CS composite coating against Staphylococcus aureus reached 99.81% after 20 minutes irradiation with 808 nm near-infrared light. At the same time, the composite coating had excellent light stability, which could provide stable and sustained antibacterial effect. CONCLUSION GO/Ag₃PO₄/CS coating can be excited by 808 nm near infrared light to produce reactive oxygen species, which has excellent antibacterial activity under light.
Chitosan ; Silver Nitrate ; Titanium ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology* ; Coloring Agents

Objective:To study the effects of arsenic exposure on necroptosis pathway and inflammatory response of mouse myocardial cells.Methods:Sixty male C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into control group (group C) and low, medium, and high dose arsenic exposure groups (groups L, M, H) based on body weight using a random number table method. Each group had 15 mice, and they drank 0.00, 0.15, 1.50, and 15.00 mg/L arsenic trioxide (As 2O 3) solution prepared with deionized water. The exposure period was 12 weeks. Hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining and Masson trichrome staining of paraffin-embedded heart tissues were used to observe the histopathology changes of the heart. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to evaluate the ultrastructural changes of myocardial cells. The quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) was used to detect the mRNA expression of inflammatory genes [tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin(IL)-6] and the genes involved in necroptosis pathway [receptor-interacting protein (RIP) 1, RIP3 and mixed-lineage kinase domain-like protein (MLKL)]. Protein expressions of RIP1 and RIP3 in the heart were assessed by western blotting. Results:Histopathological examination results showed there were myocardial necrosis, inflammatory cells infiltration and fibroblasts hyperplasia and other changes in groups M and H. TEM analysis revealed marked ultrastructural changes in groups M and H, including fractured myofibril, fractured Z lines of sarcomere, and swollen mitochondria with fractured cristae. Compared with group C (1.00 ± 0.00), the mRNA expression of RIP1 in group H was significantly up-regulated (1.41 ± 0.06, P < 0.05); the mRNA expressions of RIP3 (1.29 ± 0.14, 1.56 ± 0.08), MLKL (1.23 ± 0.05, 1.36 ± 0.07), TNF-α (2.20 ± 0.10, 2.23 ± 0.18) and IL-6 (1.87 ± 0.16, 1.63 ± 0.15) were significantly up-regulated in groups M and H ( P < 0.05). The protein expressions of RIP1 (0.43 ± 0.04, 0.50 ± 0.04) and RIP3 (0.68 ± 0.02, 0.84 ± 0.05) in groups M and H were higher than those in group C (0.25 ± 0.01, 0.45 ± 0.04, P < 0.05). Conclusion:Subchronic arsenic exposure induces histopathological changes such as myocardial necrosis and fibrosis in mice, inducing necroptosis and inflammatory reactions in myocardial cells.

Objective: To investigate the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) associated with the occurrence and development of breast cancer and to screen the molecular markers for breast cancer by bioinformatic analysis. Methods: Three breast cancer microarray datasets were downloaded from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. GEO2R was used to identify DEGs. The differentially co-expressed genes in the three datasets were screened by Venn diagram. GO function enrichment analysis and KEGG signal pathway analysis were performed using DAVID. The protein-protein interaction (PPI) network of DEGs was constructed using STRING. The most important modules in the PPI network were analyzed using Molecular Complex Detection (MCODE), and the genes with degree≥10 were identified as Hub genes. Hierarchical clustering analysis of hub genes was conducted using UCSC Cancer Genomics Brower. The survival curve and the co-expression network of hub genes were constructed using cBioPortal. Results: A total of 65 DEGs were screened from the three data sets. Eight hub genes, CTNNB1, CDKN1A, CXCR4, RUNX3, CASP8, TNFRSF10B, CFLAR and NRG1, were finally obtained, which exerted important roles in cell adhesion, proliferation and apoptosis regulation etc. Clustering analysis showed that the differential expression levels of CTNNB1, CFLAR, NRG1 and CXCR4 were associated with the occurrence of breast cancer. The overall survival analysis indicated that the patients with elevated CDKN1Aexpression had significantly shorter overall survival time (P<0.01). Conclusion: The hub genes identified in the present study can be used as molecular markers for breast cancer, providing candidate targets for diagnosis, treatment and prognostic prediction of breast cancer.

Objective To discuss the effect of α-asarone on the expression level of Cyt-c,Smac,Caspase3 mRNA and protein in human esophageal carcinoma Eca-109 cell mitochondria. Methods The Eca-109 cells were cultured in vitro,and divided into the negative control group and the α-asarone treatment groups(final concentration:25,50,100 μg·mL-1).After 48 h,the morphological changes of Eca-109 cells were observed by fluorescence inversion microscope.The total RNA of cells were extracted by TRIzol method,the expressions of Cyt-c、Smac and Caspase3 were measured by RT-PCR and Western blotting. Results After Eca-109 cells were treated with different concentrations of α-asarone for 48 h,and obvious changes in the morphology were observed,the expressions of Cyt-c,Smac and Caspase3 genes and protein were increased significantly compared to the negative control group( P<0.05). Conclusion α-asarone can induce the human Eca-109 cells apoptosis by regulating expressions of mitochondrial apoptosis pathway correlation genes such as Cyt-c,Smac and Caspase3.

Angiosteosis is associated with increased vascular stiffness and leads to clinical manifestations such as high blood pressure and heart failure,which increases the risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.Angiosteosis is considered to be ectopic deposits of calcium phosphate crystallization in the form of hydroxyapatite in cardiovascular tissue.However,the mechanism of angiosteosis is not yet clear.The pathophysiologic process of angiosteosis is similar to normal bone mineralization.Matrix vesicles (MV) play an important role in bone mineralization.Researches confirmed the existence of MV in the calcified arteries under the microscope.Angiosteosis is widely found in clinical diseases,so the studies of the mechanism of angiosteosis and the role of MV in angiosteosis are of great significance.