Body weight abnormalities, including overweight, obesity, and underweight, have become a dual public health challenge in Chinese adults: overweight and obesity lead to a variety of chronic complications, while underweight increases the risks of malnutrition, sarcopenia, and organ dysfunction. To systematically address these issues, multidisciplinary experts in endocrinology, sports science, nutrition, and psychiatry from various regions have held multiple weight management seminars. Based on the latest epidemiological data and clinical evidence, they expanded the guideline to include assessment and intervention strategies for underweight, in addition to the core content of obesity management. This guideline outlines the etiological mechanisms, evaluation methods, and multidimensional management strategies for overweight and obesity, covering key areas such as diagnosis and assessment, medical nutrition therapy, exercise prescription, pharmacological intervention, and psychological support. It is intended to provide a scientific and standardized approach to weight management across the adult population, aiming to curb the rising prevalence of obesity, mitigate complications associated with abnormal body weight, and improve nutritional status and overall quality of life.

Body weight abnormalities, including overweight, obesity, and underweight, have become a dual public health challenge in Chinese adults: overweight and obesity lead to a variety of chronic complications, while underweight increases the risks of malnutrition, sarcopenia, and organ dysfunction. To systematically address these issues, multidisciplinary experts in endocrinology, sports science, nutrition, and psychiatry from various regions have held multiple weight management seminars. Based on the latest epidemiological data and clinical evidence, they expanded the guideline to include assessment and intervention strategies for underweight, in addition to the core content of obesity management. This guideline outlines the etiological mechanisms, evaluation methods, and multidimensional management strategies for overweight and obesity, covering key areas such as diagnosis and assessment, medical nutrition therapy, exercise prescription, pharmacological intervention, and psychological support. It is intended to provide a scientific and standardized approach to weight management across the adult population, aiming to curb the rising prevalence of obesity, mitigate complications associated with abnormal body weight, and improve nutritional status and overall quality of life.

Objective:To analyze the basic medical insurance fund balance status in China and the risk warning since the new medical reform,in order to provide decision-making references for the sustainable development of basic medical insurance fund in China.Methods:Collecting the data on the basic medical insurance fund in China from 2009 to 2022 for descriptive statistical analysis,and conduct fund balance risk warning analysis based on the risk warning interval.Results:During 2009-2021,the percentage of retirees enrolled in UEBMI has continued to increase,and there will still be a certain accumulated balance in the integrated fund.The number of participants in the URBMI has been decreased since 2020,the growth rate of fund expenditures became higher than the growth rate of fund revenues,the fund balance showed a decreasing trend.Conclusion:There are certain risks to the long-term balance of the basic medical insurance fund,which may caused by factors such as aging population,funding mechanisms,and treatment levels.

Objective To clarify the interaction among the interests and strategic choices of multiple subjects of medical insurance for the older people in China,and to provide a decision-making basis for the improvement of medical insurance policy for the older people.Methods An evolutionary game model was constructed based on evolutionary game theory and its steady state was simulated using Matlab R2021b software for the health insurer,the health care provider and the elderly.Results There is a conflict of interest between health insurance providers,healthcare providers and older people when all three parties consider maximising their own utility.In order to reach an evolutionary equilibrium,the strategic choice of the health insurance provider is to take"cost-cutting"behaviour to control the expenditure of the health insurance fund;the strategic choice of the older people is to increase the use of medical services to meet the demand for medical services;and the strategic choice of the medical service provider is related to the quantitative relationship between the reimbursement ratio of the health insurance and the cost ratio of medical services.When the reimbursement rate is 0.95,the probability that the provider will choose rational behaviour to control health care expenditure is the highest.Conclusion Healthcare providers with higher reimbursement rates have a higher probability of choosing rational behaviour.At the same time,the medical insurance reimbursement ratio cannot be raised blindly.It is recommended that the level of health insurance benefits be reasonably adjusted,the construction of a differentiation of the reimbursement ratio of medical insurance should be improved,and the measures for the management of medical behaviors should be enhanced,so as to effectively meet the health needs of the elderly population while at the same time guaranteeing medical safety.

