Abnormal synaptic plasticity is an early pathological feature of Alzheimer disease (AD). Synaptic damage and dysfunction initiate neuronal degeneration and death, ultimately leading to cognitive impairment. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) can effectively ameliorate cognitive dysfunction through multitarget regulation of synaptic plasticity. This review summarizes the mechanisms by which TCM, including active components, single herbs, and classical formulas, modulates synaptic plasticity, offering new insights for future research and clinical applications. Relevant experimental studies published between 2020 and 2024 were retrieved from major databases, including China National Knowledge Infrastructure, the National Science and Technology Library, Wanfang Data, Elsevier, ScienceDirect, PubMed, SpringerLink, and Web of Science. Network pharmacology and bioinformatics approaches were used to predict the therapeutic effects and mechanisms of TCM on AD-related synaptic plasticity. In total, 15 TCM single herbs and 11 TCM formulas were identified as enhancing AD-related synaptic plasticity. Additionally, 15 active ingredients targeting synaptic plasticity in AD were retrieved from TCM databases over the past decade. This review provides novel perspectives and strategic directions for future AD research and therapeutic development.

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a central neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive cognitive decline and memory impairment in clinical. Currently, there are no effective treatments for AD. In recent years, a variety of therapeutic approaches from different perspectives have been explored to treat AD. Although the drug therapies targeted at the clearance of amyloid β-protein (Aβ) had made a breakthrough in clinical trials, there were associated with adverse events. Neuroinflammation plays a crucial role in the onset and progression of AD. Continuous neuroinflammatory was considered to be the third major pathological feature of AD, which could promote the formation of extracellular amyloid plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles. At the same time, these toxic substances could accelerate the development of neuroinflammation, form a vicious cycle, and exacerbate disease progression. Reducing neuroinflammation could break the feedback loop pattern between neuroinflammation, Aβ plaque deposition and Tau tangles, which might be an effective therapeutic strategy for treating AD. Traditional Chinese herbs such as Polygonum multiflorum and Curcuma were utilized in the treatment of AD due to their ability to mitigate neuroinflammation. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as ibuprofen and indomethacin had been shown to reduce the level of inflammasomes in the body, and taking these drugs was associated with a low incidence of AD. Biosynthetic nanomaterials loaded with oxytocin were demonstrated to have the capability to anti-inflammatory and penetrate the blood-brain barrier effectively, and they played an anti-inflammatory role via sustained-releasing oxytocin in the brain. Transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells could reduce neuroinflammation and inhibit the activation of microglia. The secretion of mesenchymal stem cells could not only improve neuroinflammation, but also exert a multi-target comprehensive therapeutic effect, making it potentially more suitable for the treatment of AD. Enhancing the level of TREM2 in microglial cells using gene editing technologies, or application of TREM2 antibodies such as Ab-T1, hT2AB could improve microglial cell function and reduce the level of neuroinflammation, which might be a potential treatment for AD. Probiotic therapy, fecal flora transplantation, antibiotic therapy, and dietary intervention could reshape the composition of the gut microbiota and alleviate neuroinflammation through the gut-brain axis. However, the drugs of sodium oligomannose remain controversial. Both exercise intervention and electromagnetic intervention had the potential to attenuate neuroinflammation, thereby delaying AD process. This article focuses on the role of drug therapy, gene therapy, stem cell therapy, gut microbiota therapy, exercise intervention, and brain stimulation in improving neuroinflammation in recent years, aiming to provide a novel insight for the treatment of AD by intervening neuroinflammation in the future.

The basic structure and working principle of the fluorine multifunctional module were described in brief.Six cases of common faults of the fluorine multifunctional module during automatic synthesis of 18F-PSMA were introduced in terms of the cause and maintenance.References were provided for treating similar faults.[Chinese Medical Equipment Journal,2025,46(2):112-116]

