Swine enteric coronaviruses(SeCoVs),including transmissible gastroenteritis virus(TGEV),porcine epidemic diarrhea virus(PEDV),porcine deltacoronavirus(PDCoV)and swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus(SADS-CoV),are common pathogens that cause acute lethal diarrhea in neonatal piglets.TGEV and PEDV have been circulating among swine for decades with-out effective control.The recent emergence of PDCoV and SADS-CoV are not only highly patho-genic to neonatal piglets,but also pose a risk of cross-species transmission.Despite the availability of many commercial vaccines against TGEV and PEDV,they remain widespread,and there are cur-rently no vaccines available for PDCoV and SADS-CoV.Therefore,it is crucial to elucidate the pathogenesis of SeCoVs.This review describes recent developments in the invasion and immune e-vasion mechanisms of SeCoVs,and attempts to provide references for prevention and control of SeCoVs.

Swine enteric coronaviruses(SeCoVs),including transmissible gastroenteritis virus(TGEV),porcine epidemic diarrhea virus(PEDV),porcine deltacoronavirus(PDCoV)and swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus(SADS-CoV),are common pathogens that cause acute lethal diarrhea in neonatal piglets.TGEV and PEDV have been circulating among swine for decades with-out effective control.The recent emergence of PDCoV and SADS-CoV are not only highly patho-genic to neonatal piglets,but also pose a risk of cross-species transmission.Despite the availability of many commercial vaccines against TGEV and PEDV,they remain widespread,and there are cur-rently no vaccines available for PDCoV and SADS-CoV.Therefore,it is crucial to elucidate the pathogenesis of SeCoVs.This review describes recent developments in the invasion and immune e-vasion mechanisms of SeCoVs,and attempts to provide references for prevention and control of SeCoVs.

Objective:To explore the relationship between affective temperament and the severity of depressive symptoms in medical college students.Methods:From October to November 2021, a questionnaire survey was conducted among 1 780 medical undergraduates from two medical colleges in Anhui Province.The Chinese version of temperament scale of Memphis, Pisa, Paris and San Diego autoquestionnaire (TEMPS-A) and the Chinese version of the Beck depression inventory (BDI-Ⅱ) were used to evaluate the affective temperament and depressive symptoms of medical college students, respectively.SPSS 23.0 software was used for statistical analysis of the data.Ordinal Logistic regression model was used to analyze the impact of affective temperament characteristics on the severity of depressive symptoms.Results:The detection of depressive symptoms among medical college students was 6.4% with mild depression, 7.4% with moderate and severe depression and 86.2% without depression.The scores of cyclothymic, depressive, irritable, hyperthymia and anxious temperaments in TEMPS-A were significantly different among medical college students with different levels of depressive symptoms (all P<0.05). There were statistically significant differences in the detection rates of depression symptoms among medical college students with different typical affective temperament characteristics(all P<0.05). Ordinal Logistic regression model analysis showed that typical cyclothymic temperament ( OR=5.05, 95% CI: 3.68-6.94), typical depressive temperament ( OR=7.69, 95% CI: 4.64-12.86), typical hyperthymia temperament ( OR=0.30, 95% CI: 0.15-0.58), and typical anxious temperament ( OR=2.41, 95% CI: 1.75-3.32) were influencing factors for the severity of depressive symptoms in medical college students. Conclusion:Affective temperament, especially typical depressive temperament, typical cyclothymic temperament and typical anxious temperament can affect the severity of depressive symptoms in medical college students.

Objective To investigate the neuroprotective effect of methylene blue on diabetic retinopathy in rats. Methods Thirty SD rats were randomly divided into blank, control and experimental groups. The control and experimental groups were induced with diabetes by streptozotocin (STZ) intraperitoneal injection. After 6 weeks of successful modeling, the experimental group received intravitreal injection of methylene blue at a dose of [0.2 mg/(kg.d)], while the control group received an equal amount of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) intravitreal injection, both continuously injected for 7 days. ELISA was used to detect the levels of retinal superoxide dismutase (SOD), 8-iso-prostaglandin F2alpha (iPF2α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in rats. Western blot analysis was used to detect the expression of retinal extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 phosphorylation (p-ERK1/2) and phosphorylated protein kinase B (p-AKT), and PAS staining was used to detect retinal morphological changes. Results Compared with the blank group rats, the retinal SOD activity in the control and experimental group rats was significantly reduced. iPF2α, IL-1β and p-ERK1/2 level increased, while p-AKT level decreased. Compared with the control group, the SOD activity of the experimental group rats increased. iPF2α and IL-1β level went down, while p-ERK1/2 and p-AKT level went up significantly. The overall thickness of the retinal layer and the number of retinal ganglion cells were significantly reduced. Conclusion Methylene blue improves diabetic retinopathy in rats by reducing retinal oxidative stress and enhancing ERK1/2 and AKT phosphorylation.
Rats ; Animals ; Diabetic Retinopathy/metabolism* ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/metabolism* ; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3/metabolism* ; Interleukin-1beta/metabolism* ; Methylene Blue/pharmacology* ; Phosphorylation ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; MAP Kinase Signaling System ; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/drug therapy* ; Superoxide Dismutase/metabolism*

