This consensus will introduce the characteristics of fillers used in the surgical cavities of domestic nasal surgery patients based on relevant literature and expert opinions. It will also provide recommendations for the selection of cavity fillers for different nasal diseases, with chronic sinusitis as a representative example.
Humans ; Nasal Cavity/surgery* ; Nasal Surgical Procedures ; China ; Consensus ; Sinusitis/surgery* ; Dermal Fillers

Objective:To assess the association between temperature and risk of animal injury, and identifying vulnerable populations.Methods:Based on a time-stratified case-crossover design, the number of animal injuries monitored in hospitals of Guangdong Provincial Injury Surveillance System in 2011 and 2015-2016 was included, and the daily meteorological data were derived from the fifth generation of European ReAnalysis-Land, which was produced by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts. Conditional logistic regression combined with a distributed lagged nonlinear model was applied to analyze the association of temperature and animal-specific injuries. We also conducted stratified analysis by region, sex, age, occupation, and location of injury occurrence.Results:There was an almost linear relationship between temperature and the occurrence of animal injury. The excess risk ( ER) of animal injury was 2.65% (95% CI: 2.27%-3.04%) for a 1 ℃ rise in temperature with much higher risk of occurrence ( ER=9.34%, 95% CI: 7.57%-11.13%) for non-mammalian injury than that for mammalian injuries ( ER=2.30%, 95% CI: 1.90%-2.70%). Stratified analysis revealed that the occurrence of animal injury was more susceptible to temperature influences in urban ( ER=2.78%, 95% CI: 2.35%-3.21%), female ( ER=2.71%, 95% CI: 2.16%-3.27%), the elderly aged 60 years and above ( ER=3.05%, 95% CI: 1.65%- 4.47%), farmer ( ER=4.66%, 95% CI: 3.03%-6.32%) and agricultural area ( ER=10.63%, 95% CI: 7.57%-13.79%) than their correspondents. In terms of mammalian injury, dog bites showed the highest risk ( ER=2.71%, 95% CI: 2.12%-3.30%). In terms of non-mammalian,snake injuries were highly influenced by temperature ( ER=16.74%, 95% CI: 11.33%-22.40%). Conclusions:The ambient temperature rises could increase the risk of animal injury with much higher risk for non-mammalian than that for mammalian injuries. Our findings suggest that global warming may increase the risk and disease burden from animal injuries.

Objective To investigate the effect and mechanism of benserazide on bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice.Methods Male C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into normal control group,model control group,pirfenidone group(50 mg·kg-1),and low-dose and high-dose benserazide groups(300 and 600 mg·kg-1),with 6 mice in each group.Except for normal control group,the other groups were given bleomycin(3.5 mg·kg-1)by non-invasive tracheal instillation to establish a mouse model of pulmonary fibrosis.Seven days after modeling,pirfenidone group and low-dose and high-dose benserazide groups were intragastrically administered the corresponding doses of drugs for 14 consecutive days.After the drug administration,the mice in each group were sacrificed.The pathological morphology of the lung tissue in each group was observed by hematoxylin-eosin(HE)staining and Masson staining.The content of hydroxyproline(HYP)in the lung tissue of mice,the content of lactic acid in the lung tissue and serum,and the activity of hexokinase(HK)in the lung tissue were detected by using kits.The expression levels of Collagen I and Fibronectin in the lung tissue of mice in each group were detected by immunohistochemistry.The expression levels of α-SMA,TGF-β1,Smad2,p-Smad2,TNF-α and IL-6 proteins in the lung tissue of mice in each group were detected by Western blotting.Results Compared with normal control group,the lung tissue structure of model control group mice was damaged,with thickened alveolar septa and fibrotic changes such as collagen accumulation.The content of HYP and lactic acid and the activity of HK in the lung tissue increased significantly,and the expression levels of Collagen I,Fibronectin,α-SMA,TGF-β1,Smad2,p-Smad2,TNF-α,and IL-6 proteins were significantly increased.Compared with model control group,treatment with benserazide significantly alleviated the pathological damage of lung tissue in mice,significantly reduced the content of HYP,lactic acid and HK activity in lung tissue,and significantly decreased the expression levels of Collagen I,Fibronectin,α-SMA,TGF-β1,Smad2,p-Smad2,TNF-α and IL-6 proteins.Conclusion Benserazide ameliorates bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice by modulating the HK2-mediated glycolysis pathway.

