Community-acquired pneumonia （CAP） refers to an infectious inflammation of the lung parenchyma （including the alveolar wall，that is，the broad pulmonary interstitium） acquired outside the hospital. Its common pathogens include streptococcus pneumoniae，respiratory viruses， mycoplasma pneumoniae， and so on. The related factors for the occurrence and development of CAP include patient characteristics （immune function，mucus production and clearance function，coagulation function，physical condition， and comorbidity） and pathogen characteristics （susceptibility，virulence，and antibiotic resistance）. The pathogenesis of CAP lies in immune deficiency，pathogen invasion，inflammatory response disorder，mucus production and clearance disorder， coagulation disorder， and so on. The pathogenesis of CAP in traditional Chinese medicine can be described as "vital Qi deficiency and toxic stasis". Vital Qi deficiency （lack of immunity） is the potential pathogenesis of the disease and easy to be invaded by external pathogens （respiratory pathogens）. Toxic stasis （inflammatory disorder，mucus production and clearance disorder，and coagulation dysfunction） is the key pathogenic factor. Vital Qi deficiency and toxic stasis are intermingled in a state of deficiency and excess，which suggests that the treatment of CAP lies in strengthening vital Qi and eliminating pathogenic factors. This involves strengthening vital Qi in the whole process to consolidate body resistance and nourish promordial Qi. It also involves clearing heat，eliminating phlegm，removing dampness，and dispelling stasis to dispel pathogenic toxins based on the syndrome differentiation. Its action mechanism is to regulate immune and inflammatory responses，resist pathogens，and improve mucus production and clearance， as well as coagulation disorders. Starting from the key pathogenesis of CAP，"vital Qi deficiency and toxic stasis"， this paper discussed the pathogenesis of CAP and summarized the action mechanism of vital Qi strengthening for detoxification in its treatment. It is intended to complement the theoretical system by identifying "vital Qi deficiency and toxic stasis" as the key pathogenesis underlying CAP and the scientific connotation of treating CAP with vital Qi strengthening for detoxification，thereby providing insights for its clinical application.

The principle of treating different diseases with the same therapy is the essence of syndrome differentiation and treatment in traditional Chinese medicine （TCM）. It means that when the same pathogenic changes or the same symptoms appear in the development of different diseases， the same principles or methods can be used for treatment. Due to the complexity and high variability of viral pathogenicity， the precise and effective treatment of different types of viral pneumonia （VP） has always been a research focus and difficulty in modern medicine. VP belongs to the category of external-contraction febrile disease， warm disease， and epidemic in TCM. Haoqin Qingdantang （HQQDD） is a representative formula for clearing heat and dispelling dampness in warm diseases， and its intervention in VP caused by various viral infections has significant effects. This study， guided by the theory of treating different diseases with the same therapy， links the related studies on using HQQDD to treat different types of VP and finds that influenza virus pneumonia （IVP）， severe acute respiratory syndrome （SARS）， and COVID-19 all have a common pathogenic mechanism of dampness-heat at different stages of respective diseases. When these diseases are dominated by damp-heat factors， the use of HQQDD yields remarkable therapeutic effects. Modern pharmacological studies have confirmed that HQQDD can inhibit virus replication， reduce fever reactions， inhibit the expression of inflammatory mediators， and regulate immune balance. Moreover， the sovereign medicine in this formula has excellent antiviral activity， and the formula reflects rich scientific connotations of treating VP. According to the theory of treating different diseases with the same therapy and based on the effective treatment practice and modern pharmacological research of HQQDD for different types of VP， this paper mines the underlying TCM theory of treatment with the same therapy， explores the syndrome differentiation and treatment strategy and effect mechanism of this formula for different types of VP， and analyzes the treatment mechanism and characteristics， with the aim of providing evidence and reference for the clinical application and modern research of HQQDD.

