Objective To systematically analyze the spatiotemporal distribution characteristics and epidemiological trends of tracheal, bronchus, and lung cancer (TBL) disease burden attributed to air pollution globally and in China and the United States from 1990 to 2021, and to assess the patterns of disease burden changes from 2022 to 2031 based on predictive models, providing a scientific basis for formulating targeted TBL prevention and control strategies. Methods Based on the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2021 database, we analyzed the disease burden data of TBL attributed to air pollution globally and in China and the United States from 1990 to 2021. R Studio 4.3.2 software was used to analyze the corresponding trends and the Bayesian age-period-cohort (BAPC) prediction model was used to predict the status of the disease burden of TBL attributed to air pollution in the world and in China and the United States from 2022 to 2031. Results In 2021, China had the highest number of deaths and disability-adjusted life years attributed to air pollution (211 400 patients and 4.8947 million person-years), followed by the United States (6 000 patients and 124 300 person-years). The age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR) and age-standardized disability-adjusted life years rate (ASDR) of TBL due to air pollution in the world and in China and the United States showed a decreasing trend. From 1990 to 2021, the ASMR and ASDR of TBL in China due to air pollution were much higher than those in the United States and the global average. In terms of gender, from 1990 to 2021, the disease burden of male patients with TBL attributed to air pollution was much higher than that of female patients. The BAPC prediction model showed that from 2022 to 2031, the ASMR and ASDR of TBL attributed to air pollution showed an upward trend globally, while they showed a downward trend in China and the United States. Conclusion Over the past 30 years, the air pollution-related TBL disease burden in the world and in China and the United States has continued to decline, but China's disease burden is still significantly higher than the global average. The disease burden in men far exceeds that in women, with men and the population aged ≥50 years being high-risk groups. In the future, the global disease trend may reverse and rise, while China and the United States are expected to continuously decline. However, precise prevention and control for high-risk groups remains a key challenge.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the therapeutic effect of Qingchang Huazhuo Formula(QCHZF)on mice with ulcerative colitis(UC)and the influences of fecal metabolites based on non-targeted metabolomics to investigate the mechanism of action of QCHZF in the treatment of UC.METHODS UC mice were induced by dextran sulfate sodium salt(DSS)and were administered with QCHZF.During the experiment,the body weight,stool characteristics and blood in stool were recorded daily,and the disease activity index(DAI)was calculated.At the end of the experiment,the length of colon was measured,colonic tissue damage in mice were ob-served by hematoxylin-eosin and alcian blue staining,mRNA expression levels of inflammatory factors,IL-6,IL-18 and IL-1β,and intestinal barrier factors,ZO-1 and Muc2,were detected in colon tissues via qPCR method,and protein expression level of intestinal barrier,Muc2,was detected with immunofluorescence.Fecal metabolite changes in mice were detected employing un-targeted metabo-lomics and analyzed by MetaboAnalyst 5.0 for metabolic pathway enrichment.RESULTS QCHZF significantly alleviated colitis symptoms,increased body weight,decreased DAI score,reversed colonic shortening,inhibited inflammatory factors expression,im-proved colonic tissue structure disorders,increased the number of goblet cells,and restored the intestinal barrier in UC mice,regulated 58 metabolites,mainly involving pathways of methionine and cysteine metabolism,purine metabolism,steroid hormone biosynthesis,vitamin B6 metabolism,tryptophan metabolism and primary bile acid pathways.CONCLUSION QCHZF can improve colitis symp-toms,repaire the intestinal barrier and modulate fecal metabolites and related metabolic pathways in UC mice.

Objective To investigate the effect of drug-eluting bead DACE(DEB-TACE)combined with systemic treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)in different locations.Methods A total of 204 HCC patients who underwent DEB-TACE combined with systemic therapy(targeted and immunotherapy)were retrospectively collected.According to the anatomical location of HCC,86 cases with lesions located at the main trunk of portal vein(PV)or within 1 cm of the first PV branch were classified into central type group,while 118 cases with lesions located at the other areas were classified as peripheral type group.Follow-up was regularly performed after DEB-TACE until August,2024.The objective response rate(ORR)and disease control rate(DCR)at 1,3,6 and 12 months after DEB-TACE,also patients'progression-free survival(PFS)and overall survival(OS)were compared between groups.Results All patients were followed up for a median of 32.6 months,during which 164 cases died.Significant differences of ORR at 1 and 3 months after DEB-TACE(77.91％[67/86]vs.89.83％[106/118],34.88％[30/86]vs.54.24％[64/118])and DCR at 3 and 6 months after DEB-TACE(51.16％[44/86]vs.66.95％[79/118],34.88％[30/86]vs.50.00％[59/118])were found between groups(all P＜0.05).Patients'PFS(30.18[9.12,48.54]months)and OS(37.36[17.79,56.68])in peripheral type group were better than those in central type group(20.11[11.35,28.87]months and 23.24[3.11,43.47]months,x2=3.971,4.162,P=0.048,0.041).Conclusion The effect of DEB-TACE combined with systemic treatment for peripheral type HCC was better than for central type HCC.

