OBJECTIVE To clarify the current development status of clinical pharmacist training bases and the pharmacist workforce in China， and to provide evidence for standardizing base construction and promoting the high-quality development of hospital pharmacy. METHODS Questionnaires were distributed to all clinical pharmacist training bases for urgently-needed health professionals and clinical pharmacist training bases under the Chinese Hospital Association that had been approved by the end of 2023 to collect data including base profiles and pharmacist staffing conditions. Expert teams carried out field investigations to verify the collected data. Descriptive statistical analyses were conducted on the quantity， type and regional distribution of training bases， and the influencing factors of pharmacist staffing in the bases were analyzed. RESULTS Field surveys were completed covering 297 training bases across 31 provincial-level administrative regions. Among the base hospitals， 87.88% were Grade A tertiary general hospitals， and 65.32% were located in provincial capitals. The eastern region had the largest number of bases （136， accounting for 45.79%）， followed by the western region （79， 26.60%）. Great disparities existed among provinces in terms of base quantity and hospital scale. The median proportion of pharmaceutical technical personnel in base hospitals was 4.05%， and the median number of clinical pharmacists per 100 hospital beds was 0.53. Both indicators reached the highest in the eastern region （0.57， 4.43%） and the lowest in the northeastern region （0.45， 3.01%）. A total of 3 627 full-time clinical pharmacists were employed in all surveyed bases， among whom 83.68% held clinical pharmacist training certificates， 35.43% possessed senior professional titles， and 78.19% had postgraduate or higher educational background. The total annual training capacity of the surveyed bases was 4 291 trainees， with obvious differences in annual training capacity across regions and provinces. Training specialties covered 19 specialized disciplines plus one general discipline， and no province could deliver training for all 20 specialties simultaneously. Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that geographic region exerte d a significant impact on the proportion of pharmaceutical technical personnel （≥4%） （ P ＜0.05）， while the approval time of training bases and hospital scale had significant effects on the number of clinical pharmacists per 100 beds （≥0.6） （ P ＜0.05）. CONCLUSIONS China’s clinical pharmacist training system has basically matured and taken initial shape. The distribution of clinical pharmacist training resources is generally consistent with regional population and economic development levels. However， the allocation of pharmaceutical staff and clinical pharmacists has not yet met national standards and clinical service demands.