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus(PRRSV)mainly causes sow abor-tion,stillbirth,mummified fetus and respiratory symptoms in piglets.Since first reported in China in 1996,the virus complexity has increased significantly in more than 20 years of genetic evolution,bringing huge economic losses to the pig industry.In recent years,with the emergence of various PRRSV recombinant virus strains,preventing and controlling this epidemic became increasingly difficult.The purpose of this article is to comprehensively review the genome structure and func-tion of PRRSV,RNA virus recombination mechanism,main types of recombination,and the epi-demic status and recombination for the dominant epidemic PRRSV strains,in order to provide clues for in-depth research on gene recombination of PRRSV,thus providing the theoretical sup-port for formulating scientific prevention and control strategies.

Objective:To analyze the epidemiological characteristics and survival rate of nasopharynx cancer (NPC) in Guangdong Province from 2011 to 2019.Methods:Based on the cancer registry data of Guangdong Province from 2011 to 2019, the crude rate, age-standardized rate (the standard population was the fifth Chinese national census of 2000) and age-specific rate of incidence and mortality of NPC were calculated, and the regional distribution characteristics were also explored. The average annual percentage change (AAPC) of the incidence and mortality rates were analyzed by using Joinpoint regression model. The observed survival rate was estimated by period survival method, and the expected survival rate was calculated by Ederer Ⅱ method.Results:The crude incidence rate and age standardized incidence rate of NPC showed a decreasing trend, and the AAPC was -1.9% and -2.1%, respectively ( P＜0.05). The crude mortality rate and age standardized mortality rate of NPC also showed a decreasing trend, and the AAPC was -4.8% and -4.6%, respectively ( P＜0.05). The incidence and mortality rates are both higher in men than those in women during the nine years. The age-specific incidence rate of NPC reached its peak in the 50-64 years old age group, and the mortality rate reached its peak in the 65-74 years old age group in Guangdong province. In 2019, the age-standardized incidence rate of NPC was 9.49/100 000 (13.89/100 000 in men and 5.19/100 000 in women). The incidence and mortality of NPC varied greatly among different areas, and the areas with highest incidence and mortality rate were both in Zhaoqing. In 2020, the five-year observed survival rate of NPC in Guangdong Province was 67.2%, the 5-year relative survival rate was 75.3% and the 5-year standardized relative survival rate was 68.9%. Conclusions:Both the incidence and mortality rates of NPC in Guangdong province show decreasing trend, and the decreasing level of the mortality rate is higher than that of the incidence rate, but the two rates are still at high levels. The prevention and control work should focus on male, middle-aged and elderly population and Zhaoqing, Zhongshan, Foshan areas.

