Objective: To investigate the mechanism of action of Prim-O-glucosylcimifugin (POG) to improve cholesterol metabolism in osteoarthritic (OA) chondrocytes based on the long noncoding RNA nuclear-enriched transcript 1 (lncRNA NEAT1)/microRNA-128-3p (miR-128-3p) pathway. Methods: For in vivo experiments, 60 mice were divided into the normal, sham operation, model, and POG groups using the random number table method, with 15 mice per group. The osteoarthritis mouse model was constructed using the modified Hulth method in the model and POG groups. Mice in the POG group were administered 30 mg/(kg·d)POG by gavage. The other groups were administered an equal amount of normal saline for 8 weeks. The cartilage tissue structure of mice in each group was observed using hematoxylin and eosin staining. Real-time PCR was used to detect changes in the lncRNA NEAT1 and miR-128-3p mRNA expression levels in the cartilage tissues of mice. Western blotting was used to detect the protein expressions of ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1), liver X receptor β (LXRβ), matrix metalloprotein-3 (MMP-3), and B-lymphoblastoma-2-associated X protein (Bax) in articular cartilage of mice. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to measure the tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) content in the synovial fluid of mice. A biochemical microplate assay was used to measure the total cholesterol level in the synovial fluid of mice. The in vitro experiments were divided into the negative control, interleukin-1β(IL-1β), IL-1β+ POG, IL-1β+ oe-lncRNA NEAT1, IL-1β+ oe-lncRNA NEAT1 + POG, IL-1β + miR-128-3p inhibition, and IL-1β+ miR-128-3p inhibition+ POG groups. An OA model was established by inducing chondrocytes with IL-1β for 24 h, and 90 mg/L of POG and miR-128-3p inhibitor(50 nmol/L) were administered for 48 h as an intervention. lncRNA NEAT1 expression in chondrocytes was detected using fluorescence in situ hybridization. A dual luciferase assay was used to detect the targeting relationship between lncRNA NEAT1 and miR-128-3p. Lentiviral plasmids overexpressing lncRNA NEAT1 were used to transfect mouse chondrocytes. Real-time PCR was used to detect the effect of lncRNA NEAT1 overexpression on the mRNA level of miR-128-3p in chondrocytes. Western blotting was used to detect ABCA1, LXRβ, MMP-3, and Bax protein expression in chondrocytes after lncRNA NEAT1 overexpression and miR-128-3p inhibition. Results: POG significantly reduced OA cartilage tissue damage. Compared with the model group, the lncRNA NEAT1 mRNA level decreased, whereas the miR-128-3p mRNA level increased in the cartilage tissue of the POG group (P<0.05). Compared with the model group, ABCA1 and LXRβ protein expression increased in the POG group, whereas MMP-3 and Bax protein expression decreased (P<0.05). The TNF-α levels decreased in the POG group compared to the model group (P<0.05). Compared with the model group, the total cholesterol level in the synovial fluid of the joint of mice in the POG group decreased (P<0.05). The mean fluorescence intensity of lncRNA NEAT1 in the IL-1β+ POG group decreased compared with the IL-1β group (P<0.05). The relative luciferase activity in the miR-128-3p mimics group bound to the lncRNA NEAT1-WT plasmid decreased compared with the miR-128-3p negative control group (P<0.05). The lncRNA NEAT1 mRNA levels decreased, whereas the miR-128-3p mRNA levels increased in the IL-1β+ oe-lncRNA NEAT1 + POG group compared with the IL-1β+ oe-lncRNA NEAT1 group (P<0.05). Compared with the IL-1β+ POG group, ABCA1 and LXRβ protein expression decreased, whereas MMP-3 and Bax protein expression increased (P<0.05). Conclusion POG mediates lncRNA NEAT1/miR-128-3p to improve cholesterol metabolism in OA chondrocytes.