Objective To analyze the characteristics of methadone-related poisoning cases and provide a reference for forensic identification.Methods A total of 71 cases of methadone-related poisoning re-ported from 1998 to 2023 in China and 26 cases of methadone-related deaths reported from 2013 to 2018 in Italy were retrieved from databases including PubMed,Wanfang and CNKI.The general infor-mation,forensic pathological and toxicological characteristics were analyzed.Results Among the 71 methadone-related poisoning cases in China,there were 54 cases(76.06%)of poisoning without death and 17 cases(23.94%)of death from poisoning.There were 54 male cases(76.06%),and 51 cases(71.83%)aged 19 to 39 years old.There were 35 cases(49.30%)of poisoning caused by methadone alone,and 32 cases(45.07%)were poisoning caused by methadone combined with other substances or drugs including heroin and benzodiazepines.Most of the poisoned showed coma,respiratory depres-sion and miosis.Signs of asphyxia were often found by autopsy.The mass concentration of methadone detected in the blood of 6 deceased ranged from 0.112 to 3.000 mg/L.Among the 26 methadone-related deaths in Italy,22 cases were male(84.62%).There were 6 cases(23.08%)caused by methadone alone,and 20 cases(76.92%)died from methadone combined with other substances or drugs.The mass concentration of methadone in blood ranged from 0.181 to 4.059 mg/L.Conclusion The propor-tions of poisoning cases caused by methadone alone and methadone combined with other substances or drugs are comparable in China.The majority of deceased caused by methadone poisoning shows typi-cal triad of coma,respiratory depression and miosis,which helps forensic experts determine the cause of death related to methadone.Additionally,it is necessary to increase the routine testing of the con-centration of methadone and its combined substances or drugs in deceased,and collect data for the in-terpretation of the results of related cases.

Objective To explore the relationship between systemic inflammatory response index(SIRI),Heidelberg pancreatic cancer prognosis(HELPP)score,controlled nutritional status(CONUT)score and the related clinicopathological characteristics and survival prognosis of patients after radical resection of pancreatic head cancer,and to build a survival prediction model and evaluate its efficacy.Methods A retrospective analy-sis was conducted on the clinical and pathological data of 169 patients diagnosed with pancreatic head cancer and undergoing radical pancreaticoduodenectomy at the Department of Hepatobiliary Pancreatic Spleen Sur-gery in Inner Mongolia Medical University Affiliated Hospital from January 1,2011 to June 30,2021.Multiva-riate COX regression analysis was used to conduct a proportional hazards model for univariate and multivariate analysis of prognostic factors affecting the overall survival of patients with pancreatic head cancer after surger-y.A prognostic column chart was constructed using R4.2.2.Results The median survival time of 169 pa-tients was 20.8 months,and the cumulative survival rates at 1,2,and 3 years after surgery were 71.6％,38.5％,and 15.4％,respectively.Patients with SIRI ≥1.74,HELPP score＞3,and CONUT score ≥3 had worse prognosis.Multivariate COX regression analysis revealed that TNM staging,tumor maximum diame-ter,carbohydrate antigen(CA)19-9,SIRI,HELPP score,and CONUT score were all independent risk factors affecting prognosis(P＜0.05).The prognostic column chart constructed based on this had good predictive performance.Conclusion SIRI,HELPP score and CONUT score are potential indicators for predicting the prognosis of patients after radical resection of pancreatic head cancer.TNM staging,maximum tumor diame-ter,CA19-9,SIRI,HELPP score,and CONUT score are independent risk factors affecting the prognosis of pancreatic head cancer.The established nomogram model can predict the long-term survival of patients with pancreatic head cancer.

Objective:To prepare decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM)-gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) composite hydrogels and to study their effects on hepatocyte proliferation.Methods:Hepatic dECM was prepared by elution, and GelMA hydrogel and 10%, 30% and 50% dECM-GelMA composite hydrogels were prepared by pepsin solubilization. The morphology of normal liver and dECM liver was observed by eyes and scanning electron microscopy using hematoxylin-eosin, Sirius red and periodate-Schiff staining, respectively. The internal structure of the dECM-GelMA composite hydrogels was observed by scanning electron microscopy, and the pore diameter was measured. Liver HL-7702 cells were co-cultured with GelMA hydrogel and 10%, 30% and 50% dECM-GelMA composite hydrogels, and the cell proliferation viability was determined by cell counting kit-8. The expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), Wnt family protein 5a (Wnt5a), β-catenin, extracellular-regulated protein kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) and phosphorylated ERK1/2 (p-ERK1/2) were detected by Western blotting. Comparisons were made using independent sample t-test or one-factor analysis of variance. Results:After decellularization, the hepatocyte morphology showed rounded depressions, and the extracellular matrix structure was intact. The GelMA hydrogel and 10%, 30% and 50% dECM-GelMA composite hydrogels showed inernally porous structures. The pore diameter increased from (3.06±1.35) μm in the GelMA hydrogel to (16.01±4.02) μm in the 50% dECM-GelMA composite hydrogel. On the 3rd, 5th and 7th day, the relative cell proliferation was higher in the 50% dECM-GelMA composite hydrogel group than that in the GelMA hydrogel group (1.89±0.04 vs 1.53±0.01, 9.36±0.04 vs 3.89±0.09, 7.15±0.27 vs 4.89±0.15, all P<0.05). The relative expression levels of PCNA, Wnt5a, β-catenin, and p-ERK1/2/ERK1/2 proteins in the 50% dECM-GelMA composite hydrogel group were higher than those in the GelMA hydrogel group (2.14±0.04 vs 1.00±0.03, 2.36±0.09 vs 1.00±0.08, 1.45±0.03 vs 1.00±0.04, 1.43±0.04 vs 1.00±0.01, all P<0.05). Conclusions:A dECM-GelMA composite hydrogel can be prepared, which may promote hepatocyte proliferation by upregulating the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and activating Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway.