Objective To investigate the effect and mechanism of benserazide on bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice.Methods Male C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into normal control group,model control group,pirfenidone group(50 mg·kg-1),and low-dose and high-dose benserazide groups(300 and 600 mg·kg-1),with 6 mice in each group.Except for normal control group,the other groups were given bleomycin(3.5 mg·kg-1)by non-invasive tracheal instillation to establish a mouse model of pulmonary fibrosis.Seven days after modeling,pirfenidone group and low-dose and high-dose benserazide groups were intragastrically administered the corresponding doses of drugs for 14 consecutive days.After the drug administration,the mice in each group were sacrificed.The pathological morphology of the lung tissue in each group was observed by hematoxylin-eosin(HE)staining and Masson staining.The content of hydroxyproline(HYP)in the lung tissue of mice,the content of lactic acid in the lung tissue and serum,and the activity of hexokinase(HK)in the lung tissue were detected by using kits.The expression levels of Collagen I and Fibronectin in the lung tissue of mice in each group were detected by immunohistochemistry.The expression levels of α-SMA,TGF-β1,Smad2,p-Smad2,TNF-α and IL-6 proteins in the lung tissue of mice in each group were detected by Western blotting.Results Compared with normal control group,the lung tissue structure of model control group mice was damaged,with thickened alveolar septa and fibrotic changes such as collagen accumulation.The content of HYP and lactic acid and the activity of HK in the lung tissue increased significantly,and the expression levels of Collagen I,Fibronectin,α-SMA,TGF-β1,Smad2,p-Smad2,TNF-α,and IL-6 proteins were significantly increased.Compared with model control group,treatment with benserazide significantly alleviated the pathological damage of lung tissue in mice,significantly reduced the content of HYP,lactic acid and HK activity in lung tissue,and significantly decreased the expression levels of Collagen I,Fibronectin,α-SMA,TGF-β1,Smad2,p-Smad2,TNF-α and IL-6 proteins.Conclusion Benserazide ameliorates bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice by modulating the HK2-mediated glycolysis pathway.

Objective:To assess the association between temperature and risk of animal injury, and identifying vulnerable populations.Methods:Based on a time-stratified case-crossover design, the number of animal injuries monitored in hospitals of Guangdong Provincial Injury Surveillance System in 2011 and 2015-2016 was included, and the daily meteorological data were derived from the fifth generation of European ReAnalysis-Land, which was produced by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts. Conditional logistic regression combined with a distributed lagged nonlinear model was applied to analyze the association of temperature and animal-specific injuries. We also conducted stratified analysis by region, sex, age, occupation, and location of injury occurrence.Results:There was an almost linear relationship between temperature and the occurrence of animal injury. The excess risk ( ER) of animal injury was 2.65% (95% CI: 2.27%-3.04%) for a 1 ℃ rise in temperature with much higher risk of occurrence ( ER=9.34%, 95% CI: 7.57%-11.13%) for non-mammalian injury than that for mammalian injuries ( ER=2.30%, 95% CI: 1.90%-2.70%). Stratified analysis revealed that the occurrence of animal injury was more susceptible to temperature influences in urban ( ER=2.78%, 95% CI: 2.35%-3.21%), female ( ER=2.71%, 95% CI: 2.16%-3.27%), the elderly aged 60 years and above ( ER=3.05%, 95% CI: 1.65%- 4.47%), farmer ( ER=4.66%, 95% CI: 3.03%-6.32%) and agricultural area ( ER=10.63%, 95% CI: 7.57%-13.79%) than their correspondents. In terms of mammalian injury, dog bites showed the highest risk ( ER=2.71%, 95% CI: 2.12%-3.30%). In terms of non-mammalian,snake injuries were highly influenced by temperature ( ER=16.74%, 95% CI: 11.33%-22.40%). Conclusions:The ambient temperature rises could increase the risk of animal injury with much higher risk for non-mammalian than that for mammalian injuries. Our findings suggest that global warming may increase the risk and disease burden from animal injuries.

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus(PRRSV)mainly causes sow abor-tion,stillbirth,mummified fetus and respiratory symptoms in piglets.Since first reported in China in 1996,the virus complexity has increased significantly in more than 20 years of genetic evolution,bringing huge economic losses to the pig industry.In recent years,with the emergence of various PRRSV recombinant virus strains,preventing and controlling this epidemic became increasingly difficult.The purpose of this article is to comprehensively review the genome structure and func-tion of PRRSV,RNA virus recombination mechanism,main types of recombination,and the epi-demic status and recombination for the dominant epidemic PRRSV strains,in order to provide clues for in-depth research on gene recombination of PRRSV,thus providing the theoretical sup-port for formulating scientific prevention and control strategies.