Objective:To systematically review the effect of fracture liaison service (FLS) in elderly patients with fragile hip fractures, so as to provide reference for clinical decision-making.Methods:By combining subject terms and free terms, electronic searches were conducted on China National Knowledge Infrastructure, WanFang Data, VIP, China Biomedical Literature Database, PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library and Web of Science. The included references were manually retrieved using the snowball method. The retrieval time was from the establishment of the database to March 1, 2023. Two researchers screened articles based on inclusion and exclusion criteria, extracted data, and evaluated the quality of articles, using RevMan5.4 software for statistical analysis.Results:A total of 15 articles were included, totaling 4 333 patients with fragile hip fractures, with a follow-up time of ≥3 months. Meta-analysis showed that FLS could improve patient medication compliance [ RR=2.32, 95% CI (1.74, 3.11) , P<0.01] and hip function [ SMD=1.20, 95% CI (0.93, 1.47) , P<0.01] , reduce mortality [ RR=0.70, 95% CI (0.58, 0.84) , P<0.01] and the occurrence of refractures [ RR=0.44, 95% CI (0.32, 0.61) , P<0.01] , with statistical differences. Conclusions:Compared with routine nursing for fragile hip fractures, FLS can improve medication compliance and hip function, decrease mortality and the occurrence of refractures in patients with fragile hip fractures.

Objective:To establish a disease risk prediction model for the newborn screening system of inherited metabolic diseases by artificial intelligence technology.Methods:This was a retrospectively study. Newborn screening data ( n=5 907 547) from February 2010 to May 2019 from 31 hospitals in China and verified data ( n=3 028) from 34 hospitals of the same period were collected to establish the artificial intelligence model for the prediction of inherited metabolic diseases in neonates. The validity of the artificial intelligence disease risk prediction model was verified by 360 814 newborns ' screening data from January 2018 to September 2018 through a single-blind experiment. The effectiveness of the artificial intelligence disease risk prediction model was verified by comparing the detection rate of clinically confirmed cases, the positive rate of initial screening and the positive predictive value between the clinicians and the artificial intelligence prediction model of inherited metabolic diseases. Results:A total of 3 665 697 newborns ' screening data were collected including 3 019 cases ' positive data to establish the 16 artificial intelligence models for 32 inherited metabolic diseases. The single-blind experiment ( n=360 814) showed that 45 clinically diagnosed infants were detected by both artificial intelligence model and clinicians. A total of 2 684 cases were positive in tandem mass spectrometry screening and 1 694 cases were with high risk in artificial intelligence prediction model of inherited metabolic diseases, with the positive rates of tandem 0.74% (2 684/360 814)and 0.46% (1 694/360 814), respectively. Compared to clinicians, the positive rate of newborns was reduced by 36.89% (990/2 684) after the application of the artificial intelligence model, and the positive predictive values of clinicians and artificial intelligence prediction model of inherited metabolic diseases were 1.68% (45/2 684) and 2.66% (45/1 694) respectively. Conclusion:An accurate, fast, and the lower false positive rate auxiliary diagnosis system for neonatal inherited metabolic diseases by artificial intelligence technology has been established, which may have an important clinical value.