OBJECTIVE To clarify the current development status of clinical pharmacist training bases and the pharmacist workforce in China， and to provide evidence for standardizing base construction and promoting the high-quality development of hospital pharmacy. METHODS Questionnaires were distributed to all clinical pharmacist training bases for urgently-needed health professionals and clinical pharmacist training bases under the Chinese Hospital Association that had been approved by the end of 2023 to collect data including base profiles and pharmacist staffing conditions. Expert teams carried out field investigations to verify the collected data. Descriptive statistical analyses were conducted on the quantity， type and regional distribution of training bases， and the influencing factors of pharmacist staffing in the bases were analyzed. RESULTS Field surveys were completed covering 297 training bases across 31 provincial-level administrative regions. Among the base hospitals， 87.88% were Grade A tertiary general hospitals， and 65.32% were located in provincial capitals. The eastern region had the largest number of bases （136， accounting for 45.79%）， followed by the western region （79， 26.60%）. Great disparities existed among provinces in terms of base quantity and hospital scale. The median proportion of pharmaceutical technical personnel in base hospitals was 4.05%， and the median number of clinical pharmacists per 100 hospital beds was 0.53. Both indicators reached the highest in the eastern region （0.57， 4.43%） and the lowest in the northeastern region （0.45， 3.01%）. A total of 3 627 full-time clinical pharmacists were employed in all surveyed bases， among whom 83.68% held clinical pharmacist training certificates， 35.43% possessed senior professional titles， and 78.19% had postgraduate or higher educational background. The total annual training capacity of the surveyed bases was 4 291 trainees， with obvious differences in annual training capacity across regions and provinces. Training specialties covered 19 specialized disciplines plus one general discipline， and no province could deliver training for all 20 specialties simultaneously. Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that geographic region exerte d a significant impact on the proportion of pharmaceutical technical personnel （≥4%） （ P ＜0.05）， while the approval time of training bases and hospital scale had significant effects on the number of clinical pharmacists per 100 beds （≥0.6） （ P ＜0.05）. CONCLUSIONS China’s clinical pharmacist training system has basically matured and taken initial shape. The distribution of clinical pharmacist training resources is generally consistent with regional population and economic development levels. However， the allocation of pharmaceutical staff and clinical pharmacists has not yet met national standards and clinical service demands.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the current status of quality management in clinical pharmacist training bases in China， and to provide references for the standardized development and improvement of these bases. METHODS A combined approach of questionnaire survey and on-site investigation was adopted， targeting the healthcare highly sought-after talent （clinical pharmacist） training bases in 31 provinces of China as well as the clinical pharmacist training bases affiliated with the Chinese Hospital Association. A training quality management evaluation index system consisting of 25 tertiary indicators was established. Investigations were conducted from two dimensions： structural quality of training and quality management of training processes. Data were statistically analyzed using descriptive statistical methods. RESULTS On-site investigations were completed for 297 clinical pharmacist training bases across the 31 provinces， among which 284 were affiliated with the Chinese Hospital Association and 271 were healthcare highly sought-after talent （clinical pharmacist） training bases. In terms of structural quality， the core indicator compliance rate for hospital-level training systems exceeded 80%， the rate of special fund utilization for designated purposes reached 80.13%， and the overall compliance rate for software and hardware facilities surpassed 88%. A total of 1 348 preceptors were employed across the training bases， among whom those with senior professional titles and full-time specialist clinical pharmacists as lead preceptors accounted for 62.91% and 94.36%， respectively. Regarding process quality， the compliance rate for “establishment of clinical practice teaching groups in accordance with regulations during clinical department rotations” was 85.19%， and 79.80% and 76.09% of the bases were found to implement strict confidentiality in theoretical examinations and meet the required scale of assessment cases， respectively. However， formal documents of corresponding training management regulations were formulated in only 57.91% of the bases， and the completeness and standardization rate of training manual completion was merely 47.47%. In addition， considerable disparities in quality management levels were observed among provinces， with issues in training process quality being particularly prominent. CONCLUSIONS The management system， hardware facilities， and preceptor staffing of clinical pharmacist training bases in China are relatively well-established， yet notable variations in quality management exist among training bases across different provinces.

In surgical diagnosis and treatment,the perioperative period is a comprehensive diagnosis and treatment process,including the rational application of antibiotics,nutrition management,pain management,blood pressure,blood sugar man-agement,and other processes.Perioperative pharmaceutical care has become one of the innovative fields of pharmaceutical care.In order to ensure the work and service quality of perioperative pharmaceutical care,the preparation team of perioperative pharmaceu-tical care standards takes scientific,universal,and practical principles as the basic principles,reviews the key points and difficul-ties from the three aspects of relevant national policy documents,relevant domestic and foreign standards and norms,and literature analysis,and combines the actual situation of perioperative pharmaceutical care.This pharmaceutical care standard was formulated after several rounds of opinion solicitation and expert argumentation.This paper analyzes the key contents of the standard,inclu-ding the basic requirements,service process,quality control,and evaluation and improvement of perioperative pharmaceutical care,so as to provide reference suggestions for medical structure managers and pharmacists who carry out perioperative pharma-ceutical care to deeply understand and practice this standard,so as to improve perioperative pharmaceutical care.