Objective:To analyze the epidemiological characteristics and survival rate of nasopharynx cancer (NPC) in Guangdong Province from 2011 to 2019.Methods:Based on the cancer registry data of Guangdong Province from 2011 to 2019, the crude rate, age-standardized rate (the standard population was the fifth Chinese national census of 2000) and age-specific rate of incidence and mortality of NPC were calculated, and the regional distribution characteristics were also explored. The average annual percentage change (AAPC) of the incidence and mortality rates were analyzed by using Joinpoint regression model. The observed survival rate was estimated by period survival method, and the expected survival rate was calculated by Ederer Ⅱ method.Results:The crude incidence rate and age standardized incidence rate of NPC showed a decreasing trend, and the AAPC was -1.9% and -2.1%, respectively ( P＜0.05). The crude mortality rate and age standardized mortality rate of NPC also showed a decreasing trend, and the AAPC was -4.8% and -4.6%, respectively ( P＜0.05). The incidence and mortality rates are both higher in men than those in women during the nine years. The age-specific incidence rate of NPC reached its peak in the 50-64 years old age group, and the mortality rate reached its peak in the 65-74 years old age group in Guangdong province. In 2019, the age-standardized incidence rate of NPC was 9.49/100 000 (13.89/100 000 in men and 5.19/100 000 in women). The incidence and mortality of NPC varied greatly among different areas, and the areas with highest incidence and mortality rate were both in Zhaoqing. In 2020, the five-year observed survival rate of NPC in Guangdong Province was 67.2%, the 5-year relative survival rate was 75.3% and the 5-year standardized relative survival rate was 68.9%. Conclusions:Both the incidence and mortality rates of NPC in Guangdong province show decreasing trend, and the decreasing level of the mortality rate is higher than that of the incidence rate, but the two rates are still at high levels. The prevention and control work should focus on male, middle-aged and elderly population and Zhaoqing, Zhongshan, Foshan areas.

Objective:To examine the effects of Zishenwan Prescription on bile acid metabolism in mice with diabetic encephalopathy; To explore its mechanism of improvement of diabetic encephalopathy.Methods:Male C57BL/6J mice were used to replicate the mouse model of type 2 diabetes mellitus by using high-fat chow and a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (120 mg/kg). The mice were screened for diabetic encephalopathy by using the Morris water maze test after 8 weeks of continuous stimulation with hyperglycemia, and were divided into model group and Zishenwan Prescription group according to random number table method, with 12 mice in each group. The mice in the Zishenwan Prescription group were treated with the crude extract of Zishenwan Prescription (9.36 g/kg) by gavage, and the normal group and the model group were treated with the same volume of distilled water once a day for 8 weeks. At the end of the treatment, Morris water maze test was used to investigate the cognitive function of diabetic encephalopathy mice; cresyl violet staining was used to detect the number of granule neurons in the hippocampus; serum and feces were collected to detect the content of bile acids by liquid-liquid coupling; hepatic bile acid synthase CYP7a1 and CYP27a1, farnesol X receptor (FXR), fibroblast growth factor 15 (FGF15), fibroblast growth factor receptor 4 (FGFR4), and ileocecal apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter protein (ABST) mRNA levels were detected by using fluorescence quantitative PCR assay.Results:Compared with the model group, mice in the Zishenwan Prescription group had shorter evasion latency time ( P<0.05 or P<0.01), decreased time to first reach the platform ( P<0.01), increased number of times to traverse the platform ( P<0.01), and reduced neuronal cell damage in hippocampal area; mice in the Zishenwan Prescription group showed decreased serum and fecal total bile acid content ( P<0.05 or P<0.01); the liver CYP7a1 and CYP27a1 mRNA expressions increased ( P<0.01), and FXR and FGF15 mRNA expressions decreased ( P<0.01); ileal ABST mRNA expression decreased ( P<0.01). Conclusion:Zishenwan Prescription may regulate bile acid metabolism, inhibit FRX-FGF15/FGFR4 signaling and ABST expression to promote new bile acid synthesis and conjugated bile acid reabsorption, and thus improve cognitive function in diabetic encephalopathy mice.