Pneumonia is an infectious disease with high morbidity and mortality worldwide， and its damage to the body is not limited to the acute phase. The theory of combination of pathogenic factors emphasizes that the combination of new pathogens and residual pathogens in the body leads to the occurrence of diseases， which generalizes the causes of recurrence during pneumonia recovery. During the recovery stage of pneumonia， pathological changes such as disturbance of immune homeostasis， persistent low-grade inflammation， and microvascular damage continue to affect the body function， impair the health and quality of life of patients， and increase the risk of secondary infection. According to the theory of traditional Chinese medicine （TCM）， pneumonia is caused by deficiency， and Qi deficiency and blood stasis is the core pathogenesis in the recovery stage. At this time， the body is not full of healthy qi and still has residual pathogens， and thus it is susceptible to external pathogenic factors that lead to disease recurrence. As an important part of the TCM philosophy of treating disease before its onset， prevention of recurrence after recovery emphasizes the need for aftercare in the recovery stage to prevent disease recurrence. Based on the pathogenesis theory of combination of pathogenic factors and the pathogenesis of Qi deficiency and blood stasis， this paper discusses the effect and connotation of TCM in regulating immune inflammation and microvascular damage in preventing recurrence of pneumonia during the recovery stage， aiming to develop new ideas for effective prevention and treatment of pneumonia at this stage.

Objective To investigate the application of the Health Effective Data and Information System(HEDIS)-based phased health education in infertile patients treated with assisted reproductive technology(ART).Methods A total of 120 infertile patients who were admitted to The First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University from March 2023 to September 2023 were consecutively selected and randomly assigned to observation group or control group at a ratio of 1:1 using a random number table.During the ART treatment period,the control group was given conventional nursing care,while the observation group was given HEDIS based phased health education for nursing intervention.The negative emotion score,shame score,self-management ability score,and nursing satisfaction were compared between the two groups.Results After intervention,the Hamilton Anxiety Scale(HAMA)score and Hamilton Depression Scale(HAMD)score,and self-rating scale(ISS)scores of the observation group were lower than those of the control group(P<0.05).The degree of nursing satisfaction of the observation group was higher than that of the control group(P<0.05).Conclusion The HEDIS-based phased health education can alleviate the negative emotions of anxiety and depression,reduce the sense of shame,and enhance nursing satisfaction in infertile patients during ART treatment.

Objective:To explore the mechanism of TLR4/ERK1/2 signaling pathway in progesterone regulating expression of IL-8 in decidual stromal cells(DSCs).Methods:Human DSCs on early pregnancy were isolated and cultured in vitro.The cells were treated with 0.01 μmol/L,0.1 μmol/L and 1 μmol/L progesterone,respectively.Expressions of IL-8,TLR4,ERK1/2 and p-ERK1/2 were detected by Western blot.TLR4 inhibitor TAK-242 and ERK1/2 inhibitor U0126 were further treated,and expression of IL-8 in progesteron+inhibitor group,progesterone group and control group was detected by Western blot.Results:With the increase of pro-gesterone concentration,expression of IL-8 in DSCs decreased gradually.Expressions of DSCs IL-8,TLR4 and p-ERK1/2 in 0.01 μmol/L progesterone group were lower than those in control group(P=0.035 8,P=0.019 4 and P=0.047 1).Expressions of IL-8,TLR4 and p-ERK1/2 in DSCs in 0.1 μmol/L progesterone group were significantly lower than those in control group(P=0.003 5,P=0.004 0 and P=0.009 9).Expressions of IL-8,TLR4 and p-ERK1/2 in DSCs in 1 μmol/L progesterone group were significantly lower than those in control group(P=0.003 3,P=0.001 6 and P=0.005 0).Expression of IL-8 in progesterone+TAK-242 group was signifi-cantly lower than that in progesterone group(P=0.009 1),and expression of IL-8 in progesterone+U0126 group was significantly lower than that in progesterone group(P=0.004).Conclusion:TLR4/ERK1/2 signaling pathway is involved in the physiological process of progesterone regulating expression of IL-8 in DSCs,and progesterone reduces IL-8 expression by inhibiting expression of TLR4 and phosphorylation activation of ERK1/2.