Clinical pharmacist teacher training is an important mean to improve the quality of clinical pharmacy talent cultivation and ensure the service ability and level of the clinical pharmacist team.The Pharmacy Administration and Pharmacy Practice in Healthcare Institutions-Part 4-8-2:Pharmacy Administration-Pharmacy Training Management-Clinical Pharmacist Teacher Training was based on the newly revised management document for clinical pharmacist teacher training of the Chinese Hospital Association.After sorting out relevant materials,such as standards,policies and regulations,technical specifications,liter-ature,documents of the Chinese Hospital Association,expert opinions,and the current situation of clinical pharmacist teacher training in China,the standard was formulated.In the standard,12 key elements,which can be divided into 3 parts of base manage-ment,training process and assessment,quality management and evaluation improvement,were standardized.This article aimed to introduce the construction method and content of the standard,to facilitate the understanding of the standard content for medical institutions which joined or willing to join the clinical pharmacist teacher training base,and to provide a reference for other medi-cal institutions to carry out related work.

In surgical diagnosis and treatment,the perioperative period is a comprehensive diagnosis and treatment process,including the rational application of antibiotics,nutrition management,pain management,blood pressure,blood sugar man-agement,and other processes.Perioperative pharmaceutical care has become one of the innovative fields of pharmaceutical care.In order to ensure the work and service quality of perioperative pharmaceutical care,the preparation team of perioperative pharmaceu-tical care standards takes scientific,universal,and practical principles as the basic principles,reviews the key points and difficul-ties from the three aspects of relevant national policy documents,relevant domestic and foreign standards and norms,and literature analysis,and combines the actual situation of perioperative pharmaceutical care.This pharmaceutical care standard was formulated after several rounds of opinion solicitation and expert argumentation.This paper analyzes the key contents of the standard,inclu-ding the basic requirements,service process,quality control,and evaluation and improvement of perioperative pharmaceutical care,so as to provide reference suggestions for medical structure managers and pharmacists who carry out perioperative pharma-ceutical care to deeply understand and practice this standard,so as to improve perioperative pharmaceutical care.

Clinical pharmacist teacher training is an important mean to improve the quality of clinical pharmacy talent cultivation and ensure the service ability and level of the clinical pharmacist team.The Pharmacy Administration and Pharmacy Practice in Healthcare Institutions-Part 4-8-2:Pharmacy Administration-Pharmacy Training Management-Clinical Pharmacist Teacher Training was based on the newly revised management document for clinical pharmacist teacher training of the Chinese Hospital Association.After sorting out relevant materials,such as standards,policies and regulations,technical specifications,liter-ature,documents of the Chinese Hospital Association,expert opinions,and the current situation of clinical pharmacist teacher training in China,the standard was formulated.In the standard,12 key elements,which can be divided into 3 parts of base manage-ment,training process and assessment,quality management and evaluation improvement,were standardized.This article aimed to introduce the construction method and content of the standard,to facilitate the understanding of the standard content for medical institutions which joined or willing to join the clinical pharmacist teacher training base,and to provide a reference for other medi-cal institutions to carry out related work.

OBJECTIVE To interpret Teacher Training Syllabus for Clinical Pharmacist Training Program （2023 edition） （hereinafter referred as to the “new syllabus”）， and to provide reference and guidance for promoting the implementation of the new syllabus and realizing the quality-improving goal of the reform of the clinical pharmacist teacher training program initiated by China Hospital Association. METHODS From the perspective of the management and based on the position of the designer， the new syllabus was interpreted from four aspects： the background of its compilation and release， the process of its compilation and its characteristics， the key improvements of the program and the points for attention about its subsequent implementation. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS The development and release of the new syllabus provide a “construction blueprint” for the reform of the clinical pharmacist teacher training program of the China Hospital Association. The whole process of compiling the new syllabus is characterized by four basic features： theory-led， goal-oriented， research-based， and synergistic. Compared with the previous syllabus， in addition to the adjustment of the text structure，the new syllabus presents more complete and clearer competence requirements for clinical teaching competence in terms of training objectives； in terms of training content， it further structures the group of task items， pays attention to the 育。E-mail：zhenjiancun@163.com sequential planning and time arrangement of items， and puts forward both quantitative and qualitative refinement requirements for each specific training task；in terms of training methods， it emphasizes the interaction of lecturing， demonstrating and guiding， and the progression of observation， operation and reflection， with the intention of guiding teacher trainees to “learn how to teach by teaching”. In the subsequent implementation of the new syllabus， it is necessary for the teacher training bases to attach great importance to the guarantee of training conditions and process quality management， and to organize the teacher training team to do a good job in the two training programs of “clinical pharmacist training” and “clinical pharmacist teacher training”. Based on further improving the connection between the two training programs， the teacher training team should continue to explore the scientific model of clinical pharmacist teacher training oriented by clinical teaching competence.