ObjectiveTo systematically organize the relevant research on the treatment of uterine fibroids with Xiaojie'an capsules through clinical evidence evaluation and comprehensive value analysis in the "6+1" dimension，highlighting the efficacy and characteristics of Xiaojie'an capsules. MethodsBased on evidence-based medicine，epidemiology，pharmacoeconomics，health technology assessment （HTA）， and other methodologies，this study adopted qualitative and quantitative evaluation methods. Through a questionnaire survey，official website data information，published literature， and secondary evaluation of real world data，a total of "6+1" dimensions were used to build an evaluation system for the safety，effectiveness，economy，innovation，suitability，accessibility of Chinese patent medicines， and characteristics of traditional Chinese medicines. Results① Safety：From January 2009 to March 2023，the National Adverse Drug Reaction Monitoring Center reported 159 cases （248 cases） of general adverse reactions and four cases of serious adverse reactions to Xiaojie'an capsules，all of which were classified as general adverse reactions after expert judgment. Through literature search，a total of 6 865 patients were treated with Xiaojie'an capsules，of which 26 articles reported adverse reactions to Xiaojie'an capsules，resulting in a total of 244 adverse reactions. The clinical manifestations of adverse reactions to Xiaojie'an capsules include nausea，vomiting，stomach discomfort，diarrhea，rash，itching，dizziness，headache，insomnia，etc. The prognosis was good， and the drug surveillance system was sound. Based on the evaluation of known risks and sufficient evidence，in terms of known risk assessment， according to the monitoring results of the spontaneous reporting system （SRS）， there were four cases of serious adverse reactions to Xiaojie'an capsules. After expert discussion， the four cases of serious adverse reactions were finally judged as general adverse reactions， and the known risks were considered to be small in combination with the known risk evaluation criteria. According to the types of studies carried out on Xiaojie'an capsules （randomized controlled trial and its systematic review， SRS data analysis， real world human experience studies， and non-clinical safety studies） and the evaluation criteria of sufficient evidence， it was considered that Xiaojie'an capsules had sufficient evidence. The safety evidence of this variety was sufficient， and the result was confirmed. ② Effectiveness： Meta-analysis results showed that the combination of Xiaojie'an capsules and Mifepristone tablets had better clinical efficacy compared to Mifepristone tablets alone and had a better effect in reducing the maximum uterine fibroid volume. Due to limitations and imprecision caused by downgrading factors，the quality of evidence was evaluated as Grade C. Based on comprehensive effectiveness evidence and value evaluation，the effectiveness evidence of this variety was relatively sufficient， and the results were clear ③ Economy：The economic evaluation results showed that treating one more patient with uterine fibroid required an additional cost of 5 438.57 yuan by using the combination of Xiaojie'an capsules and Mifepristone tablets，which was lower than the patient's willingness to pay （36 883 yuan according to 2022 National Bureau of Statistics data）. This suggested that compared with using Mifepristone tablets alone，the combination of Xiaojie'an capsules and Mifepristone tablets had a certain economy. The sensitivity analysis results were relatively robust，indicating that this variety had good economy ④ Innovation：Currently，most traditional Chinese medicine treatments for uterine fibroids advocate the method of attacking evil，which can easily harm the body. However，Xiaojie'an capsules not only soften and disperse nodules but also balance supporting the body and supplementing deficiency. The comprehensive evaluation showed sufficient evidence of the innovation of this variety，and the results were confirmed. ⑤ Suitability： The service information of Chinese patent medicines derived from the drug was complete，and the questionnaire survey results showed that the drug was suitable for clinicians，nurses，pharmacists， and patients in multiple dimensions such as individual compliance，system， and management. The comprehensive evaluation of the suitability of the product had sufficient evidence and clear results. ⑥ Accessibility：The daily cost of Xiaojie'an capsules was 16.97 yuan，and the treatment cost was 407.16 yuan. It was affordable for urban residents and rural residents and was available for sale in 23 provinces， cities，municipalities，and autonomous regions across the country. The medicinal resources were abundant and sustainably supplied，and there was sufficient evidence of accessibility with clear results. ⑦ Characteristics of traditional Chinese medicine：Xiaojie'an capsules were derived from the classic Dai medicine formula of Dr. CHEN Benshan，a renowned Dai doctor，and they have been clinically used for over 20 years. Dai medicine originated from Xishuangbanna，Yunnan province，with the core theory of "four pagodas and five elements". The comprehensive evaluation showed that this variety exhibited significant characteristics of traditional Chinese medicine. ⑧ Comprehensive evaluation of clinical value：Based on the "6+1" dimensions mentioned above，combined with the multi-criteria decision analysis （MCDA） model and calculations using CSC v2.0 software，the results showed that there was sufficient evidence for the clinical value of Xiaojie'an capsules，and the results were clear. ConclusionThe comprehensive evaluation of Xiaojie'an capsules has sufficient evidence of safety and innovation，and the results are confirmed. The evidence of effectiveness，suitability，and accessibility is relatively sufficient，with clear results. The economy is good，and the characteristics of traditional Chinese medicine are prominent. The comprehensive evaluation of clinical value believes that there is sufficient evidence of the clinical value of Xiaojie'an capsules，and the results are clear. In the future，it is recommended to focus on clinical value， conduct high-quality and effective research that is in line with the characteristics of traditional Chinese medicine， and improve acute toxicity testing to provide a scientific and objective basis for clinical efficacy and safety research.

