Background Repeated-sprint training in hypoxia (RSH) can improve athletic performance and reduce body fat in obese individuals. However, studies characterizing metabolic changes experienced by elite athletes before and after RSH are currently scarce in China. Objective To characterize the plasma metabolic profile alterations in elite athletes induced by a two-week RSH intervention using untargeted metabolomics, and to analyze the associations between differential metabolites and indices of blood lipids and body composition. Methods Blood samples from 11 elite athletes before and after 2 weeks of RSH were collected for metabolomics analysis and blood lipid analysis. Plasma metabolites were detected by liquid chromatographymass spectrometry (LC-MS) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) combined technology, and the differential metabolites before and after training were screened out by differential analysis. Key metabolic pathways were identified by Kyoto Encyclopedia of Gene and Genome Database (KEGG) enrichment analysis. Then, the correlations of blood lipid indexes and body composition indexes with differential metabolites before and after training were evaluated. Results Finally 20 differential metabolites were identified, among which 17 lipid metabolites were significantly up-regulated, and amino acids and their derivatives (1 type) and sugar derivatives (2 types) were significantly down-regulated. The results of KEGG enrichment analysis showed that the differential metabolites were mainly involved in three pathways closely related to RSH, namely hypoxia inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF-1) signaling pathway, cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) signaling pathway, and sphingolipid signaling pathway. The post-training analysis revealed significant increases in total cholesterol (P<0.05) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) (P<0.001), as well as a significant decrease in triglycerides (P<0.01). There were minor decreases in body weight, body fat, body fat percentage, fat mass index (FMI), and fat-free mass (FFM) (P>0.05). After training, total cholesterol was negatively correlated with phosphatidylinositol (16:0/22:4) and D-fructose, HDL-C was negatively correlated with D-fructose and β-D-glucuronic acid, while body fat, body fat percentage, and FMI showed positive correlations with multiple carnitine fatty acid derivatives. Conclusion The 2-week RSH promotes the decomposition of lipid metabolites, increases the utilization of fatty acids, and reduces the accumulation of carbohydrate metabolites in elite athletes, which has a positive effect on the health of blood lipid metabolism. It may also help elite athletes regulate body fat by promoting lipid metabolism. Further research is needed in the future to validate these findings.

Objective To investigate the therapeutic effects and mechanisms of Aurantii Fructus Immaturus(AFI)on slow-transit constipation(STC)in mice.Methods A STC model was established via intragastric administration of Loperamide Hydrochloride.Successfully modeled mice were randomized into a model group,low-and high-dose AFI groups,a high-dose AFI+Masitinib[tyrosine kinase(c-Kit)inhibitor]group,additionally,a normal group was set up.After intervention,intestinal transit rate,6-hour fecal pellet number,fecal water content,and colonic histomorphology(hematoxylin-eosin staining)were assessed.Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA)was used to measure levels of 5-hydroxytryptamine(5-HT),vasoactive intestinal polypeptide(VIP),substance P(SP),nitric oxide(NO),and nitric oxide synthase(NOS)activity in colon tissue.Quantitative real-time PCR(qRT-PCR)was used to evaluate mRNA expression of stem cell factor(SCF)and c-Kit in colon tissue,Western Blot was used to analyze relative protein expression of aquaporin 3(AQP3),aquaporin 8(AQP8),SCF,and c-Kit in colon tissue.Results Compared with the normal group,there was devere colonic damage observed in the colon tissue of the mice in the model group,the fecal pellet number,fecal water content,intestinal transit rate,colon tissue SP content,c-Kit and SCF gene and protein expression levels were reduced.The contents of 5-HT,VIP and NO,NOS activity and the protein expression levels of AQP3 and AQP8 in colon tissue were increased,and the differences were statistically significant(P＜0.05).Compared with the model group,the colonic injury of mice in the low-and high-does AFI groups showed obvious improvement,the fecal pellet number,fecal water content,intestinal transit rate,colon tissue SP content,c-Kit and SCF gene and protein expression levels were increased,the contents of 5-HT,VIP and NO,NOS activity and the protein expression levels of AQP3 and AQP8 in colon tissue were decreased(P＜0.05).Masitinib partially reversed the laxative effects of AFI(P＜0.05).Conclusion AFI enhances intestinal motility,alleviates colonic injury,and improves defecation in STC mice,potentially via activation of the SCF/c-Kit pathway.