Drainage technology is widely used in clinical practice.At present,the observation of drainage fluid mainly relies on long-term,intermittent manual monitoring and estimation by medical personnel.This method is not only time-consuming and labor-intensive,but also has low accuracy,improper implementation,however,may result in excessive drainage,potentially leading to a spectrum of complications.Therefore,there is an urgent need to develop an intelligent drainage bag capable of quantitative automatic alarm to achieve accurate quantitative control of drainage fluid.For this reason,School of Nursing,Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine and Dongguan Mengtai Nursing Products Co.,Ltd.designed an intelligent drainage bag based on magnetic control adjustment that can alarm,and obtained a National Utility Model Patent of China(Patent Number:ZL 2021 2 0238620.4),this device is mainly composed of drainage bag,alarm,electrode wire,magnet,metal positioning ball,using the principle that water can conduct electricity design circuit diagram,there is a magnet on the outside side of the drainage bag,through the magnet to the magnetic principle of the metal positioning ball to control the location of the positioning ball,when the drainage fluid triggers the positioning ball,that is,the drainage fluid reaches the predetermined value.The alarm alarms automatically.The device enables accurate and personalized control of drainage fluid,reduces the incidence of excessive drainage,and features low production cost and simple operation,and can be widely used in clinical departments,worthy of clinical practice and application.

This study aims to analyze the screening results and epidemiological characteristics of prostate cancer (PCa) among elderly males in the rural areas of Songjiang, Shanghai City, through the implementation of a preliminary prostate-specific antigen (PSA) screening based on a community-linkage model, and to explore an effective screening approach. A retrospective observational study design was employed to collect data from residents who underwent PSA screening at Songjiang Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, in collaboration with multiple community health service centers in Songjiang District, Shanghai City, between June 2022 and June 2024, through free clinics and annual health examinations. Prostate biopsy was recommended for individuals with total PSA (tPSA) levels >10 ng/ml and those with 4 ng/ml≤tPSA≤10 ng/ml and abnormal free-to-total PSA (f/tPSA) ratios. Clinical characteristics of detected PCa patients were analyzed. Follow-up was conducted through phone calls and home visits by family doctors, coupled with enhanced health education. The results indicated that a total of 17 198 residents participated in the screening, among which 2 234 (12.99%) had tPSA levels between 4 ng/ml and 10 ng/ml, and 257 (1.49%) had tPSA levels >10 ng/ml. Ultimately, 417 residents underwent prostate biopsy, with 171 being diagnosed with PCa, yielding a positive biopsy rate of 41.00% and a PCa detection rate of 0.99%. The predominant pathological subtype among PCa patients was adenocarcinoma (168 cases, 98.24%). Of the 146 PCa patients who received treatment, the majority were classified as intermediate or high-risk (124 cases, 84.93%). Furthermore, with the optimization of the screening model, there was a significant increase in the proportion of subsequent outpatient visits. In conclusion, the community-linkage-based PSA screening model demonstrated high effectiveness in screening for PCa among elderly males in the rural areas of Songjiang, Shanghai City. Epidemiological findings revealed that PCa patients in this region are primarily composed of intermediate and high-risk groups, highlighting the need for intensified early screening and health education.