ObjectiveTo systematically review the existing evidence of Tongxiening（TXN） Granules in the treatment of diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome （IBS-D） with liver Qi invading spleen syndrome，and evaluate the clinical comprehensive value from the 6+1 dimension，providing references for national medical decision-making，drug clinical application promotion，pharmaceutical services，etc. MethodFollowing the relevant standards of the "Guidelines for the Management of Clinical Evidence and Value Evaluation of Drugs"， a combination of qualitative and quantitative approaches based on evidence-based medicine，questionnaire surveys，pharmacoeconomic evaluation，etc.，was employed. Multi-criteria decision analysis （MCDA） model was employed to comprehensively evaluate the clinical evidence and value of TXN Granules in the treatment of IBS-D with liver Qi invading spleen syndrome from the "6+1" dimensions of effectiveness，safety，economy，innovation，suitability，accessibility， and traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） characteristics Result① Safety： Based on the evaluation of known risks and adequacy of safety evidence， TXN granules were considered to have controllable risks with sufficient safety evidence. ② Effectiveness： Meta-analysis showed that TXN granules combined with probiotics could reduce the intestinal symptom score level of IBS-D patients ［mean difference （MD）=-2.29， 95% confidence interval （CI） （-3.20， -1.38）， P<0.01］， and TXN granules combined with conventional treatments （such as Bifidobacterium triple viable capsules，pinaverium bromide tablets，or trimebutine maleate tablets）effectively improved the comprehensive improvement rate of IBS-D patients ［relative risk （RR）=1.19， 95%CI （1.14，1.25）， P<0.01］. TXN granules significantly improved abdominal pain ［RR=1.99， 95%CI （1.62，2.44）， P < 0.01］ and diarrhea efficacy rate ［RR = 1.56， 95% CI （1.07，2.25）， P<0.05］ in IBS-D patients. TXN granules were comparable to pinaverium bromide tablets in reducing HAMA score ［MD = 0.29， 95% CI （-0.30， 0.88）， P=0.34］， HAMD score ［MD=0.35， 95%CI （-0.31，1.00），P=0.30］， and improving IBS-QOL score ［MD = 0.28， 95%CI （-1.70，2.26）， P=0.78］. Based on the quality of evidence and evidence value assessment of effectiveness， it was considered that there was sufficient evidence of effectiveness for this product. ③ Economy： TXN granules are a national medical insurance category B product. After 5 years of simulation with three kinds of Markov models， it was considered that TXN granules were the advantageous treatment option with stable results and good economy. ④ Innovation： TXN granules adhered to original innovation， conducting research and development from clinical application， product components， and production processes. They have obtained national TCM new drug certificates， first prizes from the China Association of Chinese Medicine for Science and Technology， and excellent awards for Chinese patents， providing sufficient innovative evidence in clinical， corporate， and industrial aspects. ⑤ Suitability： The information service of this drug is comprehensive. The questionnaire survey results showed that this drug was suitable for clinical doctors， nurses， pharmacists， and patients in terms of individual compliance， system， and management across multiple dimensions. The overall assessment showed sufficient evidence of suitability for this product. ⑥ Accessibility： The daily cost of TXN granules accounts for 2.43% of the median disposable daily income of urban residents and 9.26% of rural residents， which is moderate and reasonable compared to similar drugs. There is sufficient evidence of affordability， and it is sold nationwide covering all 31 provinces， municipalities， and autonomous regions， with full accessibility evidence and clear results. TCM characteristics： TXN granules originate from the prescription for treating diarrhea in Danxi's Experiential Therapy. They are derived from classical formulas and have undergone multiple clinical trials involving 5 000 cases since their launch， accumulating a certain amount of human use experience. Based on the principles of evaluating TCM characteristics， TXN granules highlight TCM characteristics. The comprehensive value measured using CSC V2.0 software is 0.83 points based on the results of “6+1” dimensions. ConclusionBased on the evaluation results of TXN granules in various dimensions and the comprehensive evaluation score， it is considered that there is sufficient clinical value evidence for TXN granules in treating IBS-D with liver Qi invading spleen syndrome， which can provide references for clinical decision-making and pharmaceutical management. It is suggested for future research to conduct network Meta-analysis， conduct horizontal comparisons of similar TCM treatments for IBS-D， improve the quality of evidence-based evidence， and fully leverage the clinical value advantages of TXN granules.