Objective:To analyze the differences in determination of fluoride level in drinking water by ion-selective electrode method and high-throughput rapid determination method.Methods:The precision test was carried out by using the two methods to measure two kinds of fluoride standard substances, water samples of external quality control assessment from 2021 to 2023 (two kinds each year) and the fluoride level in three drinking water samples (for 5 times/each sample). Accuracy testing was conducted by measuring the external quality control assessment water samples and the spiked recovery rates drinking water, and water samples were grouped (water fluoride ≤1.00, > 1.00 mg/L) and analyzed according to the "Hygienic Standards for Drinking Water" (GB 5749-85). SPSS 23.0 software was used for statistical analysis of the measurement results.Results:(1) The correlation coefficients ( r) of the working curves of the two methods were both > 0.990, meeting the quality control requirements. (2) In the precision test, when comparing the results of the two methods for detecting two kinds of fluoride standard substances, there was no statistically significant difference ( F = 0.36, 0.15, P = 0.564, 0.707), and the coefficients of variation ( CV) were all < 5%. The CV of the detection results of the external quality control assessment water samples and drinking water samples were < 5%. (3) In the accuracy test, when the fluoride concentration in water was ≤1.00 mg/L, there was no statistically significant difference in the spiked recovery rates between the two methods ( F = 0.49, P = 0.504). When the fluoride concentration in water was > 1.00 mg/L, there was a statistically significant difference in the spiked recovery rates between the two methods ( F = 24.75, P = 0.003). Conclusions:The ion-selective electrode method has the advantages of wide detection range and wide adaptability, while the high-throughput rapid determination method has high accuracy. Testing personnel can weigh and choose the appropriate determination method based on the actual laboratory conditions and sample concentration range.

Objective::This study aimed to assess the impact of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibitor treatment immediately after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) on the myocardial salvage index (MSI) in patients with anterior ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) 5-10 d after the procedure.Methods::The early PCSK9 inhibitor thERapy Following pErcutaneous Coronary inTervention (PERFECT) trial is a prospective randomized controlled trial. From January 2021 to December 2023, 32 patients with anterior STEMI from Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Songjiang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, and Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital were enrolled in the PERFECT trial. Patients were randomly assigned in a 1∶1 ratio to the PCSK9 inhibitor group ( n = 16) or the control group ( n = 16), and their baseline data were collected. Patients in the PCSK9 inhibitor group (ie, alirocumab group) received a subcutaneous injection of PCSK9 inhibitor (alirocumab, 75 mg) immediately after PCI based on conventional treatment. In the control group, patients received only conventional treatment. The primary endpoint was the MSI measured by cardiovascular magnetic resonance 5-10 d after PCI. The secondary endpoints included the left ventricular ejection fraction measured by cardiovascular magnetic resonance 5-10 d after PCI and the time to peak of creatine kinase isoenzyme-MB and high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T. Safety endpoints included any clinical adverse events that occurred during the 6-month follow-up period. Results::Baseline data during admission showed no intergroup significance. No significant difference in MSI (55.54% ± 14.80% vs. 44.72% ± 15.42%, P = 0.056) and left ventricular ejection fraction (51.24% ± 8.91% vs. 44.99% ± 8.84%, P = 0.060) was observed. Additional, there was no significant difference in the time to peak of creatine kinase isoenzyme-MB ((12.97 ± 5.67) h vs. (14.31 ± 7.04) h, P = 0.557) and high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T ((21.03 ± 12.46) h vs. (21.44 ± 9.99) h, P = 0.920) between the 2 groups. During the 6-month follow-up period, only 1 patient in the PCSK9 inhibitor group developed cerebral hemorrhage 6 months after PCI. Conclusions::Early treatment with alirocumab did not exhibit a significant increase in MSI at 5-10 d in patients with anterior STEMI. Larger trials are necessary to evaluate the impact of early administration of PCSK9 inhibitors after myocardial infarction.