Objective To investigate the clinical value of serum mast cell carboxypeptidase(MC-CP),C-C motif chemokine 26(CCL26),and decoy receptor 3(DcR3)in the diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome(OSAS)in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD).Methods Ninety COPD patients who visited the First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University from January 2021 to January 2023 were collected.Among them,48 patients with simple COPD were included in the COPD group,and 42 patients with COPD combined with OSAS were included in the COPD-OSAS group.During the same period,48 healthy volunteers who underwent physical examination in that Hospital of Hebei North collected as the control group.Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA)was applied to detect serum level of MC-CP,CCL26,and DcR3.Receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve was applied to analyze the clinical value of serum level of MC-CP,CCL26,and DcR3 in the diag-nosis of COPD complicated with OSAS.Multivariate Logistic regression was applied to analyze the influencing fac-tors of COPD complicated with OSAS.Results Compared with the control group,the smoking index,C-reactive protein(CRP)and white blood cell count(WBC)in the COPD and COPD-OSAS groups increased obviously in sequence,the ratio of forced expiratory volume in first second to forced vital capacity(FEV1/FVC)decreased obviously in sequence(P<0.05);Compared with the control group,the level of MC-CP,CCL26,and DcR3 in patients with COPD and COPD-OSAS increased significantly in sequence(P<0.05);The combination of serum MC-CP,CCL26 and DcR3 had a higher area under the curve(AUC)for the diagnosis of COPD complicated with OSAS compared to the individual diagnosis(Z=4.066,P<0.001;Z=2.391,P<0.05;Z=2.353,P<0.05).Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that smoking index,serum level of MC-CP,CCL26 and DcR3 were influencing factors for COPD complicated with OSAS(P<0.05).Conclusions The simultane-ously increased expression of MC-CP,CCL26 and DcR3 in the serum of COPD may support clinical diagnostic of COPD patients with OSAS.

The visual impairment and blindness caused by myopia have become a global burden, and the World Health Organization has included the prevention and control of myopia in the global program for preventing blindness. In China, the development of myopia is showing a trend with higher incidence, younger age, and higher refractive errors. Moving forward the port of prevention and control myopia has become an important strategy to address the current predicament. Premyopia refers to the stage in children where the refractive power is ≤+0.75 D and >-0.50 D, and there are multiple risk factors during this stage that can potentially lead to myopia. Currently, the incidence of premyopia and its transformation into myopia is high, and the key prevention and control measures include building a predictive model for the transformation of premyopia into myopia, emphasizing the reduction of exposure to risk factors, using low-concentration atropine eye drops, red light therapy, and optical defocus intervention. This article provides a comprehensive review of the current situation regarding the incidence of premyopia and its transformation into myopia, as well as the research progress on existing prevention and control measures, with the aim of providing relevant references for the prevention and control of myopia during the premyopia stage.

Objective:To report the results of national surveillance on the distribution and antimicrobial resistance profile of clinical Gram-negative bacteria isolates from bloodstream infections in China in 2022.Methods:The clinical isolates of Gram-negative bacteria from blood cultures in member hospitals of national bloodstream infection Bacterial Resistant Investigation Collaborative System（BRICS）were collected during January 2022 to December 2022. Antibiotic susceptibility tests were conducted by agar dilution or broth dilution methods recommended by Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute（CLSI）. WHONET 5.6 and SPSS 25.0 software were used to analyze the data.Results:During the study period，9 035 strains of Gram-negative bacteria were collected from 51 hospitals，of which 7 895（87.4%）were Enterobacteriaceae and 1 140（12.6%）were non-fermenting bacteria. The top 5 bacterial species were Escherichia coli（ n=4 510，49.9%）， Klebsiella pneumoniae（ n=2 340，25.9%）， Pseudomonas aeruginosa（ n=534，5.9%）， Acinetobacter baumannii complex（ n=405，4.5%）and Enterobacter cloacae（ n=327，3.6%）. The ESBLs-producing rates in Escherichia coli， Klebsiella pneumoniae and Proteus spp. were 47.1%（2 095/4 452），21.0%（427/2 033）and 41.1%（58/141），respectively. The prevalence of carbapenem-resistant Escherichia coli（CREC）and carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae（CRKP）were 1.3%（58/4 510）and 13.1%（307/2 340）；62.1%（36/58）and 9.8%（30/307）of CREC and CRKP were resistant to ceftazidime/avibactam combination，respectively. The prevalence of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii（CRAB）complex was 59.5%（241/405），while less than 5% of Acinetobacter baumannii complex was resistant to tigecycline and polymyxin B. The prevalence of carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa（CRPA）was 18.4%（98/534）. There were differences in the composition ratio of Gram-negative bacteria in bloodstream infections and the prevalence of main Gram-negative bacteria resistance among different regions，with statistically significant differences in the prevalence of CRKP and CRPA（ χ2=20.489 and 20.252， P<0.001）. The prevalence of CREC，CRKP，CRPA，CRAB，ESBLs-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae were higher in provinicial hospitals than those in municipal hospitals（ χ2=11.953，81.183，10.404，5.915，12.415 and 6.459， P<0.01 or <0.05），while the prevalence of CRPA was higher in economically developed regions（per capita GDP ≥ 92 059 Yuan）than that in economically less-developed regions（per capita GDP <92 059 Yuan）（ χ2=6.240， P=0.012）. Conclusions:The proportion of Gram-negative bacteria in bloodstream infections shows an increasing trend，and Escherichia coli is ranked in the top，while the trend of CRKP decreases continuously with time. Decreasing trends are noted in ESBLs-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Low prevalence of carbapenem resistance in Escherichia coli and high prevalence in CRAB complex have been observed. The composition ratio and antibacterial spectrum of bloodstream infections in different regions of China are slightly different，and the proportion of main drug resistant bacteria in provincial hospitals is higher than those in municipal hospitals.