ObjectiveTo comprehensively assess the clinical value of Duliang soft capsules in the treatment of migraine with wind-cold blood stasis syndrome， and to provide guidance for national medical decision-making， clinical drug promotion， and pharmaceutical services. MethodThe evaluation of Duliang soft capsules' clinical value was conducted in accordance with the Guidelines for the Management of Comprehensive Clinical Evaluation of Drugs （Trial Version， 2021） using a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods. Utilizing the CSC v2.0 software， this study conducted a comprehensive clinical evaluation of Duliang soft capsules across the "6+1" dimensions， including safety pre- and post-market launch， effectiveness in treating migraine， economy （cost-effectiveness）， and innovation， suitability， accessibility， and traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） characteristics in both its technology and clinical applications. ResultSafety： Duliang soft capsules were found to have good safety based on evidence from known adverse reactions （spontaneous reporting system （SRS） data， literature data， etc.）， pre-marketing toxicological research， and post-marketing drug monitoring. Effectiveness： A meta-analysis indicated that the combination of Duliang soft capsules and western medicine was more effective than Western medicine alone in the treatment of migraine. The product's effectiveness was rated as "Best" based on the quality and value of the evidence. Economy： Duliang soft capsules are moderately priced and categorized as a Type B medical insurance product. Economic research indicated that the combination of Western medicine and Duliang soft capsules was more cost-effective than Western medicine alone. The product's economy was rated as "Better". Innovation： Duliang soft capsules， with Angelicae Dahuricae Radix and Chuanxiong Rhizoma as the main components， hold one invention patent and have been awarded the China Patent Excellence Award. The pharmaceutical company has introduced innovative extraction （CO₂ supercritical extraction technology） and formulation （soft capsule） processes. The product's innovation was rated as "Better". Suitability： A questionnaire survey on Duliang soft capsules showed that it was well-suited for both patients and healthcare professionals. The product received a comprehensive assessment of suitability through the "Evaluation of Chinese Patent Medicine Information Services". The product's suitability was rated as "Best". Accessibility： Duliang soft capsules are moderately priced， making them accessible and affordable. The product's accessibility was rated as "Good" based on evidence from these three aspects. TCM characteristics： The formulation of Duliang soft capsules can be traced back to WANG Qiu's Selected Formulas from the Praiseworthy Studio （Shi Zhai Bai Yi Xuan Fang） from the Song Dynasty， and it was documented in ZHANG Jiebin's The Complete Works of Zhang Jing-yue （Jing Yue Quan Shu） as "Duliangwan". The product has been extensively studied with over 2000 clinical cases since its market launch， and its TCM characteristics were rated as outstanding with sufficient evidence. ConclusionThe comprehensive clinical value evaluation of Duliang soft capsules demonstrated its high effectiveness， suitability， and accessibility， and outstanding TCM characteristics. The product's safety， economy， and innovation received good ratings. In summary， Duliang soft capsules exhibited significant clinical value and outstanding TCM characteristics， the evidence was sufficient， and the result was confirmed， providing crucial references for clinical decision-making and pharmaceutical management.