BACKGROUND:Oligodendrocyte precursor cells are seed cells for the treatment of white matter damage diseases.Establishing an efficient and stable in vitro differentiation method is an important prerequisite for clinical translational research.OBJECTIVE:To investigate the effect of fibronectin on biological characteristics such as proliferation,migration,and differentiation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells derived from human neural stem cells.METHODS:Human neural stem cells cultured in suspension were digested into single cells using Accutase.The expression of specific markers Nestin,Sox2,Vimentin,CD133,and Musashi was detected by flow cytometry.The single cells of human neural stem cells were resuspended in oligodendrocyte precursor cell medium and seeded in six-well plates coated with different concentrations of fibronectin(0,1,2.5,5,and 10 μg/mL).Accutase digestion was performed after 7 days of culture.Cells were counted by trypan staining.Fibronectin-coated group with the strongest amplification ability and the oligodendrocyte precursor cells without fibronectin-coated group were selected for further tests.The migration ability of the two groups of cells was detected by Transwell.Flow cytometry was used to detect the expression of Olig2,Sox10,and PDGFR-α.Oligodendrocyte precursor cells were induced to differentiate into oligodendrocytes for 3 weeks,and the expression of Galc in differentiated cells was detected by immunofluorescence staining.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)H uman neural stem cells grew in suspension spheres.Flow cytometry showed that human neural stem cells highly expressed Nestin,Sox2,Vimentin,CD133,and Musashi.(2)The cell bodies of oligodendrocyte precursor cells induced by human neural stem cells were round or oval,with strong refractive nature and bipolar or tertiary protrusions.Compared with the 0 μg/mL fibronectin coating group,there was a significant difference in the amplification ability of oligodendrocyte precursor cells in the 2.5,5,and 10 μg/mL fibronectin coating groups(P＜0.05).The amplification ability of oligodendrocyte precursor cells was the strongest when the fibronectin concentration was 10 μg/mL.(3)Flow cytometry results showed that the oligodendrocyte precursor cell markers 0Iig2,Sox10,and PDGFR-α were highly expressed in the 0 and 10 μg/mL fibronectin coating groups,and there was no significant difference between the two groups(P＞0.05).(4)Transwell chamber assay results showed that compared with the 0 μg/mL fibronectin-coated group,the migration ability of oligodendrocyte precursor cells in the 10 μg/mL fibronectin-coated group was increased(P＜0.01).(5)After 3 weeks of differentiation into oligodendrocytes,oligodendrocyte precursor cells showed complex morphology with multiple branches,grids or membrane sheets.Immunofluorescence staining results showed that there was no statistical difference in the Galc positive rate of oligodendrocytes between the two groups(P＞0.05).These findings indicate that when the concentration of fibronectin coated well plate is 10 μg/mL,the proliferation and migration of oligodendrocyte precursor cells are the strongest,but it does not affect the expression of oligodendrocyte precursor cells-specific markers Olig2,Sox10,and PDGFR-α and their differentiation into oligodendrocytes.

AIM:We investigated the survival,migration and differentiation abilities of human oligodendro-cyte precursor cells(hOPC)in the brains of mice with vascular dementia(VaD),the effects of hOPC on cerebral white matter,and the underlying mechanisms.METHODS:Mouse VaD model was constructed using the bilateral common ca-rotid artery stenosis method,and the mice were randomly divided into sham,VaD and hOPC groups.Eight weeks after model establishment,the mice in VaD and hOPC groups received equal volume of vehicle(PBS)and hOPC solution,re-spectively,through the corpus callosum.Survival,migration and differentiation of hOPC in the brain were observed by im-munofluorescence staining at 4 and 12 weeks after transplantation.Twelve weeks after transplantation,the effects of hOPC on mouse brain white matter were detected by immunofluorescence staining of myelin basic protein(MBP),myelin-associ-ated glycoprotein(MAG),neurofilament protein 200(NF200)and non-phosphorylated neurofilament H(using monoclo-nal antibody SMI32),and by water maze experiments.Paracrine signaling by hOPC was explored using immunofluores-cence staining for vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF).RESULTS:The hOPC survived in the brains of VaD mice for 12 weeks,migrated to damaged white matter areas,and partially differentiated into mature oligodendrocytes(approxi-mately 64%).Twelve weeks after transplantation,hOPC significantly increased the fluorescence intensity of MBP,MAG,and NF200(P<0.05 or P<0.01)and decreased the fluorescence intensity of SMI32(P<0.01).The VEGF expression in hOPC-treated mice was significantly higher than that in sham and VaD groups(P<0.01).The difference in water maze test performance between hOPC and sham groups was not statistically significant(P>0.05).The mice in hOPC group had a shorter latency than those in VaD group(P<0.05 or P<0.01),and performed more platform crossings than those in VaD group(P<0.05).CONCLUSION:The hOPC can survive,migrate and differentiate in the brains of VaD mice,attenuate cerebral white matter lesions,and improve cognitive function.These improvements may be attributed to cell replacement and paracrine effects.