ObjectiveTo explore the effect of precocious puberty on glucose metabolism and lipid metabolism in female rats. MethodsSixty two-day-old female rats were randomly divided into 2 groups. When aged 5 days， the precocious puberty group and normal group were given a single subcutaneous injection of danazol and solvent soybean oil respectively. The vaginal opening of rats was monitored from their 21 days of age. After 12 hours of fasting， all successful modeling rats were randomly executed within 3 days after vaginal opening， when aged 7 and 12 weeks. Then we measured the rats’ body weight and length， determined the concentrations of glucose， insulin， blood lipids， estradiol， leptin and adiponectin with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and observed the pathological changes of perirenal fat， uterus and ovary. ResultsFor body weight and length， rats in the precocious puberty group were smaller than those in the normal group within 3 days after vaginal opening， but which did not affect their subsequent growth and development， and there was no significant difference between the two groups at 7 and 12 weeks of age. Within 3 days after vaginal opening， insulin levels had significant difference between the two groups （P = 0.001）， the precocious group showed hyperinsulinemia and increased number of perirenal adipocytes. At three execution times， no significant difference was noted in estradiol， leptin and adiponectin levels between the two groups. The same was true in the ratios of ovary or uterus to body weight between the two groups. ConclusionsPrecocious puberty makes earlier onset of pubertal development and allows body maladaptation to the sudden changes of the internal environment. However， the changes due to precocious puberty are temporary and reversible， and they may become normal in adulthood.

Objective To investigate the correlation between the expression of long non-coding ribonucleic acid growth arrest specific 5(lncRNA GAS5),phospholysine phosphohistidine inorganic pyrophosphate phos-phatase(LHPP)and epithelial-mesenchymal transition(EMT)in cancer tissues of patients with non-small cell lung cancer(NSCLC)and its clinical significance.Methods Cancer tissues and adjacent tissues of 90 patients with NSCLC who underwent surgical resection in the First Hospital Affiliated to Hebei North College from June 2018 to January 2020 were collected.The expressions of lncRNA GAS5,LHPP and EMT-associated pro-teins[E-calmodulin(E-Cad),N-calmodulin(N-Cad),and vimentin(VIM)]were detected by real-time fluores-cence quantitative polymerase chain reaction.The relationship between lncRNA GAS5 and LHPP mRNA and clinicopathological features in cancer tissues of NSCLC patients was analyzed,and the correlation between ln-cRNA GAS5 and LHPP mRNA and EMT-associated proteins expression in cancer tissues of NSCLC patients was analyzed by Pearson correlation.Kaplan-Meier method was used to plot the survival curves of NSCLC pa-tients with different lncRNA GAS5 and LHPP mRNA expressions,and multivariate Cox regression was used to analyze the prognostic factors of NSCLC patients.Results The expressions of lncRNA GAS5,LHPP mR-NA and E-Cad mRNA in cancer tissues of NSCLC patients were lower than those in adjacent tissues,while the expressions of N-Cad mRNA and VIM mRNA were higher than those in adjacent tissues,with statistical sig-nificance(P＜0.05).Pearson correlation analysis showed that lncRNA GAS5 in cancer tissues of NSCLC pa-tients was positively correlated with E-Cad mRNA expression(r=0.724,P＜0.001),and negatively correla-ted with N-Cad mRNA and VIM mRNA expression(r=-0.699,-0.689).P＜0.001);lncRNA GAS5 was positively correlated with LHPP mRNA expression(r=0.651,P＜0.001).The mRNA expressions of ln-cRNA GAS5 and LHPP in cancer tissues of NSCLC patients with different degrees of differentiation,tumor TNM stage and lymph node metastasis were significantly different(P＜0.05).Kaplan-Meier survival curve a-nalysis showed that the 3-year overall survival rate in the lncRNA GAS5 high expression group[68.18％(30/44)]was higher than that in the lncRNA GAS5 low expression group[36.96％(17/46)].The 3-year overall survival rate in the high LHPP mRNA expression group[67.39％(31/46)]was higher than that in the lowLHPP mRNA expression group[36.36％(16/44)],and the difference was statistically significant(x2=10.274,10.322,P＜0.05).Low differentiation,TNM stage Ⅲ and lymph node metastasis were independent risk factors for death in NSCLC patients,and lncRNA GAS5≥1.32 and LHPP mRNA≥1.12 were independ-ent protective factors(P＜0.05).Conclusion The low expression of lncRNA GAS5 and LHPP mRNA in cancer tissues of patients with NSCLC is related to EMT-associated proteins expression,differentiation de-gree,tumor TNM stage,lymph node metastasis and prognosis,and may become a new target for the diagnosis and treatment of NSCLC.