As the incidence of autism rises annually,its unknown pathogenesis makes it challenging to treat the varied repetitive and stereotyped behaviors that characterize its core symptoms.The striatum is an important brain region for the control of locomotor behaviors,featuring a unique mosaic structure,complex neural origin,and finely regulated developmental process that is highly susceptible to genetic and environmental influences.Both clinical and basic studies have indicated that abnormal development of the striatal nuclei may contribute to the pathogenesis of these repetitive stereotyped behaviors in autism.Clinical imaging data have primarily identified gross anatomical variations in the stratum(e.g.,its general outline),but lack the resolution necessary to detect the cellular and subcellular alterations within the region.By introducing the abnormalities in the spatiotemporal development of the striatum and their links to the characteristic behaviors of autism,this review aims to advance our understanding of the role of the striatum in autism pathogenesis and to inform future animal studies and clinical research.

Objective:To analyze the preventive effect of stratified combination nursing guided by Connelly pediatric thrombosis risk model on venous thromboembolism (VTE) in children with traumatic fractures, and provide a theoretical basis for reducing the risk of VTE occurrence.Methods:A randomized controlled trial was conducted, and 94 children with traumatic fractures admitted to Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Capital Medical University from January to June 2023 were selected as research subjects by convenience sampling method. According to the time of admission, the 47 children admitted from January to March 2023 were included in the control group, and the 47 children admitted from April to June 2023 were included in the observation group. The control group was treated with routine nursing, and the observation group was treated with stratified combination nursing guided by Connelly pediatric thrombosis risk model. The deep vein thrombosis (DVT), VTE, hospitalization related indicators (time to first get out of bed, length of hospital stay and other complications) were compared between the two groups. The platelet count (PLT) and D-dimer levels were compared between the two groups after 1 week of intervention. The scores of the Newcastle Nursing Satisfaction Scale (NSNS) were compared between the family members of two groups sick children.Results:There were 29 males and 18 females in the control group, aged (9.09 ± 1.59) years, and 32 males and 15 females in the observation group, aged (9.34 ± 1.46) years. The total incidence of VTE in the observation group was 2.13% (1/47), which was lower than 12.77% (6/47) in the control group, and the difference was statistically significant ( χ2=3.86, P<0.05). After intervention, the levels of PLT and D-dimer in the control group and observation group were (173.26 ± 20.16)×10 9/L, (168.56 ± 19.66)×10 9/L, (0.40 ± 0.12) mg/L and (0.36 ± 0.10) mg/L, which were lower than (202.71 ± 24.51)×10 9/L, (203.15 ± 25.26) × 10 9/L, (1.19 ± 0.14) mg/L, (1.15 ± 0.11) mg/L before intervention, and the differences were statistically significant ( t values were 6.36 to 36.43, all P<0.05). The time to first get out of bed and the length of hospital stay were (2.21 ± 0.55) and (6.21 ± 1.54) in the control group, and (1.76 ± 0.45) and (5.13 ± 1.21) in the observation group, respectively, and the differences between the two groups were statistically significant ( t=4.34, 3.78, both P<0.05). The total incidence of other complications was 17.02% (8/47) in the control group and 4.26% (2/47) in the observation group, and the difference between the two groups was statistically significant ( χ2=4.03, P<0.05). The satisfaction of family members in the control group was 78.72% (37/47) and 93.62% (44/47) in the observation group, and the difference of sick children between the two groups was statistically significant ( χ2=4.37, P<0.05). Conclusions:Stratified combination nursing guided by Connelly's thrombosis risk model in children can improve the level of D-dimer and PLT, reduce the occurrence of VTE, and shorten the first time of children getting out of bed and staying in hospital, which is conducive to postoperative rehabilitation of children with traumatic fractures.

Autism spectrum disorder(ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder, and social impairment was one of the core symptoms of ASD, which can seriously affects the social life of patients.The pathogenesis of social impairment in ASD is unclear and it may involves many brain abnormalities.The related theories and hypotheses are numerous and there is no unified conclusion. Studies have shown that the cerebellum has extensive connections with brain networks and is involved in the regulation of social cognition, but its role in ASD has not been fully emphasized.The structural and functional abnormalities of the cerebellar-cortex (CC) loop in ASD patients can lead to language communication disorders, empathy disorders, difficulties in interpreting social cues, abnormal social reward processing and emotional regulation disorders, which are closely related to ASD social impairment. Noninvasive brain stimulation of the superficial cerebellum can improve the abnormal CC circuit in ASD patients, and the cerebellum can be considered as a target for the treatment of social disorders in ASD in the future.Based on the clinical and basic researches on social impairment in ASD in recent years, this article reviews the relevant manifestations of disorders which cerebellar and CC circuit involved, aiming to promote the development of related research in the future.