OBJECTIVE：To interpret the new version of the Implementation Plan for Enrollment and Assessment of Clinical Pharmacist Teacher Training Project of Chinese Hospital Association （Trial）（hereinafter referred to as the “New Plan ”）officially announced by the Chinese Hospital Association in Sept. 2021，in order to provide guidance and reference for smoothly promoting the implementation of the New Plan and realizing the original intention of the reform. METHODS ：The New Plan was interpreted from four aspects ，including the background of the formulation of the New Plan ，the main features presented ，the innovations and the issues that need to be paid attention to in the next implementation. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS ：The formulation and release of the New Plan marks the beginning of a new round of reform of the clinical pharmacist teacher training program of the Chinese Hospital Association. It is mainly based on the actual problems encountered in the operation of the current clinical pharmacist teacher training system ，the importance of clinical pharmacistteacher training itself ，and the opportunities and challenges that the development of the times has brought to our country ’s 163.com clinical pharmacy business. Research foundation ， problem orientation and professional demonstration present important characteristics. Compared with the old plan ，the New Plan adds a substantive selection mechanism for majors ，which intends to achieve the necessary “strictness”in the enrollment process ；it reconstructs the overall training goal of the benchmarking project and the three-in-one assessment system ，which intends to achieve a reasonable “lax”of assessment link ；it removes restrictions on off-site training ，advocates wide-ranging professional docking，and improves the flexibility of the training system and process management. The implementation of the New Plan is a complex work involving multiple parties and is affected by many factors. It requires multiple teams to perform their duties and promote together. The teacher training base and expert team must understand the spirit of reform and achieve the stable implementation of the New Plan ；at the same time ，the communication between the project working group and the teaching base and experts should be strengthened ，and finally realize the original intention of the reform of cultivating more high-quality clinical pharmacy teachers.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the circulating levels of miR-214 in acute myocardial infarction (AMI) patients and to explore the relationship between the circulating levels of miR-214 and the degree of coronary lesion. METHODS: A total of 45 patients with AMI (AMI group) were enrolled from Xiangya Hospital of Central South University between September, 2011 and January, 2012. Twenty healthy volunteers served as a normal control group (n=20). According to the coronary artery lesion area, AMI group was also divided into a single-branch group, a double-branch group and a triple-branch group (n=20, 13, 12 respectively). Circulating levels of miR-214 and plasma levels of placental growth factor (PLGF) were measured by real time-PCR assay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay respectively on the day when the patients admitted to the hospital. The plasma levels of miR-214 and PLGF were compared among the various branch groups. The correlation between miR-214 and PLGF was analyzed in AMI subgroups. RESULTS: The miR-214 levels in the AMI subgroups were lower than that in the control group. The more decrease in miR-214 level, the larger size of coronary lesion. There was significant difference in the different groups (all P<0.05). Compared with the control group, the levels of plasma PLGF were significantly higher in the AMI subgroups. The more increase in PLGF level, the larger size of coronary lesion. There was significant difference in the different groups (all P<0.05). The plasma levels of miR- 214 were negatively correlated with that of PLGF in the AMI group (r=-0.588, P<0.01). CONCLUSION The circulating level of miR-214 was significantly decreased in the AMI group, which might be correlated with the extent of the coronary lesion. Circulating miR-214 may be a promising biomarker for the diagnosis and prognosis of severe AMI.
Biomarkers ; blood ; Case-Control Studies ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Humans ; MicroRNAs ; blood ; Myocardial Infarction ; pathology ; Placenta Growth Factor ; Pregnancy Proteins ; blood ; Prognosis