Background: Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge, commonly known as “Danshen” in China due to the distinctive red color of its roots, is one of the most widely used traditional Chinese medicines. It is cultivated in various regions across China, and environmental differences among these regions can affect the secondary metabolites of plants, thereby influencing the quality of S. miltiorrhiza. In recent years, increasing demand for S. miltiorrhiza has exacerbated the problem of origin fraud. Therefore, ensuring the authenticity of its geographical origin is crucial for the sustainable development of the industry. Objective: The red coloration of S. miltiorrhiza is closely associated with the content of its primary active compounds, particularly tanshinones. Therefore, both its internal chemical composition and external color characteristics serve as key indicators for quality assessment. This study utilized hyperspectral imaging technology to evaluate its potential in classifying the geographical origin of S. miltiorrhiza. Methods: Spectral data reflecting the internal chemical properties of S. miltiorrhiza were integrated with color information representing its external features through 3 levels of data fusion. These fused datasets were then combined with deep learning algorithms to achieve accurate origin classification. Results: The results demonstrated that the Transformer model combined with soft-voting decision-level fusion achieved the highest classification accuracy of 98.72% by integrating image color and short-wave infrared spectral data. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that integrating hyperspectral imaging spectral data with color information provides a reliable and innovative approach for verifying the authenticity and traceability of S. miltiorrhiza.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of medium-chain fatty acids(MC-FAs)caprylic acid(C8∶0)on lipid metabolism of calf hepatocytes.Primary calf hepatocytes were extracted and cultured,and 1.2 mmol/L nonesterified fatty acids(NEFAs)were added to the hep-atocytes to construct a model of hepatic lipid deposition in primary calf hepatocytes,Five process-ing groups have been set up:Control group(Ctrl),NEFA added group(NEFA),C8∶0 1.2 mmol/L treatment group(C8∶0 1.2),NEFA+C8∶0 0.2 mmol/L treatment group(NEFA+C8∶00.2),C8∶0 0.2 mmol/L treatment group(C8∶0 0.2).Stimulate calf liver cells for 12 hours,and the levels of triglyceride(TG),lipid oxidation(MDA),hydrogen peroxide(H2O2)and total SOD activity were detected by biochemical kit,and FAS,a protein related to lipid synthesis,was detec-ted by Western blot.The results showed that compared with the control group,the concentrations of TG,MDA and H2O2 in NEFA group increased significantly(P＜0.01),and the activity of SOD decreased significantly(P＜0.05).The protein expression levels of FAS,ACC1,DGAT2 and SREBP-1C were significantly up-regulated(P＜0.01),while the expression level of CPT1A was significantly down-regulated(P＜0.01).Compared with the NEFA group,the protein expression levels of SREBP-1C and DGAT2 in the NEFA+C8∶0(concentration 0.2 mmol/L)group de-creased significantly(P＜0.05),and the protein expression level of fatty acid β-oxidation related molecule CPT1A was slightly higher than that in the NEFA group,but there was no statistical sig-nificance(P＞0.05),and the MDA level in hepatocytes decreased significantly(P＜0.05).In a word,the results of this study show that C8∶0 has antioxidant effect,which can effectively reduce the liver injury caused by oxidative stress,regulate the expression of liver fat gene,and then pro-tect liver injury.

Direct electrical stimulation of the human cortex can produce subjective visual sensations, yet these sensations are unstable. The underlying mechanisms may stem from differences in electrophysiological activity within the distributed network outside the stimulated site. To address this problem, we recruited 69 patients who experienced visual sensations during invasive electrical stimulation while intracranial electroencephalography (iEEG) data were recorded. We found significantly flattened power spectral slopes in distributed regions involving different brain networks and decreased integrated information during elicited visual sensations compared with the non-sensation condition. Further analysis based on minimum information partitions revealed that the reconfigured network interactions primarily involved the inferior frontal cortex, posterior superior temporal sulcus, and temporoparietal junction. The flattened power spectral slope in the inferior frontal gyrus was also correlated with integrated information. Taken together, this study indicates that the altered electrophysiological signatures provide insights into the neural mechanisms underlying subjective visual sensations.
Humans ; Male ; Female ; Adult ; Visual Perception/physiology* ; Electric Stimulation ; Middle Aged ; Young Adult ; Electrocorticography ; Electroencephalography ; Brain Mapping