Objective To investigate the mechanism by which Tougu Xiaotong Capsule(TGXTC)alleviates chondrocyte degeneration in knee osteoarthritis(KOA).Methods Thirty 2-month-old C57BL/6 mouse models of KOA established using the Hulth method were randomized into model group,TGXTC group,and diclofenac sodium group and received treatment with saline,TGXTC(368 mg/kg),and diclofenac sodium(10 mg/kg)by gavage,respectively,with another 10 untreated mice as the blank control group.All interventions were administered 6 times a week for 4 weeks.After the treatments,structural changes in the cartilage tissue were observed with morphological staining,and Nav1.7 mRNA expression and the protein expression levels of Nav1.7,MMP-3,ADAMTS-5,and COX-2 were detected using RT-qPCR and Western blotting.Fluorescence in situ hybridization(FISH)was used to detect Nav1.7 expression in the chondrocytes.In cultured KOA chondrocytes,the effect of TGXTC and lentivirus-mediated Nav1.7 knockdown on MMP-3,MMP-13,ADAMTS-4,ADAMTS-5,and COX-2 protein expressions were assessed with Western blotting.Results In KOA mice treatments with TGXTC and diclofenac sodium both significantly alleviated structural damage of the cartilage layer,reduced Nav1.7 protein and mRNA expressions and lowered the expressions of MMP-3,ADAMTS-5,and COX-2 proteins in the cartilage tissues.FISH results indicated that TGXTC treatment significantly reduced IL-1β-induced Nav1.7 expression in the chondrocytes.In Nav1.7 knockdown experiment,Nav1.7 levels were significantly lower in IL-1β+sh-Nav1.7 group than in IL-1β group,and also lower in IL-1β+TGXTC group than in IL-1β+sh-Nav1.7+TGXTC group.TGXTC treatment significantly inhibited IL-1β-induced elevation of MMP-3,MMP-13,ADAMTS-4,ADAMTS-5 and COX-2 protein expressions in the chondrocytes,but its effects were strongly weakened by Nav1.7 knockdown.Conclusion TGXTC alleviates extracellular matrix metabolic disorder in KOA chondrocytes by regulating Nav1.7,thereby mitigating chondrocyte degeneration in KOA mice.

Objective To investigate the mechanism by which Tougu Xiaotong Capsule(TGXTC)alleviates chondrocyte degeneration in knee osteoarthritis(KOA).Methods Thirty 2-month-old C57BL/6 mouse models of KOA established using the Hulth method were randomized into model group,TGXTC group,and diclofenac sodium group and received treatment with saline,TGXTC(368 mg/kg),and diclofenac sodium(10 mg/kg)by gavage,respectively,with another 10 untreated mice as the blank control group.All interventions were administered 6 times a week for 4 weeks.After the treatments,structural changes in the cartilage tissue were observed with morphological staining,and Nav1.7 mRNA expression and the protein expression levels of Nav1.7,MMP-3,ADAMTS-5,and COX-2 were detected using RT-qPCR and Western blotting.Fluorescence in situ hybridization(FISH)was used to detect Nav1.7 expression in the chondrocytes.In cultured KOA chondrocytes,the effect of TGXTC and lentivirus-mediated Nav1.7 knockdown on MMP-3,MMP-13,ADAMTS-4,ADAMTS-5,and COX-2 protein expressions were assessed with Western blotting.Results In KOA mice treatments with TGXTC and diclofenac sodium both significantly alleviated structural damage of the cartilage layer,reduced Nav1.7 protein and mRNA expressions and lowered the expressions of MMP-3,ADAMTS-5,and COX-2 proteins in the cartilage tissues.FISH results indicated that TGXTC treatment significantly reduced IL-1β-induced Nav1.7 expression in the chondrocytes.In Nav1.7 knockdown experiment,Nav1.7 levels were significantly lower in IL-1β+sh-Nav1.7 group than in IL-1β group,and also lower in IL-1β+TGXTC group than in IL-1β+sh-Nav1.7+TGXTC group.TGXTC treatment significantly inhibited IL-1β-induced elevation of MMP-3,MMP-13,ADAMTS-4,ADAMTS-5 and COX-2 protein expressions in the chondrocytes,but its effects were strongly weakened by Nav1.7 knockdown.Conclusion TGXTC alleviates extracellular matrix metabolic disorder in KOA chondrocytes by regulating Nav1.7,thereby mitigating chondrocyte degeneration in KOA mice.

