Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a common gastrointestinal disorder, with increasing prevalence due to obesity and lifestyle changes. Although proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) remain the first-line therapy, a proportion of patients have an unsatisfactory response, require long-term medication, or experience symptom relapse after discontinuation. Positioned between pharmacotherapy and surgery as a third therapeutic option, endoscopic therapy offers an additional choice for patients with refractory GERD. Based on current evidence, this article examines the optimal timing of endoscopic intervention, with particular attention to intervention after PPI failure, indications for endoscopic therapy, and individualized strategies for special populations. It also summarizes limitations of the existing evidence and outlines priorities for future research, including the need for long-term follow-up, robust cost-effectiveness evaluation, and exploration of biomarkers to inform timing decisions. In summary, evidence-based and individualized selection of intervention timing is essential to optimize the therapeutic efficacy of endoscopic management for GERD.

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a common gastrointestinal disorder, with increasing prevalence due to obesity and lifestyle changes. Although proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) remain the first-line therapy, a proportion of patients have an unsatisfactory response, require long-term medication, or experience symptom relapse after discontinuation. Positioned between pharmacotherapy and surgery as a third therapeutic option, endoscopic therapy offers an additional choice for patients with refractory GERD. Based on current evidence, this article examines the optimal timing of endoscopic intervention, with particular attention to intervention after PPI failure, indications for endoscopic therapy, and individualized strategies for special populations. It also summarizes limitations of the existing evidence and outlines priorities for future research, including the need for long-term follow-up, robust cost-effectiveness evaluation, and exploration of biomarkers to inform timing decisions. In summary, evidence-based and individualized selection of intervention timing is essential to optimize the therapeutic efficacy of endoscopic management for GERD.

Epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) is an oncogene involved in tumour genesis and progression. It is expressed in 7% of patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) and is associated with drug resistance of epidermal growth factor receptor monoclonal antibodies. With the emergence of the therapeutic dilemma of CRC and the survival benefits of targeting HER2 for patients with breast cancer and gastric cancer, the significance of HER2 in CRC and the prognostic value of anti-HER2 therapy have been widely concerned, clinical researches on HER2-positive CRC have been continuously carried out. Currently, the diagnostic criteria for HER2 positive CRC have gradually been unified. HER2-targeting therapies such as monoclonal antibodies, tyrosine kinase inhibitors, antibody-drug coupling and HER2-related immunotherapy alone or in combination have shown good efficacy and brought significant survival benefits for HER2 positive CRC. This paper reviews the research progress of HER2 in CRC.