Objective:To explore the effect of salt restriction strategy based on salt taste on salt taste preference (STP) and sodium intake in patients with chronic heart failure.Methods:From April to September 2020, convenience sampling was used to select 166 patients with chronic heart failure in the Cardiology Department of a Class Ⅲ Grade A hospital in Nanjing City, Jiangsu Province as the research object. The patients were randomly divided into the experimental group (83 cases) and the control group (83 cases) . Both groups of patients were given standardized chronic heart failure treatment methods and health education. On this basis, the experimental group was given a low-salt nutrient meal of 5.0g, 6.0g, and 7.5 g per day according to the different STP of the patients.The 24-hour urine sodium, STP, and Dietary Sodium Restriction Questionnaire (DSRQ) were used to evaluate the intervention effect.Results:After the intervention, there was a statistically significant difference in STP between the two groups of patients ( P<0.05) . The 24-hour urine sodium of the experimental group after intervention was lower than that of the control group, and the difference was statistically significant ( P<0.01) . After the intervention, the DSRQ score of the experimental group was higher than that of the control group, and the difference was statistically significant ( P<0.01) . Conclusions:The salt restriction strategy based on salt taste can reduce the STP and urine sodium of patients with chronic heart failure, and improve the current status of the implementation of sodium restriction diet.

Objective:To systematically review the effects of limited fluid intake on the prognosis of patients with heart failure.Methods:RCTs about the effects of limited fluid intake on the prognosis of patients with heart failure published up to March 31, 2021 were retrieved from PubMed, The Cochrane Library, CINAHL, Embase, Web of Science, CNKI, Wanfang, VIP, and SinoMed. Two independent researchers were employed to extract data and evaluate the quality of included literature. Rev Man 5.3 was used for Meta-analysis, sequential analysis to evaluate the reliability and authenticity of the research results, and the Egger's test for publication bias.Results:A total of 7 articles were included, with a sample size of 867 cases. Meta-analysis showed that the body weight [ MD=-3.04, 95% CI (-4.70, -1.38) , P<0.001], B-type natriuretic peptide [ MD=-249.32, 95% CI (-305.00, -193.63) , P<0.001], blood creatinine [ MD=-22.03, 95% CI (-24.98, -19.09) , P<0.001], readmission rate [ OR=0.30, 95% CI (0.20, 0.45) , P<0.001] of the limited fluid intake group in the chronic phase of heart failure were lower than those in the control group; the body weight [ MD=1.41, 95% CI (-3.73, 6.55) , P=0.59], B-type natriuretic peptide [ MD=64.52, 95% CI (-50.01, 179.06) , P=0.27], serum creatinine [ MD=3.83, 95% CI (-9.69, 17.36) , P=0.58], readmission rate [ OR=1.21, 95% CI (0.65, 2.27) , P=0.55] of the acute fluid intake group were not statistically different from those in the control group. Conclusions:Limiting fluid intake in the chronic phase of heart failure can effectively improve the patients' heart and kidney function and the prognosis of the disease. In the acute phase of heart failure, it may be necessary to combine multiple treatments to keep the patients at the best volume state.

Objective:To understand the characteristics and differences of diarrhea-related symptoms caused by different pathogens, and the clinical features of various pathogens causing diarrhea.Methods:Etiology surveillance program was conducted among 20 provinces of China from 2010 to 2016. The acute diarrhea outpatients were collected from clinics or hospitals. A questionnaire was used to survey demographics and clinical features. VFeces samples were taken for laboratory detection of 22 common diarrhea pathogens, to detect and analyze the clinical symptom pattern characteristics of the patient’s.Results:A total of 38 950 outpatients were enrolled from 20 provinces of China. The positive rates of Rotavirus and Norovirus were the highest among the five diarrhea-causing viruses (Rotavirus: 18.29%, Norovirus: 13.06%). In the isolation and culture of 17 diarrhea-causing bacterial, Escherichia coli showed the highest positive rates (6.25%). The clinical features of bacterial diarrhea and viral diarrhea were mainly reflected in the results of fecal traits and routine examination, but pathogenic Vibrio infection was similar to viral diarrhea. Conclusion:Infectious diarrhea presents different characteristics due to various symptoms which can provide a basis for clinical diagnosis.

Shortage of donors is a major obstacle for liver transplantation.Lee innovated dual graft living donor liver transplantation in 2001,obtained graft from two donors,and it was conducted in various parts of the world.At present,South Korea has the biggest numbers in operation,China,Japan,and Germany.Turkey,Romania,and other countries are relatively less;current clinical liver donor liver transplantation is mainly based on single graft living donor liver transplantation,and in some complicated cases,single graft liver transplantation cannot be completed due to various factors,at this situation dual grafts living donor liver transplantation can complete the treatment.Although dual donor liver transplantation can only be carried out in a few areas due to complex surgical procedures,it can enrich the treatment of liver transplantation and promotes the development of liver transplantation.