Objective To clarify the interaction among the interests and strategic choices of multiple subjects of medical insurance for the older people in China,and to provide a decision-making basis for the improvement of medical insurance policy for the older people.Methods An evolutionary game model was constructed based on evolutionary game theory and its steady state was simulated using Matlab R2021b software for the health insurer,the health care provider and the elderly.Results There is a conflict of interest between health insurance providers,healthcare providers and older people when all three parties consider maximising their own utility.In order to reach an evolutionary equilibrium,the strategic choice of the health insurance provider is to take"cost-cutting"behaviour to control the expenditure of the health insurance fund;the strategic choice of the older people is to increase the use of medical services to meet the demand for medical services;and the strategic choice of the medical service provider is related to the quantitative relationship between the reimbursement ratio of the health insurance and the cost ratio of medical services.When the reimbursement rate is 0.95,the probability that the provider will choose rational behaviour to control health care expenditure is the highest.Conclusion Healthcare providers with higher reimbursement rates have a higher probability of choosing rational behaviour.At the same time,the medical insurance reimbursement ratio cannot be raised blindly.It is recommended that the level of health insurance benefits be reasonably adjusted,the construction of a differentiation of the reimbursement ratio of medical insurance should be improved,and the measures for the management of medical behaviors should be enhanced,so as to effectively meet the health needs of the elderly population while at the same time guaranteeing medical safety.

Objective To clarify the interaction among the interests and strategic choices of multiple subjects of medical insurance for the older people in China,and to provide a decision-making basis for the improvement of medical insurance policy for the older people.Methods An evolutionary game model was constructed based on evolutionary game theory and its steady state was simulated using Matlab R2021b software for the health insurer,the health care provider and the elderly.Results There is a conflict of interest between health insurance providers,healthcare providers and older people when all three parties consider maximising their own utility.In order to reach an evolutionary equilibrium,the strategic choice of the health insurance provider is to take"cost-cutting"behaviour to control the expenditure of the health insurance fund;the strategic choice of the older people is to increase the use of medical services to meet the demand for medical services;and the strategic choice of the medical service provider is related to the quantitative relationship between the reimbursement ratio of the health insurance and the cost ratio of medical services.When the reimbursement rate is 0.95,the probability that the provider will choose rational behaviour to control health care expenditure is the highest.Conclusion Healthcare providers with higher reimbursement rates have a higher probability of choosing rational behaviour.At the same time,the medical insurance reimbursement ratio cannot be raised blindly.It is recommended that the level of health insurance benefits be reasonably adjusted,the construction of a differentiation of the reimbursement ratio of medical insurance should be improved,and the measures for the management of medical behaviors should be enhanced,so as to effectively meet the health needs of the elderly population while at the same time guaranteeing medical safety.

Objective To clarify the interaction among the interests and strategic choices of multiple subjects of medical insurance for the older people in China,and to provide a decision-making basis for the improvement of medical insurance policy for the older people.Methods An evolutionary game model was constructed based on evolutionary game theory and its steady state was simulated using Matlab R2021b software for the health insurer,the health care provider and the elderly.Results There is a conflict of interest between health insurance providers,healthcare providers and older people when all three parties consider maximising their own utility.In order to reach an evolutionary equilibrium,the strategic choice of the health insurance provider is to take"cost-cutting"behaviour to control the expenditure of the health insurance fund;the strategic choice of the older people is to increase the use of medical services to meet the demand for medical services;and the strategic choice of the medical service provider is related to the quantitative relationship between the reimbursement ratio of the health insurance and the cost ratio of medical services.When the reimbursement rate is 0.95,the probability that the provider will choose rational behaviour to control health care expenditure is the highest.Conclusion Healthcare providers with higher reimbursement rates have a higher probability of choosing rational behaviour.At the same time,the medical insurance reimbursement ratio cannot be raised blindly.It is recommended that the level of health insurance benefits be reasonably adjusted,the construction of a differentiation of the reimbursement ratio of medical insurance should be improved,and the measures for the management of medical behaviors should be enhanced,so as to effectively meet the health needs of the elderly population while at the same time guaranteeing medical safety.