Since the concept of mixed connective tissue disease was proposed，it remains controversial in its pathogenesis and diagnosis.Mixed connective tissue disease is generally recognized as a disease entity characterized by overlapping clinical features of systemic lupus erythematosus，systemic sclerosis，and polymyositis，as well as high titers of serum anti-U1 ribonucleoprotein antibody.Studies have shown that up to 1/4 of the patients have the disease at an early age，with the first symptoms of Raynaud's phenomenon and polyarthritis，and the disease has certain differences in clinical characteristics and diagnosis and treatment from adults.The disease may evolve into other connective tissue diseases in the later stage，so early diagnosis and treatment are of great significance to improve prognosis.This article elaborates on the epidemiology，pathogenesis，clinical manifestations，diagnosis and treatment of juvenile mixed connective tissue disease.

Industry-university-research cooperation is not only the core of technological innovation,but also an important way to enhance industrial competitiveness and achieve high-quality development.Industry-university-research cooperation in Liaoning Province has achieved significant results in promoting technological innovation and economic development,but there are still some problems and challenges.The main problems include insufficient depth of industry-university-research cooperation,scattered innovation resources,lack of long-term stable cooperation mechanisms,as well as talent loss and lack of high-quality innovative talents.Through systematically sorting out the existing models of industry-university-research cooperation,it proposes a series of targeted and operable countermeasures and suggestions.These measures and suggestions provide solid theoretical support for the healthy development of industry-university-research cooperation in Liaoning Province.

Objective:To study the situation of legal regulations for the integration of industry-university-research in Liaoning,improve the concept of legal regulation,optimize the legal regulation methods,so as to promote the deep integration of industry-university-research in Liaoning.Method:Problem-oriented approach was used,and the problems of the current legal regulations for the integration of industry-university-research in Liaoning were reviewed.Result:It was found that legal regulations for the deep integration of industry-university-research in Liaoning were not yet perfect,which was manifested in insufficient coverage of policies and regulations,relatively lagging update of regulations,and insufficient highlighting of local characteristics.Conclusion:In response to the above issues,it is proposed to use measures such as collaborative regulation,incentive regulation and moderate regulation to establish and improve the legal system of the integration of industry-university-research in Liaoning province.

Objective To monitor the susceptibility of clinical isolates to antimicrobial agents in tertiary hospitals in major regions of China in 2022.Methods Clinical isolates from 58 hospitals in China were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility using a unified protocol based on disc diffusion method or automated testing systems.Results were interpreted using the 2022 Clinical &Laboratory Standards Institute(CLSI)breakpoints.Results A total of 318 013 clinical isolates were collected from January 1,2022 to December 31,2022,of which 29.5％were gram-positive and 70.5％were gram-negative.The prevalence of methicillin-resistant strains in Staphylococcus aureus,Staphylococcus epidermidis and other coagulase-negative Staphylococcus species(excluding Staphylococcus pseudintermedius and Staphylococcus schleiferi)was 28.3％,76.7％and 77.9％,respectively.Overall,94.0％of MRSA strains were susceptible to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and 90.8％of MRSE strains were susceptible to rifampicin.No vancomycin-resistant strains were found.Enterococcus faecalis showed significantly lower resistance rates to most antimicrobial agents tested than Enterococcus faecium.A few vancomycin-resistant strains were identified in both E.faecalis and E.faecium.The prevalence of penicillin-susceptible Streptococcus pneumoniae was 94.2％in the isolates from children and 95.7％in the isolates from adults.The resistance rate to carbapenems was lower than 13.1％in most Enterobacterales species except for Klebsiella,21.7％-23.1％of which were resistant to carbapenems.Most Enterobacterales isolates were highly susceptible to tigecycline,colistin and polymyxin B,with resistance rates ranging from 0.1％to 13.3％.The prevalence of meropenem-resistant strains decreased from 23.5％in 2019 to 18.0％in 2022 in Pseudomonas aeruginosa,and decreased from 79.0％in 2019 to 72.5％in 2022 in Acinetobacter baumannii.Conclusions The resistance of clinical isolates to the commonly used antimicrobial agents is still increasing in tertiary hospitals.However,the prevalence of important carbapenem-resistant organisms such as carbapenem-resistant K.pneumoniae,P.aeruginosa,and A.baumannii showed a downward trend in recent years.This finding suggests that the strategy of combining antimicrobial resistance surveillance with multidisciplinary concerted action works well in curbing the spread of resistant bacteria.