Objective:To report the results of national surveillance on the distribution and antimicrobial resistance profile of clinical Gram-positive bacteria isolates from bloodstream infections in China in 2022.Methods:The clinical isolates of Gram-positive bacteria from blood cultures in member hospitals of National Bloodstream Infection Bacterial Resistant Investigation Collaborative System（BRICS）were collected during January 2022 to December 2022. Antibiotic susceptibility tests were conducted by agar dilution or broth dilution methods recommended by Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute（CLSI）. WHONET 5.6 and SPSS 25.0 software were used to analyze the data.Results:A total of 3 163 strains of Gram-positive pathogens were collected from 51 member units，and the top five bacteria were Staphylococcus aureus（ n=1 147，36.3%），coagulase-negative Staphylococci（ n=928，29.3%）， Enterococcus faecalis（ n=369，11.7%）， Enterococcus faecium（ n=296，9.4%）and alpha-hemolyticus Streptococci（ n=192，6.1%）. The detection rates of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus（MRSA）and methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative Staphylococci（MRCNS）were 26.4%（303/1 147）and 66.7%（619/928），respectively. No glycopeptide and daptomycin-resistant Staphylococci were detected. The sensitivity rates of Staphylococcus aureus to cefpirome，rifampin，compound sulfamethoxazole，linezolid，minocycline and tigecycline were all >95.0%. Enterococcus faecium was more prevalent than Enterococcus faecalis. The resistance rates of Enterococcus faecium to vancomycin and teicoplanin were both 0.5%（2/369），and no vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium was detected. The detection rate of MRSA in southern China was significantly lower than that in other regions（ χ2=14.578， P=0.002），while the detection rate of MRCNS in northern China was significantly higher than that in other regions（ χ2=15.195， P=0.002）. The detection rates of MRSA and MRCNS in provincial hospitals were higher than those in municipal hospitals（ χ2=13.519 and 12.136， P<0.001）. The detection rates of MRSA and MRCNS in economically more advanced regions（per capita GDP≥92 059 Yuan in 2022）were higher than those in economically less advanced regions（per capita GDP<92 059 Yuan）（ χ2=9.969 and 7.606， P=0.002和0.006）. Conclusions:Among the Gram-positive pathogens causing bloodstream infections in China， Staphylococci is the most common while the MRSA incidence decreases continuously with time；the detection rate of Enterococcus faecium exceeds that of Enterococcus faecalis. The overall prevalence of vancomycin-resistant Enterococci is still at a low level. The composition ratio of Gram-positive pathogens and resistant profiles varies slightly across regions of China，with the prevalence of MRSA and MRCNS being more pronounced in provincial hospitals and areas with a per capita GDP≥92 059 yuan.

Objective:To describe the incidence of peritoneal dialysis (PD) catheter exit site infection (ESI) and to analyze its pathogenic bacteria characteristics.Methods:The clinical data of PD patients with ESI in Nanfang Hospital of Southern Medical University from 2020 to 2022 was reviewed to describe the dynamic changes in the incidence of ESI, and to analyze the distribution of ESI pathogens, antimicrobial sensitivity analysis of topical antibiotics and treatment outcomes.Results:A total of 187 ESI episodes occurred in 159 PD patients. The proportion of gram-positive and gram-negative ESI were 80.7% and 18.3%, respectively. The main gram-positive and gram-negative pathogen were coagulase negative Staphylococcus (51.1%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (60.0%). Rifampicin (sensitivity rate of gram-positive organisms was 88.9%; gram-negative organisms was 100.0%) and gentamicin (sensitivity rate of gram-positive organisms was 83.6%; gram-negative organisms was 93.3%) is the main topical sensitive antibiotics. 137 cases (73.3%) of ESI were cured within 2 weeks after treatment. Among the 50 cases (26.7%) of refractory ESI, 22.0% of cases were associated with tunnel infection, 10.0% with tunnel reconstruction, and only 4.0% with removal of PD catheter. Conclusion:Monitoring and reporting of ESI is an important part to improve the quality of PD management. By reviewing the incidence of ESI, pathogenic bacteria characteristics and treatment effects, real and reliable observational data for the formulation of relevant guidelines and clinical diagnosis and treatment can be provided.