Objective To clarify the interaction among the interests and strategic choices of multiple subjects of medical insurance for the older people in China,and to provide a decision-making basis for the improvement of medical insurance policy for the older people.Methods An evolutionary game model was constructed based on evolutionary game theory and its steady state was simulated using Matlab R2021b software for the health insurer,the health care provider and the elderly.Results There is a conflict of interest between health insurance providers,healthcare providers and older people when all three parties consider maximising their own utility.In order to reach an evolutionary equilibrium,the strategic choice of the health insurance provider is to take"cost-cutting"behaviour to control the expenditure of the health insurance fund;the strategic choice of the older people is to increase the use of medical services to meet the demand for medical services;and the strategic choice of the medical service provider is related to the quantitative relationship between the reimbursement ratio of the health insurance and the cost ratio of medical services.When the reimbursement rate is 0.95,the probability that the provider will choose rational behaviour to control health care expenditure is the highest.Conclusion Healthcare providers with higher reimbursement rates have a higher probability of choosing rational behaviour.At the same time,the medical insurance reimbursement ratio cannot be raised blindly.It is recommended that the level of health insurance benefits be reasonably adjusted,the construction of a differentiation of the reimbursement ratio of medical insurance should be improved,and the measures for the management of medical behaviors should be enhanced,so as to effectively meet the health needs of the elderly population while at the same time guaranteeing medical safety.

Objective To clarify the interaction among the interests and strategic choices of multiple subjects of medical insurance for the older people in China,and to provide a decision-making basis for the improvement of medical insurance policy for the older people.Methods An evolutionary game model was constructed based on evolutionary game theory and its steady state was simulated using Matlab R2021b software for the health insurer,the health care provider and the elderly.Results There is a conflict of interest between health insurance providers,healthcare providers and older people when all three parties consider maximising their own utility.In order to reach an evolutionary equilibrium,the strategic choice of the health insurance provider is to take"cost-cutting"behaviour to control the expenditure of the health insurance fund;the strategic choice of the older people is to increase the use of medical services to meet the demand for medical services;and the strategic choice of the medical service provider is related to the quantitative relationship between the reimbursement ratio of the health insurance and the cost ratio of medical services.When the reimbursement rate is 0.95,the probability that the provider will choose rational behaviour to control health care expenditure is the highest.Conclusion Healthcare providers with higher reimbursement rates have a higher probability of choosing rational behaviour.At the same time,the medical insurance reimbursement ratio cannot be raised blindly.It is recommended that the level of health insurance benefits be reasonably adjusted,the construction of a differentiation of the reimbursement ratio of medical insurance should be improved,and the measures for the management of medical behaviors should be enhanced,so as to effectively meet the health needs of the elderly population while at the same time guaranteeing medical safety.

Objective To clarify the interaction among the interests and strategic choices of multiple subjects of medical insurance for the older people in China,and to provide a decision-making basis for the improvement of medical insurance policy for the older people.Methods An evolutionary game model was constructed based on evolutionary game theory and its steady state was simulated using Matlab R2021b software for the health insurer,the health care provider and the elderly.Results There is a conflict of interest between health insurance providers,healthcare providers and older people when all three parties consider maximising their own utility.In order to reach an evolutionary equilibrium,the strategic choice of the health insurance provider is to take"cost-cutting"behaviour to control the expenditure of the health insurance fund;the strategic choice of the older people is to increase the use of medical services to meet the demand for medical services;and the strategic choice of the medical service provider is related to the quantitative relationship between the reimbursement ratio of the health insurance and the cost ratio of medical services.When the reimbursement rate is 0.95,the probability that the provider will choose rational behaviour to control health care expenditure is the highest.Conclusion Healthcare providers with higher reimbursement rates have a higher probability of choosing rational behaviour.At the same time,the medical insurance reimbursement ratio cannot be raised blindly.It is recommended that the level of health insurance benefits be reasonably adjusted,the construction of a differentiation of the reimbursement ratio of medical insurance should be improved,and the measures for the management of medical behaviors should be enhanced,so as to effectively meet the health needs of the elderly population while at the same time guaranteeing medical safety.