Objective To observe the effects of Yitangkang on brown fat thermogenesis and mitochondrial biogenesis of PGC1α-NRF1/2-TFAM pathway in db/db mice;To explore its mechanism of regulating glucose and lipid metabolism.Methods Totally 27 six-week-old db/db mice were randomly divided into model group,Yitangkang group(30 g/kg)and liraglutide group(200 μg/kg),another 9 db/m mice of the same age were set as normal group.All groups received intervention with drugs or saline for 6 weeks.The body mass and FBG were measured weekly.After intervention,oral glucose tolerance test(OGTT)was carried out,the contents of serum TC,TG,LDL-C and HDL-C were detected by biochemical analyzer,HE staining was used to observe the morphology of brown adipose tissue(BAT)in scapular region,RT-qPCR and Western blot were used to detect the expressions of UCP1,PRDM16,PGC1α related to BAT thermogenesis and NRF1,Nrf2,TFAM related to mitochondrial biogenesis.Results Compared with the normal group,the body mass,FBG,area under the curve of OGTT and serum TG,TC,LDL-C content of model group significantly increased(P<0.01),the content of HDL-C significantly decreased(P<0.01);the diameter of BAT cells in scapular region was larger,white vacuoles appeared,lipid droplets increased,and the mRNA and protein expressions of UCP1,PRDM16,PGC-1α,NRF1,NRF2 and TFAM in BAT decreased significantly(P<0.01).Compared with the model group,the body mass,FBG,area under the curve of OGTT and serum TG,TC,LDL-C contents of Yitangkang group and liraglutide group significantly decreased(P<0.01),the content of HDL-C increased(P<0.01);BAT cells were smaller in diameter,more closely arranged,more regular in shape,and more abundant in capillary,the mRNA and protein expressions of UCP1,PRDM16,PGC-1α,NRF1,NRF2 and TFAM in BAT increased significantly(P<0.01).Conclusion Yitangkang can regulate mitochondrial biogenesis through PGC1α-NRF1/2-TFAM pathway to activate brown fat in db/db mice and improve glucose and lipid metabolism in db/db mice.

Objective To investigate the effects of Yitangkang on renal ectopic lipid deposition and the PPAR-α/PGC-1α signaling pathway in db/db mice;To explore its mechanism in improving renal injury.Methods Totally 30 db/db mice were divided into model group,Yitangkang group and losartan potassium group(10 mice in each group)using a random number table method.An additional 10 db/m mice were assigned as the blank group.The mice received corresponding interventions for 8 weeks.Body mass,fasting blood glucose(FBG),serum creatinine(SCr),blood urea nitrogen(BUN),and 24-hour urinary protein content were measured,renal morphology and injury were observed using HE,PAS and Masson staining,lipid deposition in renal tissue was observed by oil red O staining,renal ultrastructure was observed by transmission electron microscopy,immunofluorescence staining was used to detect the expressions of CPT1A and Nrf2 in renal tissue,RT-qPCR was performed to assess the mRNA expressions of PPAR-α and PGC-1α,Western blot was used to detect the protein expressions of PPAR-α,CPT1A,PGC-1α,Nrf2,NRF1 and TFAM.Results Compared with the blank group,the body mass and FBG significantly increased in the model group(P<0.05),and the contents of SCr,BUN and 24-hour urinary protein significantly increased(P<0.05);histopathology revealed glomerular hypertrophy,mesangial cell and matrix proliferation,thickened basement membrane,abnormal deposition of interstitial collagen fibers,increased lipid deposition in renal tissue,widespread foot process effacement,reduced foot process density(P<0.05),blurred mitochondrial outer membranes,swollen morphology,and indistinct cristae;mRNA expressions of PPAR-α and PGC-1α significantly decreased(P<0.05),and protein expressions of PPAR-α,CPT1A,PGC-1α,Nrf2,NRF1 and TFAM significantly decreased(P<0.05).Compared with the model group,the body mass and FBG of mice in Yitangkang group significantly decreased(P<0.05),but there was no significant difference in the above indexes in losartan potassium group(P>0.05);the contents of SCr,BUN and 24-hour urinary protein in Yitangkang group and losartan potassium group significantly decreased(P<0.05);the pathological damage and lipid deposition of renal tissue was alleviated,the ultrastructure of podocytes was improved,and the density of podocytes significantly increased(P<0.05);the mRNA expressions of PPAR-α and PGC-1α in renal tissue increased,and the protein expressions of PPAR-α,CPT1A,PGC-1α,Nrf2,NRF1 and TFAM increased,with statistical significance(P<0.05).Conclusion Yitangkang can effectively alleviate renal injury in diabetic nephropathy mice.The mechanism may be related to the activation of PPAR-α/PGC-1α signaling pathway and the reduction of renal lipid deposition and mitochondrial biogenesis.