Objective:To investigate the iodine nutrition status of children aged 8 - 10 and pregnant women in Xining City, Qinghai Province.Methods:From 2019 to 2021, a stratified cluster sampling method was used to divide 7 counties (districts) under the jurisdiction of Xining City, Qinghai Province into 5 sampling areas according to east, west, south, north, and center each year. One township (town, street) was selected from each area. Forty non boarding students aged 8 to 10 from each primary school (half male and half female, age balanced) and 20 pregnant women from each township (town, street) location were selected to collect edible salt samples at home and a random urine sample to measure salt iodine and urinary iodine level. B-ultrasound was used to measure thyroid volume in children and the goiter rate was calculated.Results:A total of 6 534 samples of household edible salt were collected from children and pregnant women, with an average salt iodine concentration of 25.58 mg/kg. The coverage rate of iodized salt was 97.50% (6 371/6 534), and the qualified iodized salt consumption rate was 89.46% (5 845/6 534). A total of 4 362 urine samples were collected from children, with a median urinary iodine level of 183.10 μg/L. The difference between different years was statistically significant ( H = 20.27, P < 0.001). A total of 2 169 urine samples were collected from pregnant women, with a median urinary iodine level of 168.90 μg/L. The difference between different years was statistically significant ( H = 107.09, P < 0.001). A total of 3 336 cases of thyroid gland examination were conducted in children, including 33 cases of thyroid enlargement, with a goiter rate of 0.99%. There was a statistically significant difference between different years (χ 2 = 15.00, P < 0.001). Conclusion:From 2019 to 2021, children aged 8 to 10 and pregnant women in Xining City are at an appropriate level of iodine, and the achievements in prevention and treatment of iodine deficiency disorders still need to be continuously consolidated.

Objective:To integrate and analyze the trend of the disease burden of tracheal,bronchus,and lung cancer(TBL)attributable to secondhand smoke in China from 1990 to 2021 and to analyze future projections,aiming to provide data support for the prevention and treatment of TBL in China.Methods:Based on the global burden of disease(GBD)2021 database,TBL with ICD-10 disease classification C33,C34-C34.92 was studied.Using secondhand smoke as a risk factor,the data on TBL mortality and disability-adjusted life year(DALY)due to secondhand smoke in China from 1990 to 2021 were further age-standardized.Using Joinpoint 4.7.1 regression analysis model to calculate annual percentage change(APC)and average annual percentage change(AAPC),Hiplot software was used to plot disease burden data for different ages and genders,and R 4.3.1 software was used to construct a grey model GM(1,1)to predict the predicted value and trend of TBL disease burden attributed to secondhand smoke in China from 2022 to 2031.Results:From 1990 to 2021,the TBL mortality rate,age-standardized mortality rate,and DALY rate attributed to secondhand smoke in China increased from 1.76/100 000,2.63/100 000,and 49.43/100 000 to 4.08/100 000,2.80/100 000,and 95.57/100 000,respectively;the growth was 131.18%,6.45%,and 93.34%;the age-standardized DALY rate decreased from 65.04/100 000 to 63.32/100 000 with the reduction of 2.65%.The results of the Joinpoint regres-sion showed that the AAPC(95%CI)of mortality,age-standardized mortality rate,and DALY rate for TBL were 2.75(2.58-2.93)%,0.16(0.11-0.21)%,and 2.15(2.11-2.18)%,respectively,with an overall increasing trend;the AAPC(95%CI)of age-standardized DALY rate was-0.14(-0.40-0.12)%,with an overall fluctuating and unchanged trend and it was higher in males than in females.In both 1990 and 2021,the TBL mortality rate attributable to secondhand smoke in China gradually increased with age,and the DALY rate first increased and then slowed down with age.The main groups of the burden of disease were the elderly and males.The grey prediction model GM(1,1)showed that the age-standardized mortality rate of TBL attributable to secondhand smoke from 2022 to 2031 showed a slow increasing trend,and the predicted value in 2031 would increase to 2.95/100 000.The age-standardized DALY showed a slow decreasing trend,and the predicted value in 2031 would decrease to 63.83/100 000.Conclusions:From 1990 to 2021,the TBL mortality,age-standardized mortality,and DALY rates attributable to secondhand smoke in China increased,and the age-standardized DALY rate decreased.Men and the elderly are the main groups affected by TBL.Appropriate measures should be formulated to reduce exposure to and contact with secondhand smoke,tak-ing into account gender and age differences.Additionally,efforts should be made to strengthen secondhand smoke prevention and public health education.